Chassidic Insights for Parshah Kedoshim

Kedoshim

Chapter 19

3 You must be careful to respect your mother as much as you do your father and to honor your father as much as you do your mother: What comes naturally to us, be it good or bad, is limited by our nature. By demanding that we go beyond our natures, the Torah frees us of our natural limitations, enabling us to partake of God’s infinity by revealing our transcendental essence.1

4 You must not turn to idols: This verse is the basis for the law that forbids gazing at idols or studying idolatrous rites2 even if we do not intend to practice idolatry. This prohibition is intended both to distance us from any temptation to engage in idolatrous practices and to keep us from any sensual or intellectual contact with idolatry itself, for such contact renders us spiritually “defiled,” i.e., somewhat numbed to holiness.

An exception to this rule is studying idolatry in the context of studying the Torah. In order to properly avoid the transgression of idol worship, we must perforce familiarize ourselves with exactly which types, aspects, and forms of idolatry the Torah forbids. Indeed, one of the longer tractates of the Talmud (Avodah Zarah, “Idolatry”) is devoted, among other things, to the rites of various ancient forms of idol worship. We thus see that, in the context of Torah study, we are not only allowed to study the various forms of idolatry but required to do so.

Spiritually, we are required to study the laws of forbidden things (of which idolatry is only one example) because this is one of the few ways through which we can elevate them. The Hebrew word for “permitted” (מותר) means “untied”; permitted things are “free” to be elevated by our direct involvement. In contrast, the word for “forbidden” (אסור) means “tied down”; forbidden things cannot be elevated by our direct involvement with them.

Nevertheless, we can elevate even these “tied down,” forbidden aspects of reality indirectly by studying the Torah’s discussion of them. In the Torah, these forbidden entities are not subjects of study in their own right but form an intrinsic part of the Divine plan, seen in the context of their implications vis-à-vis holiness. They thus assume the holiness of the Divine wisdom they are a part of.3

11 You must not steal: As was seen above,5 we can elevate forbidden entities by studying their natures and implications vis-à-vis holiness as detailed in the Torah. In addition, since, as the Ba’al Shem Tov teaches,6 everything we see can teach us some lesson in how to better fulfill our Divine mission and spiritual potential, we can also elevate a forbidden character trait or action by learning from it. Thus, Rabbi Zusha of Anipoli listed seven traits of a thief that we should emulate:

1. He works silently, modestly, and without fanfare.

2. He is prepared to face danger in order to carry out his mission.

3. He pays full attention even to the smallest detail.

4. He works hard.

5. He works quickly, not wasting any time.

6. He is confident and optimistic.

1. If he does not succeed the first time, he tries again and again.

If we apply these traits to positive endeavors, we have not merely avoided stealing but elevated its redeeming characteristics, as well.7

13 You must not rob: Since God is the essence of good, everything He created is good. The reason why our lives do not always seem good is because we lack the breadth of perspective to see them as such.8 But this condition only began to characterize reality in the wake of the primordial sin in the Garden of Eden; it is up to us to restore reality to its pristine state in which God only acts in ways that we can readily perceive as good. The more we merit, the more we can actualize this reality, even prior to the ultimate messianic Redemption.

Unfortunately, however, the reverse is also true: whenever we commit a misdeed, we plunge reality further into the darkness of exile, in which God’s goodness is hidden from us. Thus, whenever we experience some aspect of life as “bad,” it is because, on account of our own misdeeds (individual or collective), the forces of evil—which conceal Divinity—have “robbed” that aspect from the realm of revealed goodness and appropriated it for themselves.

This is the allegorical meaning of the Torah’s injunction, “You must not rob.” We must take care not to feed the forces of evil by misdirecting the Divine energy entrusted to us, i.e., by misusing an object, a moment, a talent, an emotion, or any other gift.

