SECTION 33 The Laws that Apply when [an Animal’s] Jawbone was Removed and when [its] Gullet was Injured (1-11)

סימן לג דִּין אִם נִטַּל הַלֶּחִי וּמַכָּה בַּוֵּשֶט וּבוֹ י״א סְעִיפִים

1

If [an animal’s] lower jawbone was removed, it is kosher, (1) provided that it could survive by having [food] stuffed [down its throat] or placed [in its mouth]. (2) Note: Similarly, when the beak (3) of a fowl was removed but it could survive by having [food] placed [in its mouth] or stuffed [down its throat], it is kosher (Issur VeHeter HaAruch, K’lal 54, Rokeiach).

א

נִטַּל הַלֶּחִי הַתַּחְתּוֹן, כְּשֵׁרָה, (א) וְהוּא שֶׁיְּכוֹלָה לִחְיוֹת עַל יְדֵי הַמְרָאָה וְהַלְעָטָה. (ב) הַגָּה: וְכֵן עוֹף שֶׁנִּטַּל חַרְטֻמּוֹ (ג) וְיָכוֹל לִחְיוֹת עַל יְדֵי הַמְרָאָה וְהַלְעָטָה, כָּשֵׁר. (אִסּוּר וְהֶתֵּר הָאָרֹךְ כְּלָל נ''ד וְרוֹקֵחַ).

(1) It is kosher – [The relevant laws] are thoroughly explained in sec. 24:15.1 Consult that source.
(2) Stuffed [down its throat] – The intent is that [the food] is stuffed down [the animal’s] throat, either by hand or with a utensil. Hamra’ah, [translated as stuffing food down the animal’s throat, refers to] placing [the food] so deeply [in the animal’s throat] that [the animal] is not able to bring it up.2 Hal’atah, [translated as placing food in the animal’s mouth refers to] placing the food in a place [in the throat] where [the animal] could bring it up and spit it out. Similarly, [the animal’s caretaker] must be able to give it to drink (see K’nesses HaGedolah). However, if [the animal] could not survive by being fed [in these ways], it is tereifah.
[The law that such an animal is] tereifah is not mentioned in the Mishnah or the Gemara. However, Rabbeinu Asher3 ruled in this manner, citing the Geonim. Although [in general, we follow the principle that,]4 “we do not add to instances that the Sages deemed tereifah,” it is possible to say that the Sages did not mention an obvious matter [such as this], for everyone knows it is impossible for an animal to live without eating and drinking. Therefore, they relied on the principle stated in the mishnah,5 “This is the general principle: In every instance where an animal with such a condition would [certainly] not live, it is [deemed] tereifah” (Tevuos Shor6).
(3) The beak – [This refers to] its lower beak. However, if its upper beak was removed, it is governed by the [same] laws that apply when the upper jawbone [of an animal] was removed, as stated in subsection 2, below (Tevuos Shor).7
(א) כְּשֵׁרָה. נִתְבָּאֵר הֵיטֵב בְּסִימָן כ"ד סְעִיף ט"ו עַיֵּן שָׁם:א
(ב) וְהַלְעָטָה. פֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁתּוֹחֵב הַמַּאֲכָל לְתוֹךְ גְּרוֹנָהּ בֵּין בְּיָד בֵּין בִּכְלִי אֶלָּא שֶׁהַמְרָאָה הִיא שֶׁתּוֹחֵב לָהּ הַמַּאֲכָל לְמָקוֹם שֶׁיְּכוֹלָה לְהַחֲזִיר וְלִפְלוֹט וְהַלְעָטָה שֶׁתּוֹחֵב לָהּ בְּעֹמֶק כָּל כָּךְ עַד שֶׁאֵינָהּ יְכוֹלָה לְהַחֲזִיר.ב וְהוּא הַדִּין שֶׁצָּרִיךְ שֶׁיּוּכַל לְהַשְׁקוֹתָהּ (עַיֵּן כְּנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָהג). אֲבָל אִם אֵינָהּ יְכוֹלָה לִחְיוֹת עַל יְדֵי הַמְרָאָה וְהַלְעָטָה טְרֵפָה. וּטְרֵפוּת זוֹ לֹא הֻזְכְּרָה בְּמִשְׁנָה וּגְמָרָא אֶלָּא שֶׁכֵּן פָּסַק הָרֹא"שׁד בְּשֵׁם הַגְּאוֹנִים. וְאַף עַל גַּב דְּאֵין מוֹסִיפִין עַל הַטְּרֵפוֹת שֶׁמָּנוּ חֲכָמִיםה יֵשׁ לוֹמַר שֶׁלֹּא מָנוּ חֲכָמִים דָּבָר הַפָּשׁוּט וְיָדוּעַ לַכֹּל שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לְבַעַל חַי לִחְיוֹת בְּלִי אֲכִילָה וּשְׁתִיָּה וּלְכָךְ סָמְכוּ בְּזוֹ עַל הַכְּלָל שֶׁאָמְרוּ בְּמִשְׁנָהו זֶה הַכְּלָל כֹּל שֶׁאֵין כָּמוֹהוּ חַיָּה טְרֵפָה (תְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹרז):
(ג) חַרְטֻמּוֹ. הַתַּחְתּוֹן אֲבָל נִטַּל חַרְטֹם הָעֶלְיוֹן דִּינוֹ כְּנִטַּל הַלֶּחִי הָעֶלְיוֹן דִּלְקַמָּן סְעִיף ב' (תְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹרח):

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2

If its upper jawbone was removed, Rambam rules it is tereifah, (4) and it is appropriate to give weight to his words.

ב

נִטַּל הַלֶּחִי הָעֶלְיוֹן, לְהָרַמְבַּ''ם טְרֵפָה. (ד) וְרָאוּי לָחוּשׁ לִדְבָרָיו.

(4) Tereifah [The animal is deemed tereifah] even though it could live by having [food] stuffed [down its throat] or placed [in its mouth. The rationale is that] the upper jawbone is like a roof that covers the windpipe, so that a breath of cold air will not enter [the animal’s] lung and [cause] it to die. If the upper jawbone is removed, the opening to the windpipe will be exposed to the [outside] air, and wind will immediately enter it with every breath like it enters a window. On a [cold] day, the lung and the heart will chill, and the animal will die. There is no greater instance of, “[an animal] in such a situation will not live”8 than this, as Rambam writes in in a responsum.9
Tur10 and Maharshal11 differ with him, [basing their arguments on the principle that,]4 “we do not add to the instances that the Sages deemed tereifah.” [However,] Rashba in [his] Toras HaBayis HaAruch12 writes that, “Rambam’s words appear [correct]. However, due consideration should be given to the matter, for if this [logic] is true, why did neither the Mishnah nor the Gemara mention this situation as tereifah?” In his Toras HaBayis HaKatzar,13 Rashba writes that weight should be given to Rambam’s words, as stated [by Rav Yosef Caro] in his Shulchan Aruch. Therefore, with regard to [actual] practice, [such an animal] is considered a tereifah of doubtful status.
Tevuos Shor14 explains why neither the Mishnah nor the Gemara mentioned this situation as tereifah, stating that it is an obvious matter, for there is no greater instance where, “[an animal] in such a situation will not live” than this, and [the Rabbis] relied on that principle, as stated above.8
It can be explained that Tur and Maharshal maintain that [such an animal] can survive by [its caretaker] making a covering [that will serve] as a roof for the opening of the windpipe. Rambam, [by contrast,] maintains that [anything but a natural] covering will not be effective in warming the cold air.
(ד) טְרֵפָה. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיְּכוֹלָה לִחְיוֹת עַל יְדֵי הַמְרָאָה וְהַלְעָטָה. לְפִי שֶׁלֶּחִי הָעֶלְיוֹן כְּמוֹ גַּג הוּא לְכַסּוֹת הַקָּנֶה שֶׁלֹּא תִכָּנֵס נִשְׁמַת הָרוּחַ הַקָּרָה לָרֵיאָה וְיָמוּת הַחַי וְאִם יִנָּטֵל הַלֶּחִי הָעֶלְיוֹן נִמְצָא פִּי הַקָּנֶה מְגֻלֶּה לָאֲוִיר וּמִיָּד תִּכָּנֵס הָרוּחַ בְּכָל נְשִׁימָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁתִּכָּנֵס לְתוֹךְ הַחַלּוֹן וּבְיוֹמָהּ תְּקָרֵר הָרֵיאָה וְהַלֵּב וְתָמוּת הַבְּהֵמָה וְאֵין לְךָ מִי שֶׁאֵין כָּמוֹהוּ חַיָּה גְּדוֹלָה מִזּוֹ כֵּן כָּתַב הָרַמְבַּ"ם בִּתְשׁוּבָה.ט וְהַטּוּר וּרְשַׁ"לי חָלְקוּ עָלָיו דְּאֵין לְהוֹסִיף עַל הַטְּרֵפוֹת שֶׁמָּנוּ חֲכָמִים.יא וְהָרַשְׁבָּ"א בְּתוֹרַת הַבַּיִת הָאָרֹךְיב כָּתַב שֶׁדִּבְרֵי הָרַמְבַּ"ם נִרְאִין אֶלָּא שֶׁיֵּשׁ לְהִתְיַשֵּׁב בַּדָּבָר שֶׁאִם כֵּן מַאי טַעְמָא לֹא נִשְׁנֵית טְרֵפוּת זוֹ בְּמִשְׁנָה וְלֹא נִזְכְּרָה בִּגְמָרָא גַּם כֵּן עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹנוֹ. וּבְתוֹרַת הַבַּיִת הַקָּצָריג כָּתַב הָרַשְׁבָּ"א שֶׁרָאוּי לָחוּשׁ לְדִבְרֵי הָרַמְבַּ"ם כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַב הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ. וְהִלְכָּךְ לְדִינָא הֲוָה לֵיהּ סְפֵק טְרֵפָה.יד וְהַתְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹרטו יִשֵּׁב הָא דְּלֹא הֻזְכְּרָה טְרֵפוּת זוֹ בְּמִשְׁנָה וּגְמָרָא מִשּׁוּם דְּמִלְּתָא דִפְשִׁיטָא הִיא שֶׁאֵין לְךָ שֶׁאֵין כָּמוֹהוּ חַיָּה גְּדוֹלָה מִזּוֹ וְסָמְכוּ עַל זֶה הַכְּלָל כְּדִלְעֵיל.טז וּלְהַטּוּר וּרְשַׁ"ל יֵשׁ לוֹמַר שֶׁיְּכוֹלָה לִחְיוֹת עַל יְדֵי שֶׁיְּתַקְּנוּ לָהּ כְּסוּי אַחֵר כְּמוֹ גַּג עַל פִּי הַקָּנֶה. וְהָרַמְבַּ"ם סְבִירָא לֵיהּ דִּכְסוּי אַחֵר לֹא יוֹעִיל לְהָחֵם הָרוּחַ הַקָּרָה:
3

[If] the gullet or the pharynx (5) was perforated in even the slightest manner to [the gullet’s] innner cavity, (6) [the animal] is deemed a neveilah. (7)

ג

וֵשֶׁט אוֹ תֻּרְבַּץ (ה) הַוֵּשֶׁט שֶׁנִּקַּב לַחֲלָלוֹ (ו) בְּכָל שֶׁהוּא, נְבֵלָה. (ז)