In contrast, the commandment “You must not steal”9 has no parallel allegorical correlate, for “stealing” refers to taking secretly, whereas “robbing” refers to taking openly and brazenly. Sin can only be considered “robbing,” since God is both omnipresent and omniscient.10

You must not oppress your fellow by not paying him on time: Based on the statement in the Book of Psalms11 that God “declares His words to [the descendants of] Jacob, His rules and ordinances to [the descendants of] Israel,” the sages teach us that all God’s commandments are, so to speak, His own rules that He Himself follows.12

In this context, the Jewish people can be conceived of as being God’s “employees.” Every time we perform a commandment, we have carried out God’s instructions. Why then does God not reward us on that very day? How can He postpone our reward for the World to Come? Is that not withholding a laborer’s wages?

The answer is that no, it is not, because we have not yet finished our “job.” As we have seen, the purpose of the world’s creation is that we make it into a home for God, i.e., that all humanity attain Divine consciousness. Every time we fulfill a commandment, a part of us or of the world is being refined, revealing the Divine light within creation. As a result of our collective efforts throughout history, our “job” will ultimately be completed and the Divine energy enlivening all of existence will be apparent. This is the essence of the Redemption, and, more specifically, of the Resurrection, when “God’s glory will be revealed, and all flesh will perceive it together,”13 meaning that our physical eyes will be so refined that they will perceive the Divinity animating all reality.

Accordingly, the job for which we have been “hired” by our Creator will only have been completed after the Redemption, at which time we will indeed immediately receive our pay in full.14

Alternatively, God does indeed reward us daily, but He knows that were we to be fully aware of our reward, the following day’s work would pose no challenge to our free choice. It would therefore be “worth” much less, and the reward we would earn for that day’s (and all subsequent days’) work would be concomitantly less. As a favor to us, therefore, God hides our reward from us for the time being, figuratively locking it up it in a safe deposit box.

At the same time, however, in order that there be no doubt that our reward has indeed been given to us, God gives us the key to the lock. As Maimonides states,15 everyone should act as if he or she has the capacity to tip the balance of the world toward redemption, thereby ushering in the messianic era, with one good deed.16

14 You must not place an obstacle before a blind person: If this instruction were meant to be taken literally, it would be superfluous, since the laws regarding personal damages have already been laid down in parashat Mishpatim.17 It also cannot be meant to refer to giving bad advice to someone who is “blind” and ignorant in a certain area, since that, too, is covered in the prohibition against causing damage. Rather, this verse forbids giving sound advice with ulterior motives. For example, you may not tell a naïve person to sell his field and buy a donkey so that you can then buy his field. Even if this advice is actually advantageous for the “blind” person, it is still prohibited on account of the motivation of the advisor.

The Torah here teaches us the proper approach towards helping others. In order to optimally benefit another person, we must rid ourselves of any self-oriented motivation, focusing instead solely on the needs of the other person.18

15 You must judge your fellow with righteousness: Our sages exhort us to “be extremely humble in relation to every person,”19 i.e., to consider ourselves less worthy than anyone else. Yet, objectively speaking, how can we consider ourselves less meritorious than those who appear to be unworthy of our respect? The answer is by bearing in mind another saying of our sages: “Do not judge your fellow until you reach his place.”20 In other words, we all have our challenges; the fact that we do not succumb to a particular temptation while another person does, does not make us superior to him. Who can measure the effect of his upbringing, environment, or inborn character weaknesses against the temptations he faces?21

The Rebbe writes in a letter:

You write about meeting a Jew in course of your travels who comes to the synagogue to help make up a Minyan [i.e., the quorum of ten needed for prayer], yet at the same time reads the newspaper. … [F]or my part, I make the following two extreme observations: First, I see in it the extreme Jewish attachment which one finds in every Jew. For here is a person who has wandered off to a remote part of the world, and has become so far removed…as to have no concept of what prayer is or what a house of God is, etc., yet one finds in him that Jewish spark…“the Divine soul which is truly a part of God.’22This divine soul, which is the inheritance of every Jew, seeks expression as best it can, and in the case of this particular Jew, it seeks expression in at least enabling other Jews to pray with congregationally. My other observation…is as follows:…it can easily be seen what great things could have been accomplished with this particular Jew if, at the proper time he should have received the right education in his early life, or at least the proper spiritual guidance in his adult life. This consideration surely emphasizes the mutual responsibility which rests upon all Jews, and particularly on those who can help others.”23

16 You must not go around as a gossipmonger: According to the Talmud, gossip “kills” three people: the speaker, the listener, and the object of the gossip.24 That the speaker and listener are punished is understandable, but why should the object of the gossip be punished? The answer is that speaking of another person’s evil does more than disparage him. Words have the power to bring latent energy into actuality. When we speak about a person’s negative traits, it actualizes them and reinforces them. As a result, his behavior takes a turn for the worse and he thus incurs punishment.