(5) Or the pharynx – [This is the area where the throat converges with the esophagus.] See sec. 20:2,15 [where it is explained] what is [meant by the term] turbatz haveshet, [translated as] pharynx.
(6) [The gullet’s] inner cavity – “This same law applies in all instances [where an organ is disqualified because of] a perforation if [the organ] has an inner cavity. For example, [with regard to] the gallbladder, the stomach, or the intestines, [the animal is disqualified as tereifah only if] the perforation extends to [the organ’s] inner cavity. If [the organ] does not have an inner cavity, for example, the brain’s membrane, it is necessary that the perforation extends from side to side.” These are the words of Rabbeinu Nissim.16
(7) A neveilah [Rav Yosef Caro uses the term] neveilah because he mentions the gullet. However, [if the perforation is only] in the pharynx, all authorities agree that [the animal] is merely tereifah and, if slaughtered, it does not become [a source of ritual impurity, as does] a neveilah.17 [The rationale for this ruling is that] a perforation [located] in an area [of the simanim] which is not fit for slaughter [does not render an animal a neveilah. In this instance, only] the pharynx – [which is not fit for slaughter] as stated above in sec. 20[:2 – was perforated but the place in the gullet] fit for ritual slaughter was not damaged at all.
Rav Yosef Caro was not precise regarding this matter in his Shulchan Aruch, because in the present era there is no [practical,] significant difference between [classifying an animal as] a tereifah or as a neveilah during its lifetime, and if [an animal’s] gullet is perforated, Rambam18 and those who follow his opinion consider [the animal] a neveilah during its lifetime, as stated above, in sec. 27[:1].19
[Nevertheless,] there is a practical difference in the laws [that apply] in the present era [if an animal] became tereifah or a neveilah after [its] slaughter, but during its lifetime, it was not [classified as] tereifah. [If the disqualifying factor occurred during the slaughter,] the milk or eggs [produced by the animal or fowl previously are permitted,] as stated in [Rama’s] note to sec. 24:15. However, [if an animal or fowl is deemed] a neveilah while it is alive, the milk and eggs are forbidden, as is [the law] regarding [an animal or a fowl which is] tereifah, [and] whose [milk and] eggs are forbidden because [they] matured [while the animal or fowl was] forbidden. [This is not merely a theoretical point;] even [an animal or a fowl that is deemed] a neveilah while alive may [lactate and] lay eggs because it is considered fully alive,20 as was explained at the end of sec. 26.21 Similarly, [an animal that would have been deemed tereifah due to a broken bone can live because its broken bones can heal,] one broken portion fusing to another, as explained in sec. 32.22 (Note [also] what is stated in sec. 86, below.)23
[Although it was stated earlier that in the present era there is no practical, significant difference between classifying an animal as] a tereifah or as a neveilah [during its lifetime,] the later authorities mentioned another practical difference between [an animal that has been categorized as] a tereifah [rather than as] a neveilah [while still alive aside from the impurity it conveys –] regarding [the prohibition against slaughtering] the animal and its offspring [on the same day. The law is] that whenever ritual slaughter [of an animal] will not be effective in removing an animal from the category of a neveilah, [the act of ritual slaughter] is not [halachically] considered as slaughtering [the animal. Accordingly, in such an instance] it is permissible to slaughter [such an animal and] its offspring afterwards [on that same day], as stated in sec. 16.24
There is another practical halachic distinction that applies regarding a person who was suspected [of violating a prohibition, as will be mentioned] below, in sec. 119:25 [A person] who is suspected regarding [partaking of meat that is from] an [animal that was classified as] tereifah is not suspected [of partaking of meat from an animal that was classified as] a neveilah, [because partaking of meat from an animal classified as] a neveilah is a more severe prohibition than [doing so from an animal classified as a tereifah. Conversely,] when one is suspected [of partaking of meat from an animal classifed as] a neveilah, how much more so is he suspected [of doing so from an animal classifed as] a tereifah. Note what was explained in sec. 2, above.26
Note the explanations at the end of sec. 26,27 [which mention] that there are authorities28 who maintain that when the gullet itself is perforated, the animal is considered merely a tereifah and not a neveilah. [According to these authorities, [the animal is not even classified as] a neveilah after its slaughter. [This approach would lead to] a stringency regarding [slaughtering] an animal and its offspring [on the same day.29] Weight should be given to their words, since a Scriptural [prohibition] is involved.
Nevertheless, the ruling that all authorities agree [upon, i.e.,] that the perforation of the pharynx causes an animal to be classified only as a tereifah, and not a neveilah, even after its slaughter, applies only when [the pharynx] was perforated or even if its lesser portion was cut. However, [the ruling that applies] if the greater portion [of the pharynx] was cut is dependent on the difference of halachic opinion mentioned above in sec. 26. [Since] a Scriptural [prohibition is involved], stringency [regarding the prohibition against slaughtering an animal and its offspring on the same day] should be followed, as explained there.27
Even if the larger portion of the gullet itself was cut [within the appropriate place for shechitah], were [the shochet] to then slit [the gullet] in the proper manner [while the animal was still alive], above [or below] the first cut, it is possible that [his second] slit [is considered a valid slaughter {solely} to the extent that it would] remove the animal from the category of a neveilah. [Therefore, in such an instance as well, one should act] stringently [regarding the prohibition against slaughtering the animal and its offspring on the same day,] as explained there.27
(ה) אוֹ תֻּרְבַּץ. עַיֵּן סִימָן כ' סְעִיף ב' מַהוּ תֻּרְבַּץ:
(ו) לַחֲלָלוֹ. וְהוּא הַדִּין דְּכוּלְהוּ נְקוּבֵי נַמִי בְּמִדֵּי דְּאִיכָּא חָלָל כְּגוֹן מָרָה וְקֵבָה וְדַקִּין בְּעִינָן שֶׁיִּהְיוּ נְקוּבִים לַחֲלָלָן. וּמִדֵּי דְּלֵיכָּא חָלָל כְּגוֹן קְרוּם שֶׁל מוֹחַ בְּעִינָן שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הַנֶּקֶב מְפֻלָּשׁ עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹן הָרַ"ן:יז
(ז) נְבֵלָה. מִשּׁוּם וֵשֶׁט נָקַט נְבֵלָהיח אֲבָל בְּתֻרְבַּץ אֵינָהּ אֶלָּא טְרֵפָה לְדִבְרֵי הַכֹּל שֶׁהַשְּׁחִיטָה מוֹעֶלֶת לְטַהֲרָהּ מִידֵי נְבֵלָהיט הוֹאִיל וְהַנֶּקֶב הוּא בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לִשְׁחִיטָה דְּהַיְנוּ תֻּרְבַּץ כְּדִלְעֵיל סִימָן כ'כ וּמְקוֹם שְׁחִיטָה לֹא אִתְרַע כְּלָל. וְהַבֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֻׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ לֹא דִקְדֵּק בְּזֶה מִשּׁוּם דְּבִזְמַן הַזֶּה לֵיכָּא נַפְקָא מִנָּהּ כָּל כָּךְ בֵּין טְרֵפָה לִנְבֵלָה מֵחַיִּים.כא דִּנְקוּבַת הַוֵּשֶׁט הִיא נְבֵלָה מֵחַיִּים לְהָרַמְבַּ"םכב וְסִיעָתוֹ כְּדִלְעֵיל סִימָן כ"ז.כג דְּבֵין טְרֵפָה לִנְבֵלָה אַחַר שְׁחִיטָה וּמֵחַיִּים לֹא הָיְתָה טְרֵפָה אִיכָּא נַפְקָא מִנָּהּ בִּזְמַן הַזֶּה לְעִנְיַן חָלָב וּבֵיצִים כְּדִלְעֵיל סִימָן כ"ד סְעִיף ט"ו בְּהַגָּ"ה. אֲבָל נְבֵלָה מֵחַיִּים הֶחָלָב וְהַבֵּיצִים אֲסוּרִים כְּמוֹ בִּטְרֵפָה דְּבֵיצָתָהּ אֲסוּרָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁגָּדְלָה בְּאִסּוּר וְגַם נְבֵלָה מֵחַיִּים יְכוֹלָה לְגַדֵּל הַבֵּיצִים מֵאַחַר שֶׁהִיא כְּחַיָּה לְכָל דָּבָר כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל סוֹף סִימָן כ"ו.כד וְכֵן יָכוֹל לִהְיוֹת בָּהּ שֶׁבֶר אֶל שֶׁבֶר יַחְדָּו יְדֻבָּקוּ כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל סִימָן ל"בכה (עַיֵּן מַה שֶּׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּן סִימָן פ"וכו). אַךְ הָאַחֲרוֹנִים כָּתְבוּ עוֹד נַפְקָא מִנָּהּ בֵּין טְרֵפָה לִנְבֵלָהכז לְעִנְיַן אוֹתוֹ וְאֶת בְּנוֹ שֶׁכֹּל שֶׁאֵין הַשְּׁחִיטָה מוֹעֶלֶת בָּהּ לְטַהֲרָהּ מִידֵי נְבֵלָה לָאו שְׁמָהּ שְׁחִיטָה וּמֻתָּר לִשְׁחוֹט בְּנָהּ אַחֲרֶיהָ כְּדִלְעֵיל סִימָן ט"ז.כח וְעוֹד נַפְקָא מִנָּהּ לְעִנְיַן חָשׁוּד דִּלְקַמָּן סִימָן קי"טכט דְּחָשׁוּד עַל הַטְּרֵפָה אֵינוֹ חָשׁוּד עַל הַנְּבֵלָה שֶׁחֲמוּרָה מִמֶּנָּה וְהֶחָשׁוּד עַל הַנְּבֵלָה כָּל שֶׁכֵּן שֶׁחָשׁוּד עַל הַטְּרֵפָה עַיֵּן מַה שֶּׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל סִימָן ב'.ל
וְעַיֵּן מַה שֶּׁנִּתְבָּאֵר סוֹף סִימָן כ"ולא דְּיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִיםלב דִּנְקוּבַת הַוֵּשֶׁט עַצְמוֹ גַּם כֵּן אֵינָהּ אֶלָּא טְרֵפָה לְבַדָּהּ וְלֹא נְבֵלָה אֲפִלּוּ אַחַר שְׁחִיטָה. וְיֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ לְדִבְרֵיהֶם לְהַחֲמִיר בְּשֶׁל תּוֹרָה לְעִנְיַן אוֹתוֹ וְאֶת בְּנו.ֹלג וּמִיהוּ הָא דִּנְקוּבַת הַתֻּרְבַּץ אֵינָהּ אֶלָּא טְרֵפָה לְדִבְרֵי הַכֹּל וְלֹא נְבֵלָה אֲפִלּוּ אַחַר שְׁחִיטָה הַיְנוּ דַּוְקָא בְּנִקַּב אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ נֶחְתַּךְ מִעוּטוֹ אֲבָל אִם נֶחְתַּךְ רֻבּוֹ תָּלוּי בִּפְלֻגְתָּא דִלְעֵיל סִימָן כ"ו.לד וְיֵשׁ לְהַחֲמִיר בְּשֶׁל תּוֹרָהלה כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁם. וַאֲפִלּוּ נֶחְתַּךְ הַוֵּשֶׁט עַצְמוֹ בְּרֻבּוֹ אִם חָזַר וּשְׁחָטוֹ בְּהֶכְשֵׁר לְמַעְלָה מִמְּקוֹם חֲתָךְ הָרִאשׁוֹן אֶפְשָׁר דִּשְׁחִיטָתוֹ מוֹצִיאָתוֹ מִידֵי נְבֵלָה וְאָזְלִינָן לְחוּמְרָא כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁם:
4