Conversely, when we speak about the good traits of another person, we reveal and reinforce those traits. We can thus be a positive or negative influence on people; the choice is ours.25

The mother of Rabbi Shalom DovBer of Lubavitch, Rebbitzen Rivkah, told the following story to her grandson, Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak:

“Once, when your father was around four years old, the tailor delivered a garment he had sewn for me. While the garment was being examined, your father innocently removed from the tailor’s pocket a piece of the fabric he had been given to sew the garment. The tailor was terribly embarrassed and began to excuse himself for keeping the excess fabric for himself.

After the tailor had left, I told your father that he had indirectly shamed the tailor, and your father began to cry. A few weeks later, he asked his father, Rabbi Shmuel, how to atone for the misdeed of shaming another. When his father asked why he was interested, he replied that he simply wanted to know, but said nothing more. I asked your father why he did not recount the entire incident to his father, and he replied: ‘Is it not bad enough that I embarrassed someone? Should I have sinned further by gossiping?’ ”26

Gossip is not only prohibited when it is spoken; it is also an offense when it is just thought—in some ways a more serious offense. As Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi says in an impassioned letter to his followers:

My beloved and dear ones! I beg you, please, exert all your heart and soul to implant brotherly love in your hearts. It is written, “Let no one think evil of his fellow.”27 [Such evil] should never occur to you, and if it does, push it away from your heart “as smoke is driven away [by the wind],”28 [treating it] exactly as if it were an idolatrous thought. For gossip is as grave an offense as idolatry, adultery, and murder,29 and if this is true of speech [how much truer is it of thought], for the greater impact of thought as compared to that of speech,30 whether for the good or for the bad, is known to all the wise of heart.31

If it is clear that you can rescue him, even if doing so will entail possible danger to your own life:According to the principles of Divine providence, the very fact that we see someone endangered in this manner proves that we are able to save him; otherwise, God would not have arranged for us to see him in these circumstances.

This same is true concerning spiritual danger. When we see people around us in spiritual danger, we are enjoined to do everything possible to save them, even if it entails personal danger. Humility or claims of personal ineffectualness are no excuse, for if we were not able to help them out of their predicament, it would not have come to our attention.32

17 You must indeed rebuke your fellow: Rebuke is a delicate matter; if done improperly, it can cause more harm than good. Thus, the instruction to admonish one’s friend follows the instruction not to hate your brother, for rebuke should be only motivated by love, remaining free of barbs and caustic remarks. Rabbi Yosef Yitzchak of Lubavitch compared rebuke to administering an injection: the needle must be free of any germs; the doctor and his attendants must wear white clothes and sterilize their hands. Similarly, someone giving rebuke must have pure motives (his “clothes,” i.e., means of expression—thought, word, and deed—must be “white”) and be assured his “injection” will not cause harm.33

18You must love your fellow as yourself: The Torah commands us to love our fellow Jew and to love God.34 (It also commands us to love converts,35 in order to make it clear that the commandment to love our fellow Jew also includes them.)