The gullet has two membranes. If one of them was perforated, [the animal] is kosher. If they are both perforated, it is forbidden. [The] prohibition [applies] (9) even if a scab formed and closed [the perforation], (8) and [it applies] even if the perforations [of the two membranes] are not parallel to each other, provided that they were perforated on the same side, because it is possible that they will become aligned, (10) (i.e., one [hole] could become positioned directly opposite the other).

Note: All the above applies only when it is apparent that the perforation came as a result of sickness. (11) However, if there is room for concern that [thegullet] was perforated by a thorn, [the animal] is tereifah even if only (12) the inner [membrane] was perforated. [The rationale is that] we are concerned that the outer membrane was also perforated, [but the perforation was not detected, because] an external examination of the gullet is not effective (13) (Beis Yosef in the name of Tosafos, Rabbeinu Asher, Rabbeinu Nissim, and other authorities).

ד

שְׁנֵי עוֹרוֹת יֵשׁ לַוֵּשֶׁט. נִקַּב אֶחָד מֵהֶם, כְּשֵׁרָה; נִקְּבוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם, אֲסוּרָה, וַאֲפִלּוּ עָלָה בּוֹ קְרוּם וְנִסְתַּם, (ח) וַאֲפִלּוּ נִקְּבוּ זֶה שֶׁלֹּא כְּנֶגֶד זֶה, אֲסוּרָה. (ט) וְהוּא שֶׁנִּקְּבוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם מֵרוּחַ אֶחָד, דְּאֶפְשָׁר דְּמִתְרַמֵּי אַהֲדָדֵי. (י) (פֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁמִּזְדַּמְּנִים לְהִתְכַּוֵּן יַחַד). הַגָּה: וְכָל זֶה לֹא מַיְרֵי אֶלָּא בְּנִכָּר שֶׁהַנֶּקֶב בָּא מֵחֲמַת חֹלִי, (יא) אֲבָל אִם יֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ שֶׁנִּקַּב עַל יְדֵי קוֹץ, אֲפִלּוּ לֹא נִקַּב רַק הַפְּנִימִי, (יב) טְרֵפָה, דְּחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב גַּם הַחִיצוֹן, וּוֵשֶׁט אֵין לוֹ בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ. (יג) (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם תּוֹסְפוֹת וְהָרֹא"שׁ פֶּרֶק אֵלּוּ טְרֵפוֹת וְרַ"ן וְעוֹד פּוֹסְקִים).

(8) Closed [the perforation] – [The rationale is that] a scab that formed because of a wound is not a [viable] scab,30 because ultimately it will come off. Even if [the scab that] formed was thick, it will not endure (Rashi).31
(9) The prohibition applies – [The law pertaining to perforations in the gullet] is not the same [as that pertaining to] the korkevan (the ventriculus or gizzard), [that will be mentioned] below, in sec. 49.32 [In that instance,] if one of the perforations was not aligned with the other, [the animal] is kosher.
[The laws pertaining to] the gullet are different, because [the animal] eats and calls with it (– [when it is said that the animal] calls out with [the gullet, the intent is that] although it is the windpipe that projects [the animal’s] voice, it is impossible for [the windpipe to do so] without the gullet expanding with it). [The gullet] is spacious [i.e., flexible, and the animal] constricts it and stretches it [through eating and calling]. Therefore,] there are times when [the perforation in] the outer membrane and [the perforation in] the inner membrane will become aligned. [By contrast,] a korkevan remains at rest and thus, [any perforations in it] will remain where they are.” This is the wording of the Gemara as interpreted by Rashi.33
(10) Become aligned – Even if the perforations are distant from each other to the extent that it is not possible for [the gullet] to constrict and expand enough for [the perforations to become aligned, the animal or fowl] is nevertheless forbidden. [The rationale is that] there is no fixed measure regarding the matter, i.e., how close [the perforations] must be to each other [for the animal to be forbidden]. No fixed measure should be given to a statement of our Sages,34 except in a matter that is indubitable, i.e., [the perforations are] on two different sides (Maharshal35; consult the references in that text; this does not follow [the opinion of] K’nesses HaGedolah).
[When, in his Shulchan Aruch, Rav Yosef Caro stated that the meat of an animal may be permitted if there are perforations on] two different sides, the intent is [that the perforations are on] opposite sides [of the gullet],36 but not [two perforations] on adjoining sides. [If they are on adjoining sides,] it is still possible for the perforations to become aligned when [the animal or fowl] turns its head sideways or backwards, and who could determine this?! (Tevuos Shor).37
(11) Sickness – [The possibility for leniency applies only when] we see that the sickness did not at all affect the other membrane (Rabbeinu Asher).38
The Gemara, at the beginning of the chapter [entitled] Eilu Tereifos, states,39
Rabbah said, “There is no [effective way] to examine the gullet from its outside. It may [be examined] only from its inside.”40 What [practical difference] results from [the statement? The information is necessary regarding the examination of an animal or fowl] concerning which there is doubt as to whether it had been clawed [by a predator].
Rashi interprets [the latter phrase as referring to]
[Animals or fowl] regarding which there are grounds for concern, as stated below41 ([see] sec. 57),42 [i.e., situations where the predator] is quiet and [the fowl] are cackling. It is stated below43 that [if there is doubt as to whether a fowl or animal] had been clawed by a predator it must be examined. [The fowl or animal] is forbidden only if [the flesh] opposite its inner cavity turns red and, [with regard to] the simanim, [only if] the simanim themselves turn red. [The examination focuses on whether the simanim turned red,] and not whether they were perforated. [The rationale is that] the poison [in the predator’s claws] causes the siman to turn red. It then seeps through and descends to the cavity [of the body]. Redness will be evident in the gullet only on its inner membrane, because that membrane is white.
By contrast, the [gullet’s] outer membrane is red, as stated in subsection 5, below.
At the beginning of the chapter [entitled] Hashochet, it is stated,44 “There was a certain duck45 in the house of Rava. [It was brought for slaughter] with its neck filthy with blood.”
Rashi comments:
With its neck filthy with blood, i.e., its neck was ripped open. [Hence,] it was necessary to examine the simanim, [because] perhaps the windpipe had been severed or the gullet had been perforated. However, it was unnecessary to examine [the duck out of concern] for the possibility that it [had been clawed by a predator] because we assume [that it was attacked by] a dog ([in which instance,] the disqualification of derasah46 (attacked by a predator) does not apply, as stated in sec. 57,47 below) or [it became caught on] a reed, as stated in the chapter [entitled] Eilu Tereifos,48 “If there is doubt [as to whether an animal or fowl was attacked by] a cat or dog, [we say that it was attacked] by a dog… or was struck by a reed” (as stated in sec. 57,49 below).
[The Talmud continues:50]
Rava said: What should we do [with regard to this duck? If one would suggest that] we slaughter it and then examine it [to see whether its windpipe was severed or its gullet was perforated, the examination would not be effective. Perhaps the shochet] will [slit the gullet] in the place of the perforation [and it will be impossible to determine whether the gullet had been perforated before the duck was slaughtered. If one would suggest that] we examine the simanim and then slaughter it, [that would not be effective] because Rabbah said, “A gullet may not be examined on its outer [membrane], only on its inner [membrane].”
Rav Yosef,‘s] son, said to him, “Let us examine the windpipe [– which can be examined before slaughtering the duck – and then] slit the windpipe, thus rendering [the slaughter] kosher. Afterwards, we will turn the gullet inside out and examine it.”51
(12) Even if only – [The intent of Rama’s words is] even if both of [the gullet’s] membranes were not perforated, only the inner one, [the animal is] tereifah. Sifsei Kohen52 offers this interpretation, thus differing with Bayis Chadash53 and Turei Zahav.54 [The latter authorities maintain that Rama’s intent is:] How much more so does this apply if only the outer membrane was perforated?! That [interpretation] is not correct, for Rama concludes that the rationale [for his ruling] is that the gullet may not be examined externally. However, if the outer membrane alone was perforated, [the animal is not automatically declared tereifah, because] it is possible to examine [its gullet] from the inside.
Nevertheless, [the option of examining the gullet from the inside applies only] according to the law [as practiced] in the Talmudic [era].55 However, in the present era, we are not knowledgeable regarding the examination of the gullet, as stated in [Rama’s] gloss to subsection 8, below. It was not necessary for Rama to mention that concept [here], because he relied on what he would state shortly below and at the end of sec. 34[:9], and what he stated above, at the end of sec. 23. [His statement] here was made only to teach that this law applies even according to the authorities mentioned below at the end of his note in subsection 9, who permit [an animal or fowl when a thorn is found in the gullet. These authorities] do not suspect [that the gullet was perforated by a thorn which] then penetrated to the outside.56 [Indeed,] it was the practice in [Kraków,] Rama’s city, [to permit an animal or fowl that was found to have a thorn in its gullet]. Consult that source. [This leniency was granted] specifically when a thorn was lying in the gullet. However, if the inner membrane [of the gullet] was discovered to be perforated without a thorn [being present], all authorities agree that we suspect that the outer membrane was also perforated, but [the perforation] was not discernable, as mentioned below57 in the name of Rabbeinu Asher.58 By contrast, if a perforation was found only in the outer membrane, [the animal] should not be forbidden according to the law in the Talmudic [era. It is forbidden] only according to the authorities who interpret the word hivri as meaning [that the gullet was perforated and] then healed, basing their understanding [of the word] on Rashi’s commentary59 and Rambam’s [ruling,60 i.e., that the meaning of the term] hivri is “healed,” as will be stated in subsection 9 below.61 (The only exception [to this rule is if the examination was made] within three days of the outer membrane being perforated, in which instance, it cannot be said that[the perforation] healed.)62 However, according to those authorities who maintain that we are not concerned [with the possibility of the membrane having healed] – even though they agree [with the need for stringency] when there is a perforation without a thorn [being present] – it is sufficient to examine the inner membrane, according to the law of the Talmudic era.