The followers of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi once asked him: “Which mode of worship is greater—love or God or love of one’s fellow?” He replied: “Love of God and love of one’s fellow are both engraved upon the soul of every Jew. Yet the Torah states an unqualified verse: ‘I love you, says God’36—so love of one’s fellow is greater, since one loves the loved one’s beloved.”37On another occasion he said: “ ‘Love your fellow as yourself’ is the vessel for ‘Love God, your God.’ ”38Also: “The commandment to love your fellow Jew applies even to a Jew whom you have never seen.”39

According to the Talmud,40 our love for a fellow Jew must extend even to a criminal facing capital punishment, whom we are to execute in the least humiliating way because of our love for him.41 (Indeed, according to some opinions,42 the Hebrew word for “your fellow” [רעך] is to be understood as meaning “your wicked one.”) Similarly, Rabbi Moshe Cordovero says that “one should accustom oneself to introduce the love for humanity into one’s heart, even for the wicked, as if they were even closer than brothers.”43

Rabbi Elimelech of Lizensk, a student of the Chasidic master Rabbi DovBer of Mezeritch, told the following to his brother, Rabbi Zusha of Anipoli: “One evening, when it was my turn to attend to our teacher, I heard his voice calling to me from his room. I entered his room and he said to me: ‘Meilech, do you hear what they are saying on high? Love for a fellow means to love the completely wicked just as one loves the completely righteous.’ ”44

We will note later45 that inasmuch as an emotion cannot be compelled, the commandment to love God actually means to contemplate ideas that lead to the love of God. The same applies to loving our fellow Jew: In order to summon sentiments of love for total strangers, especially for those whose deeds are less than attractive, we should contemplate, firstly, the fact that we are all God’s precious children.46

The Roman general, Tinius Rufus, asked Rabbi Akiva: “If your God is a lover of the poor, why does He not sustain them?” Rabbi Akiva answered that God allows us to earn merit when we sustain the poor. The general then challenged Rabbi Akiva with a parable: “A king who is angry with his servant sends him to prison and orders that no one feed him. One man goes and feeds him. When the king hears of this, will he not be angry? And you [Jews] are called ‘servants [of God]’!” Rabbi Akiva retorted with a parable of his own: “A king who is angry with his son sends him to prison and orders that no one feed him. One man goes and feeds him. When the king hears of this, will he not send the man a gift? And we are called ‘children [of God]’!”47

Secondly, being that we all share the same Father, we are all siblings, not strangers. We can therefore love our fellow as ourselves, since our siblings are just as much our parents’ children as we are—even if they do not act accordingly.

Thirdly, inasmuch as the Father that all we share is God, it follows that since God is one—meaning that He is one, non-composite essence and is not divided into “parts”—then in our ultimate source, we are also one, and there are no differences between us. Therefore, the more we train ourselves to perceive the true essence of things rather than their appearances, the more we perceive our fellow Jews as one and the same as ourselves. From this perspective, we will naturally “love our fellows as ourselves,” since we and they are one and the same. In this context, considering our fellow Jews siblings is not an end—inspiring us to overlook their faults just as familial love makes us overlook our siblings’ faults—but a means—encouraging us to abstract our perspective on our fellow Jews even further, leading us to see them and ourselves as part of the same Divine essence.48

This level of abstraction transcends what “they are saying on high”—i.e., that we must love the completely wicked just as we love the completely righteous—for at this level, there is no distinction between one Jew and the next, and whether one is righteous or wicked is immaterial. Without this level of abstraction, however, it is hard to love someone “as ourselves,” since the reality of the physical distinction between us (and all the other differences attributable to the physical distinction) will always interpose itself.

This explains how Hillel, when asked by a prospective convert to teach him the whole Torah while standing on one foot, could answer, “What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow. This is the entire Torah; the rest is commentary.”49 It is easy enough to understand how all of the Torah’s social commandments can be reduced to the love of one’s fellow, but how can all its commandments that do not relate to one’s relationship with others be reduced to this commandment?50 The answer is that this commandment can be fulfilled only if we elevate our perspective to that of the Divine soul; this elevation is indeed the goal of all of the Torah’s commandments.51

Finally, once we have abstracted our consciousness to the level at which we perceive everything’s essence rather than its manifestation, this consciousness, if properly nurtured, can be made to pervade all aspects of our lives, including the incidental ways in which our souls are manifested in our individual lives. The essence of the soul, after all—being a “part of God”—is not subject to limitations, including the dichotomy between essence and manifestation. In other words, living with the consciousness of our soul’s Divine essence enables us to see each other’s essence even while remaining fully conscious of our differences. The physical manifestation of ourselves as different entities no longer interposes itself between us; the body no longer obscures the soul. We can love our fellows as ourselves even while fully aware of the physical difference that would otherwise divide us.

This consciousness is similar to that which will pervade reality in the messianic future, but it can be savored even now, as a foretaste of the imminent Redemption.52

19 You must observe My rules: This verse discusses three types of forbidden mixtures: crossbreeding animals, crossbreeding plants, and weaving wool and linen together in one garment. Of these three, the first two are absolute—i.e., the Torah never permits them—whereas the latter is mandated in the priestly garments53 and is permitted in a garment bearing ritual tassels (tzitzit).54

This distinction may be understood in light of the differences between the two types of prohibitions. The prohibition against combining fibers seems illogical,55 since the two types of fibers do not merge to form a new type of fiber; even after they are woven or pressed together, it is possible to unravel them and undo the combination. The prohibition against crossbreeding, on the other hand, seems logical: God created many different species and commanded them to remain distinct;56 by tampering with them, we are disturbing the order of creation, bringing new, different, hybrid entities into being.57 It thus makes sense that this can never be allowed.

On the other hand, fusing two entities into a new one seems to be the ultimate reconciliation of opposites, the true achievement of the peace and unity that we are working for and that will characterize the messianic future. Why, then, does God insist on boundaries and the integrity of species?

The answer is twofold. First of all, the peace and unity we aspire to is not the dissolution of everything’s unique identity into a nondescript pool of homogeneity. Rather, the goal is for every created entity to retain its God-given identity and still function harmoniously with every other created entity, which has also retained its God-given identity. This is the true manifestation of transcendent Divinity, the paradoxical reconciliation of opposites as opposites.

Second, the possibility of unity is a function of context. In the context of holiness, unity of opposites is possible and desirable, because heightened awareness of God engenders selflessness, and only if opposites are selfless can they blend harmoniously. Conversely, in the context of creation—which by definition is the realm of self-awareness and self-orientation—unity of opposites is not possible and therefore not healthy; trying to blend them artificially will only lead to clashes and chaos.

Therefore, it is only the mixture of fibers that can possibly be allowed, because they each retain their discrete identities even when combined. But even so, their mixture is only allowed in the environment of the Temple, where God’s presence is openly revealed, or in the context of performing God’s commandment to affix ritual tassels on four-cornered garments, for in these two contexts, the forces they represent lose their self-assertion in the experience of God’s presence, as we have seen previously.58 Outside of these contexts, however, their mixture is forbidden.

In contrast, crossbreeding plants or animals is precisely the type of mixture that frustrates God’s purpose in creation, since the original species lose their unique identity in the formation of the new breed. With such a mixture, the issue of context is irrelevant, and therefore there is no instance of crossbreeding permitted by the Torah.59

23 And you plant there any tree that produces fruit that can be eaten as food: The Midrash notes that God’s first act after creating the world was to plant the Garden of Eden,60 and that this verse implies that the same is expected of the Jewish people; upon arriving in the Land of Israel, agricultural planting was to be their first endeavor.61

The importance given to planting stresses the centrality and fundamental psychological position of agriculture in civilization in general, as well as in spiritual life. Just as trees and plants constantly bear fruits, so too, we may not act in a contextual vacuum. We must full our Divine mission in a manner that bears fruit—that affects ourselves and others in a lasting and meaningful way.62