Furthermore, it is possible to say that Rama’s intent was to rule leniently when only the external [membrane] was perforated even according to our practice. [According to this interpretation of Rama’s words, in such an instance, it would be possible to permit the animal] by inspecting the [gullet’s] inner [membrane. The rationale for this leniency is that] here, Rama is speaking about an instance when there was no certainty that [the outer membrane] was perforated by a thorn. It is only that there are grounds for concern that this is what happened. Nevertheless, there are also grounds for concern that [the outer membrane] was perforated due to illness. Such a situation, [i.e.,] an instance where the hide and the flesh of the [animal’s] flank were perforated, [and the perforation penetrated even] to [the animal’s] inner cavity, is considered a compounded doubt. [In this instance as well, there are two] unresolved questions: whether [the animal’s flank] was perforated by a thorn, and [whether] one of its inner organs was perforated. [In such a situation,] we make a lenient assumption [and maintain] that [the animal’s flank] was perforated because of illness. [This assumption is based on the following] compounded doubt: perhaps [the hide and flank were perforated] because of illness, and even if it would be said [that the perforations in the hide and flank were] due to a thorn, perhaps none of [the animal’s] inner organs were perforated, as stated below in Rama’s note to sec. 51:1, and in sec. 49:4.63 Nevertheless, here, with regard to the gullet, if a perforation is found in its inner membrane, we do not rule leniently using this reasoning. [The rationale is that] there is an adverse factor in the gullet – it is obviously perforated on one side and there is a possibility that the other side is also perforated, [and it is] only that [this perforation] is not evident. Even [the Sage] Ulla64 would consider this as an adverse factor, as will be explained below65 in the name of Rabbeinu Asher. By contrast, when there was a perforation [of the hide] that reached [the animal’s inner] cavity, [and there is no obvious perforation of the internal organs, we assume that] an adverse factor concerning the internal organs does not exist at all. [Hence,] the existing presumption [that their status is viable] is allowed to stand. We [rely on the compounded doubt and] assume that [the perforation of the hide] was due to an illness.
([Similarly, the fact that] the outer membrane of the korkevan (gizzard) is perforated, [as mentioned] below in sec. 49, is also not considered an adverse factor, since it is clearly visible that the inner membrane is intact, and [the ruling is that] when one of its membranes is perforated but the other is not, [the animal] is kosher. Consult that source. Ulla ruled [that an animal] was kosher although a thorn was lying in its gullet and yet, if [an animal’s] flank was perforated and [the perforation] reached [the animal’s] inner cavity, Ulla agrees [that the animal is tereifah. This is problematic because the laws] regarding a gullet are more severe than [those applying to] a perforation in the animal’s inner cavity. [This] will be explained in subsection 9, below.)
However, if a perforation was found only in the external [membrane], and there are grounds to say that [the perforation] resulted from sickness, one should not be so stringent as to say that we do not rely on our examination in such an instance. [This applies] even according to the authority who maintains that [one should rule stringently] out of concern that perhaps the perforation penetrated to the outside.56 Even if this was not Rama’s intent [in his gloss here], the ruling is a true law. (See Tevuos Shor.)66 Sifsei Kohen 34:18 also writes that in an instance where there is an additional basis to permit [an animal], one may rely on our examination.
Nevertheless, according to the commentaries who interpret shema hivri as meaning “perhaps it healed”, [meaning that] a scab formed because of the wound – as reflected by the ruling of [Rav Yosef Caro in his] Shulchan Aruch in subsection 9 below – even when [it appears that] the outer [membrane] alone was perforated, after three days have passed, there are grounds for concern that perhaps the inner [membrane] was also perforated by the thorn, and the inner [membrane] alone healed (Bayis Chadash, Yoreh Deah [33:]18; Nekudos HaKesef67 on [Rama’s] note [to sec. 33:9]; consult that source; there [Nekudos HaKesef] brings proof from a stomach [that was perforated,68 ruling] against [what he wrote in] Sifsei Kohen69). The only exception [to this rule is] if one knew [that the perforation was due to an] illness and it is discernible that the illness did not affect the inner membrane at all (Turei Zahav, Sifsei Kohen on sec. 48).70
However, when there is doubt [as to whether the inner membrane was affected], leniency should not be taken. [The rationale is that] doubt regarding [the validity of] the slaughter is involved according to those authorities who maintain that a perforation in the gullet [renders an animal] a neveilah.71 Weight should be given to their words and one should rule stringently [since this concerns] a Scriptural [prohibition.] Even if a severe [financial] loss [is involved], analysis is necessary to determine whether there is the option of ruling leniently regarding a doubt concerning [the validity of] the slaughter. [Such a lenient ruling would] contradict the interpretation of [Rav Yosef Caro in his] Shulchan Aruch, subsection 9, that perhaps [the gullet] healed and, [would instead require] relying on the authorities cited by Rama there, who rule that [such an animal] can be declared kosher. (Even though [these authorities] agree that in a situation where a perforation was found but no thorn [was found], an examination is necessary, [they still argue with Rav Yosef Caro and maintain] that there is no concern that perhaps [the perforation] healed, as stated below72.)
[True,] in the instance of a severe [financial] loss, we are not concerned about the possibility that a perforation healed with regard to the stomach, as stated below in sec. 48.73 [The rationale in that instance is that] the stomach is [relatively] stationary. By contrast, [an animal] eats and calls with the gullet,74 as explained in that source.75 Furthermore, [when there is a doubt involving the gullet,] a question regarding the slaughter is involved, as will be explained in subsection 9.75 Nevertheless, if the hide on the [animal’s] neck is intact from the outside, and no disqualifying factor is evident, all authorities agree that there are grounds for leniency [because the perforation] can be attributed to sickness (Tzemach Tzedek [by Rav Menachem Mendel Krochmal,] sec. 9; Tevuos Shor, sec. 49[, note 4].)