23-25Its fruit must be blocked from your use for three years…:All the Torah’s commandments are aimed at rectifying the primordial sin, but in the case of this commandment, the association is explicit. Adam, as we know,63 was created on Friday afternoon and was immediately issued his first commandment: not to eat from the Tree of Knowledge.64 From the perspective of the Midrash (which both differs from and complements that of the contextual meaning of the text), this commandment was to remain in effect for only three hours, until the Sabbath, at which time Adam was to use this fruit to sanctify the Sabbath. (Thus, from the perspective of the Midrash, the forbidden fruit was the grape rather than the fig.65) Unfortunately, Adam yielded to his impetuous desire to rectify reality on his terms rather than muster the modicum of patience and self-control that he was asked to demonstrate: He ate of the fruit before sundown, thereby precipitating the existential fall of reality we are working to rectify to this very day. In order to rectify his sin of refusing to wait three hours, we are required to wait three years before we partake of any tree-fruit. By treating the fourth-year fruit in a holy manner[myw1] ,66 eating it in the holy city of Jerusalem as an act of praise to God, we rectify the fact that Adam did not first taste the fruit as part of his sanctification of the Sabbath.67

Whereas the fruit of the first three years is forbidden and the fruit of the fourth year is holy, the fruit of the fifth year is simply mundane. Yet the Torah states that the purpose of the entire process is for the sake of the fifth year—“so that the tree increase its produce for you.”68 This seems counterintuitive: Shouldn’t the goal of this process be holiness rather than mundaneness?

The answer is that holiness per se is not the goal of life; the goal is to invest the mundane with holiness, for only thus can we make all aspects of life into God’s home, thereby fulfilling the purpose of creation. When we take the fruit of the fifth and following years, which is not intrinsically holy, and make use of it for holy purposes—as a reason and reminder to praise God for satisfying our needs and desires—we are accomplishing precisely that. This is especially true when we recognize that the bountiful blessings of the fifth year are a direct result of our having heeded God’s instructions regarding the fruit of the preceding four years.

In the beginning of his career, very few people had ever heard of the Ba’al Shem Tov. He wandered anonymously from town to town in search of opportunities to help his brethren, both materially and spiritually. He would often ask the simple people whom he met about their health and finances. He knew that they would invariably answer with praises and thanks to God, and these words of praise were ever so precious in his eyes.

In one town, there lived an elderly scholar who had totally disassociated himself from the pleasures of the flesh. For more than fifty years, he had spent all his weekdays fasting in a secluded room, cloaked in his talit and tefilin, constantly studying the Torah and abstaining from any mundane conversation. Only late at night would some bread and water cross his lips, after which he would immediately return to his studies.

The Ba’al Shem Tov, dressed as a simple villager, visited this old sage and asked him about his health and needs. When the old man ignored his repeated inquiries, the Ba’al Shem Tov loudly declared: “Why do you deprive God of His sustenance?” Noticing the scholar’s shock at hearing such seemingly sacrilegious words, the Ba’al Shem Tov explained: “We Jews are sustained through the beneficence that God grants us. What is God sustained by? To paraphrase the words of King David:69 ‘And you, O Holy One, what are You sustained by? You sit upon(i.e., are sustained by)the praises of Israel.’ God derives satisfaction and sustenance from the thanks and praises offered by the Jewish people in gratitude for their physical well-being.”70

The elderly Torah scholar in this story was indeed serving God. Nevertheless, the Ba’al Shem Tov told him that that is not enough. Although we do make limited use of the body and the human/animal soul in studying the Torah, it is mainly a way of manifesting our Divine soul. Important as this may be, in order to elevate the body and the human/animal soul we have to engage the physical world and reveal God’s presence in it. Thus, by limiting his focus only to categorically holy pursuits, refusing to thank God for His simple, physical kindnesses, the scholar in the story was missing the point. In the words of the sages, “Anyone who declares ‘I have nothing [in life] but the study of the Torah’ does not even have that.”71

The other side of this coin is that in order to properly elevate the fruit of the fifth year and beyond, we must first eat the fourth-year fruit in an atmosphere of consummate holiness. It is specifically the intense and unmitigated experience of union with God divorced from any involvement with the mundane that provides us with the heightened Divine consciousness and spiritual strength to successfully engage the material world and transform it into holiness, rather than allowing it to drag us down into its materiality.