Sifsei Kohen76 explains Rama’s opinion, clarifying that regarding [an instance when] only the external [membrane] was perforated – even when it is known that a thorn or needle pierced [the animal’s neck] from the outside – it would be possible to rely on our inspection of the inner [membrane] were we not concerned about the possibility [that the wound] healed. [The rationale is that] since it is necessary only to examine [the gullet] opposite the actual place of the outer perforation, we do not say that we are not knowledgeable regarding how to examine the gullet in such an instance, because the examination must be made in a specific, known place, exactly opposite the perforation. [The situation] does not resemble that of [an animal] whose neck is bloodied mentioned below,77 [where] Rama [maintains that we are not knowledgeable regarding the examination of the gullet. In that situation], there is no specific, known place [where there is an issue of concern,] since [in such an instance] it is necessary to examine [the gullet] opposite the entire bloodied area [of the neck].
Sifsei Kohen76 brings proof that we are considered knowledgeable regarding such an examination from [the law] mentioned in sec. 48[:8 regarding] a needle that is found lodged in one side of the beis hakosos,78 in which instance we rely on our examination of the other side [of that organ]. The later authorities differ with Sifsei Kohen regarding this point (see Tevuos Shor79 and Kereisi U’Feleisi80), maintaining that certainly, according to Rama’s perspective, we are not considered knowledgeable regarding [such] an examination even [if the examination is done] in a specific, known place of this type, as stated below in sec. 39[:4] regarding an adhesion in a specific, known place [in the lungs]. The reason we rely on our examination when a needle is found in one side of the beis hakosos and the like is because there are authorities who maintain that an examination is not required there [in any case], as stated in that source.81 See our statements in subsection 9 below, and later in sec. 3982 regarding an adhesion [in the lungs]. Although there are authorities who maintain that in a situation [where the adhesions run from one lobe of the lungs to the immediately adjoining one,] an examination is not necessary, nevertheless, it has become common practice to follow the authorities who maintain that the law prescribed by the Talmud is that an examination is required [even in such an instance. Therefore, such an animal is deemed tereifah because] we are not knowledgeable regarding [how to carry out] such an examination.
Similarly, with regard [to an animal] whose neck is bloodied, as mentioned in subsection 8 below, although Riva83 does not require an examination, it has nevertheless become widespread custom to follow the authorities who do require an examination. [Therefore, we disqualify the animal because] we do not rely on our examination. If so, how much more so [does this general rule apply], if only the external [membrane] was perforated. In [such an] instance, all authorities maintain that an examination of the inner [membrane] is required according to the law prescribed by the Talmud. [Consequently, such an animal is deemed tereifah because we are not knowledgeable regarding how to carry out such] an examination. Even Riva, who stated that [an animal] with a bloodied neck does not require an examination [said so] only [concerning an instance] where there is no obvious negative factor on the siman itself. This is not analogous to an instance where the outer [membrane of the gullet] was perforated. Moreover, even those authorities who follow Ulla’s opinion and are not concerned with the possibility that [the perforation] healed, [maintaining that Ulla] made such a statement only [regarding an instance] when we see that there is a thorn stuck [in the gullet], but not when there is a perforation [in the gullet] without a thorn [being present], as stated above in the name of Rabbeinu Asher.
[Concerning the words of] Sifsei Kohen, it could be said that in this situation as well, not all authorities agree that the inner [membrane] requires an examination according to the laws of the Talmud. [The rationale is that] Rashba84 and Rabbeinu Nissim85 do not follow the opinion of Rabbeinu Asher,86 [who maintains] that a distinction can be made between a thorn and a perforation. Instead, they maintain that, according to Ulla, even when a perforation [is found], we are not concerned about the possibility of it having healed. [Hence, the animal] does not require an examination according to law.87 If so, we can rely on our examination, as in the instance of a needle found in the beis hakosos mentioned in sec. 48 below. True, it has become customary not to rely on our examination even regarding [an animal] whose neck is bloodied. Nevertheless, let us not add a further stringency [and refrain from relying on our examination] regarding an external perforation, where it can be considered as a specifically known place even more so than a bloodied neck, according to Sifsei Kohen’s understanding. See what is written below, in subsection 9,88 [where it is noted] that originally it was customary to rely on our examination, as stated by Sifsei Kohen,89 even with regard to the outer [membrane], and how much more so, with regard to the inner [membrane].
(13) An external examination of the gullet is not effective – [The Talmud90 questions what should be done regarding a duck91 that was brought to the Sages for examination when its neck was bloodied to see if its slaughter would be effective. It offers the resolution that the gullet of the duck should be examined before the duck is slaughtered to see whether it is tereifah, and only afterwards should it be slaughtered. The Talmud rejects that supposition because, “An external examination of the gullet is not effective.” Rashi explains that the rationale is that,] “the slightest perforation [of the gullet causes an animal to be deemed] tereifah and a [very slight perforation] will not be apparent because a drop of blood [will] enter [and become lodged in] the perforation [of the outer membrane] and [since they are the same color,] (the blood) will not be noticed [through an external examination] (see Rashi, [Chulin] 43[a], [where Rashi explains the words “cannot be examined externally” used by the Talmud]). However, the inner membrane is white and a drop of blood will be noticed on it.92 By contrast, the outer [membrane] is red [and, therefore, an examination will be ineffective since a drop of blood will not be discernable].”
[The Talmud44 continues, suggesting,] “Let us inspect the windpipe.” Rashi [explains why such an examination would be effective:]
A windpipe may be examined externally because the animal is tereifah only when the greater portion [of the windpipe is severed. The duck] should be slaughtered [by slitting] its windpipe, because the slaughter [of a fowl] is kosher [even] when [only] one siman is slit.93 Afterwards, the entire gullet could be taken and detached from the jaw, turned inside out, and examined.”
Tosafos94 and Rabbeinu Asher95 [understand] Rashi [as stating that even though the duck’s neck was bloodied, we are not concerned that a predator96 attacked it, and do not require an examination to see whether it was attacked. Instead,] we assume that [the neck became bloodied] due to [being attacked by] a dog or [scratched by] a reed,97 because in the chapter entitled Eilu Tereifos98 [our Sages state that rather than say a fowl was attacked by a cat,99 we assume it was attacked by a dog. Therefore, an examination is required only to be certain that the gullet was not perforated and the windpipe was not severed].116
[Tosafos94 and Rabbeinu Asher95 note that there is a difficulty with] Rashi’s interpretation. Since an examination is required [in any case], what difference does it make [how the fowl was wounded]?
In resolution, it could be said that the examination is required only when [the neck] is bloodied. [In such an instance,] were we to assume that the wound was caused by a cat, it would be necessary to thoroughly inspect the inner cavity [of the fowl],100 as is the law regarding any time there is a question [concerning] whether an animal was attacked by a predator, even though – in this instance – there is a disqualifying factor only in the simanim (i.e., in the neck, opposite the simanim).