This dynamic may be compared to the sages’ prohibition against eating before morning prayers72 (except when necessary in order to pray with better concentration73). Until we renew our Divine consciousness each morning through meditative prayer, communing with God without any thought of mundane distractions, we are not spiritually fit to elevate physical food.74

30 You must revere My Sanctuary: There are two aspects of the reverence we are to show God’s Sanctuary. The first is the emotion of reverence we are to feel towards the edifice that God has chosen as the earthly abode of His presence.92 The second is the practical expression of reverence, which, according to Jewish law, includes not carrying a walking staff, not wearing shoes, not carrying a purse or a money belt, not having dust upon one’s feet, and not spitting while inside the sacred precincts. Whereas the emotion of reverence is required only vis-à-vis the Sanctuary and its Courtyard, the laws regarding the practical demonstration of reverence would apply—once the people would be organized into three concentric camps93—also to the entire Levite camp, or its equivalent when the Temple is standing, the Temple Mount.94

The difference between these two aspects of reverence is rooted in the different ways we arrive at the emotions of fear, awe, and reverence. In general, the difference between love and fear (and its allied emotions, awe and reverence) is that love more actively involves the ego. In order to love someone or something, we must first be aware of ourselves and what we love. Although we do focus on the objects of our love, we focus not on the object per se but on how it fulfills some need or desire of ours. In contrast, fear is usually a spontaneous reaction to the object that inspires it. We are only marginally aware of ourselves when we are struck with fear by something; if anything, our awareness of ourselves evaporates in the face of the impending danger (or overpowering awe).

In particular, however, the awe of God may also be divided into two levels, contrasted as well by the degree to which the ego is involved. When we feel awe of God because of our own recognition of God’s greatness vis-à-vis ourselves, our sense of self is involved. And since our feeling of awe and selflessness is the product of our own contemplation, it is limited by how deeply we can understand and meditate on God’s greatness.

In contrast, the selflessness we evince by submitting to God’s will and observing the dictates of Jewish law is not at all limited by our ability to probe God’s greatness; it is absolute, and therefore infinitely more profound. From this perspective, the practical expression of reverence for the Sanctuary is more crucial—a more fundamental component of our relationship with God—than is the emotion of reverence we are meant to feel.

The absolute nature of the laws of reverence for the Sanctuary is reflected in the fact that they apply even when the Temple is not standing. Thus, even today, we are not allowed to build homes in the style of the Temple or make ornaments or furniture that imitate the design of the furnishings of the Temple, such as a seven-branched Candelabrum.95

We observe these laws even today because their observance is dependent not upon the emotions we feel toward the physical building but upon our devotion to God’s will. As the sages state, ever since the permanent Temple was built in Jerusalem, the Divine presence has never departed from the Temple’s location;96 it is therefore the Divinity resting in the location that we revere, much more than the building itself.97

This explains why the commandment to revere the Sanctuary is mentioned in connection with the observance of the Sabbath. Just as we do not revere Sabbath itself but He who instructed us to observe it, so too, it is not the Temple itself that we revere but He who directed us to revere it.98 By the same token, just as Sabbath observance is eternal, so too is the reverence for the Temple eternal.99

When the Temple is standing and God’s presence is openly revealed in it, it is only natural that we show reverence for it. Our feelings of awe for the holy edifice are so intense that very little self-discipline, if any, is required to compel us to behave respectfully. Thus, when the Temple is standing, our selfless devotion to God’s will in observing the rules regarding its reverence is somewhat obscured.

During exile, in contrast, our observance of these rules—like our observance of all the Torah’s commandments—is much more an expression of our unflinching devotion to God’s will despite the lack of any open Divine revelation. Our fear and awe of God are therefore expressed much more powerfully when we are in exile than they are when the Temple is standing.

Nonetheless, by revering the Sanctuary in accordance with Jewish law, we increase our yearning for its restoration. This, along with our continued devotion to God’s will, will hasten the messianic Redemption and the rebuilding of the Temple.100

32 You must rise before a wise, elderly person:Literally, this phrase reads “Before old age you must rise.” Thus, as stated in the Zohar,101 this verse may be interpreted homiletically: “Before old age—even before you reach an advanced age and are forced to begin contemplating the Day of Judgment, arise—get an early start on repentance, so you can serve God with vigor.”

Alternatively, “old age” may be taken as a reference to the evil inclination. The evil inclination is called “an old and foolish king,”102 since it is manifest from birth, whereas the good inclination becomes fully manifest only later, from the age of bar or bat mitzvah. Within each of us, then, our evil inclination is “older” than our good inclination.

Nonetheless, the evil inclination does not attain its full strength until later in life, after we have indulged it by submitting to our material desires. It is therefore necessary to “arise,” i.e., enhance our orientation toward Divinity by reining in our evil inclination early in life, “starving” it before it assumes unwieldy proportions.103

35-36 A perversion of justice with regard to measures: Besides the two reasons Rashi offers to explain why the commandment to possess only accurate measures is linked to the Exodus from Egypt (as given in the interpolated translation), the Midrash105 offers another: whoever denies that God commanded us to possess only accurate measures is considered as having denied the Exodus from Egypt.

The reason why specifically this sin is equated with denying the Exodus is related to its unique nature. Elsewhere in the Torah, we are cautioned merely against taking money that is not ours (whether through stealing, robbery, cheating, etc.); here, we are commanded to not even possess false measures, regardless of whether we ever use them.106 Although we could explain this prohibition as a precautionary measure (i.e., if we do not possess such measures, we will not be tempted to use them), it appears that the Torah is also concerned with the detrimental effect that simply possessing such measures can have on us.

As opposed to outright stealing (or other forms of unlawful appropriation), the use of false measures involves the pretense of proper behavior. The person who uses them is indeed measuring his wares, seemingly in order to charge his customer correctly; however, he is at the same time cheating him. This duplicity is the root of all dishonesty, ultimately leading to more overt theft—and worse.

Such is the craft of the evil inclination in general. Aware that attempting to convince us to openly rebel against our Creator will undoubtedly fail, he attempts to trick us through duplicity. “I agree,” he begins, “that our every action must be ‘measured,’ carried out in full compliance with Jewish law. But what would be so terrible if the ‘measures’ were slightly off? Even if you do insist on keeping an honest measure,” he continues, “keep another one as well: Apply God’s laws to your life fully when dealing with spiritual matters. But when interacting with the material world or conducting business, surely there is some room for compromise.”

We can now understand why this commandment is linked with the Exodus from Egypt. According to Maimonides,107 although the Egyptians’ actions against the Jews were pre-ordained collectively, they were still culpable individually because each individual Egyptian could have chosen not to be a party to the oppression. Nonetheless, they chose evil, and were therefore punished (not for what they did, but) because of the evil in their hearts that made them so choose. Even Pharaoh was culpable, although it could be argued that as the nations’ king he could not possibly have avoided wronging the Jews. Since he did not oppress them in order to fulfill God’s prophecy but for his own purposes, he was rightfully punished for his evil intentions.

Similarly, it is the inner evil intent evinced by making or owning false measures (rather than any act of misappropriation) that makes it a sin. Asserting that God does not prohibit the mere possession of inaccurate measures therefore implies a denial of the culpability of someone who merely harbors evil intentions, and as such is a denial of the justice of the punishment the Egyptians received that led to the Exodus from Egypt.

Furthermore, just as the Exodus from Egypt was the prelude and prerequisite to the giving of the entire Torah, so is the evil duplicity implicit in the possession of false measures the prelude and prerequisite to the more actively heinous crimes of theft, robbery, and so forth, as we have noted. Conversely, then, scrupulousness in maintaining accurate measures, as well as in all business dealings, is the prelude and prerequisite to fulfilling the entire Torah. In the words of Hillel,108 “What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow—this is the entire Torah, and the rest is commentary. Go and learn it!”109

Chapter 20

7 You must sanctify yourselves and be holy: When a person sanctifies himself in some small way below, he is sanctified in great measure from on high.110 When a person resists the urge to indulge in material pleasure, he produces an increase of holiness and spiritual light, which then descends and rests upon him. This verse, then, can be read as follows: “Sanctify yourself, i.e. act as if you are sanctified even if you are not, and you will be holy—ultimately you will become holy because of the great holiness that will descend upon you from on high.”111