Riva, however, explains that [in an instance] where we assume [that a wound was caused] by a dog or a reed, an examination is not necessary at all because we are not concerned that [one of the internal organs may] have been perforated. [However,] the passage [in Chulin regarding the fowl with the bloody neck cited above] is speaking about a situation where there is doubt [that perhaps the fowl] was attacked by a predator. For example, a cat was seen chasing after [the fowl] or [it is speaking about] a place where cats are more common than dogs or reeds. [The basis of that ruling is that] we always assume [a difficulty] was caused by the most common factor, whether that leads to a lenient ruling or a stringent ruling, as stated in sec. 57101 (Rashba).102
On this basis, we can understand the [Talmud’s] statement, “an examination of the outer portion of the gullet is not effective.” [The rationale is that] the red hue [left by] the predator’s attack will not be discernable against the red [skin of the gullet’s outer membrane]. However, if [the gullet] was perforated, [the perforation] will be discernable on the outer [membrane] just as [it is] on the white [inner membrane].
This understanding is also reflected in the statement in the chapter entitled Eilu Tereifos,103 “What difference results from this statement [– that a gullet may be examined only from the inside]? The difference is in an instance when there is doubt as to whether [the animal or fowl] was attacked by a predator” (as mentioned above).104 [The Talmud] does not mention a doubt [regarding] whether [an organ] was perforated, [because, as Riva explained, the outer membrane of the gullet can be examined for a perforation].
Rabbeinu Asher later states that there is [another] difficulty according to Rashi’s explanation. ([In his] Shulchan Aruch105 [Rav Yosef Caro] previously [ruled that]) if [one of the membranes of the gullet] was perforated, but not the other, ([the animal] is kosher. The implication is that [this ruling applies] even if [only] the inner [membrane] was perforated.)
[According to Rashi’s explanation,] how could that be possible? If the inner [membrane] was perforated, there are grounds for concern that the outer [membrane] was also perforated (and there is no way to examine [the outer membrane]), as the Talmud106 states regarding a thorn (lying in the gullet): The authority who is concerned regarding the possibility that [a fowl was attacked] by a predator should also be concerned regarding the possibility that [the perforation] hivri (i.e., [the thorn lying in the gullet] penetrated to its outer side and [thus] the outer [membrane] was also perforated, as will be explained in subsection 9, below).107 Even the authority who is not concerned regarding a thorn [is not concerned only] because [the thorn] was found implanted only in the flesh of the inner [membrane]. (The intent is that we see that the tip of the thorn was not implanted in the flesh of the outer [membrane], only [in] the inner one. [This ruling applies] even if the inner [membrane] was perforated from side to side. This is the understanding of Bayis Chadash,108 Tevuos Shor,109 and Rama in subsection 9 below, according to the understanding of Rabbeinu Asher. This [understanding] is not [in accord with the understanding of] Pri Chadash and Keresi U’Feleisi. [The above explanation] is evident from Rabbeinu Asher’s110 comparison [of this situation] with a beis hakosos that was perforated from one side.111 Analyze this well.)
However, when a perforation is found in the inner [membrane] (i.e., a thorn is not embedded in [the perforated membrane] because the thorn fell out), there are grounds for concern that the outer [membrane] was also perforated (when the thorn was [actually embedded] there), and there is no way to examine [the outer membrane. Nevertheless, the Talmud112 states that if the inner membrane alone was perforated, the animal is kosher. In resolution,] it is possible to say that [a perforation of the inner membrane alone] could occur when the perforation was caused by an illness, and it is evident that the illness did not affect the outer [membrane] at all. This is the wording of Rabbeinu Asher113 and Tosafos.114
This is the opinion of Rama [who rules] here, according to Rashi’s interpretation. Rav Yosef Caro also rules in this manner, differing with Maharshal,115 who maintains that fundamentally [the halachah follows] the interpretation of Riva – that when [the neck of a fowl is bloodied due to] a dog or a reed, it is not even necessary to examine [the fowl’s simanim] according to the law in the Talmudic [era]. The same [principle] applies with regard to a thorn or a needle. [The situation] does not resemble a thorn that perforated through to the inner cavity of an animal, in which instance, an examination is required for the inner organs, as stated in sec. 51116 below. In that instance, the inner organs are lying close to the beginning of the body’s inner cavity. Therefore, since the perforation reached the inner cavity, there is concern that one of the inner organs was [also] perforated. However, according to Riva, when the neck of [an animal or fowl] was torn by a reed or a dog, we are not concerned about [the perforation of] the gullet. [The rationale is that] the windpipe intervenes between the hide and the gullet (Bayis Chadash, [Yoreh Deah,] sec. 57).
[There is no difficulty based on the ruling] in sec. 23[:2],117 that if [the shochet] slit a small amount [of the neck] and then interrupted, we are concerned about the possibility that the gullet was perforated when [the shochet] merely slit the hide. [In that instance,] an examination [of the simanim] is required according to law, even according to Maharshal. [The rationale is that] sometimes the gullet is also close to the hide because of the [manner in which the] simanim are held when they are grasped at the time of the slaughter, as explained there, in the name of S’mak. Nevertheless, even Maharshal was not so bold as to rely on the interpretation of Riva as an initial preference and rule leniently without requiring an examination, as will be explained below.118
(ח) וְנִסְתַּם. דִּקְרוּם שֶׁעָלָה מֵחֲמַת מַכָּה אֵינוֹ קְרוּםלו דְּסוֹפוֹ לִסָּתֵרלז וַאֲפִלּוּ עָלְתָה בּוֹ סְתִימָה עָבָה אֵינָהּ מִתְקַיֶּמֶת (רַשִׁ"ילח):
(ט) אֲסוּרָה. וְלֹא דָמֵי לְקֻרְקְבָן דִּלְקַמָּן סִימָן מ"טלט דְּנִקַּב זֶה שֶׁלֹּא כְּנֶגֶד זֶה כָּשֵׁר דְּשַׁאֲנִי וֵשֶׁט דְּאָכְלָא בֵּיהּ וּפָעֲיָא בֵּיהּ מ (צוֹעֶקֶת בּוֹ שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַקָּנֶה מוֹצִיא קוֹל אִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא הַוֵּשֶׁט מִתְפַּשֵּׁט עִמּוֹ) רְוָחָא גָּמְדָא לֵיהּ (כּוֹוֶצֶת אוֹתוֹ) וּפָשְׁטָא לֵיהּ זִמְנִין דִּמְהַנְדְּזִין (מִתְרַמֵּי דִּמְכַוְּנֵי אַהֲדָדֵי) לַהֲדֵי הֲדָדֵי קֻרְקְבָן דְּמֵינָח נַיָּח כִּדְקָאֵי קָאֵי עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹן הַגְּמָרָאמא וּפֵרוּשׁ רַשִׁ"י:
(י) אַהֲדָדֵי. וְאַף אִם הַנְּקָבִים רְחוֹקִים זֶה מִזֶּה שֶׁאֵינוֹ בְּאֶפְשָׁרִי דְּגָמְדָא וּפָשְׁטָא כָּל כָּךְ אֲפִלּוּ הָכִי אָסוּר כִּי אֵין שִׁעוּר לַדָּבָר כַּמָּה יִהְיוּ קְרוֹבִים וְאֵין לִתֵּן דִּבְרֵי חֲכָמִים לְשִׁעוּרִיםמב אִם לֹא בְּמִלְּתָא דִפְסִיקָא דְּהַיְנוּ בְּב' רוּחוֹת (רְשַׁ"למג עַיֵּן שָׁם בְּסִימָנִים דְּלֹא כִּכְנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָהמד). וּב' רוּחוֹת הַיְנוּ דַּוְקָא בָּרוּחַ שֶׁכְּנֶגְדּוֹ אֲבָל בָּרוּחַ שֶׁבְּצִדּוֹ אַכַּתֵּי אֶפְשָׁר דְּלִתְרַמּוּ אַהֲדָדֵי כְּשֶׁמַּחֲזֶרֶת רֹאשָׁהּ לַצְּדָדִים וּלְאָחוֹר וּמַאן מֵפִיס (תְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹרמה):
(יא) חֹלִי. וְרוֹאִין שֶׁלֹּא שָׁלַט הַחֹלִי כְּלָל בְּעוֹר הַב' (רֹא"שׁמו).
וּבִגְמָרָא רֵישׁ פֶּרֶק אֵלּוּ טְרֵפוֹתמז אָמַר רַבָּה וֵשֶׁט אֵין לוֹ בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ אֶלָּא מִבִּפְנִים לְמַאי נַפְקָא מִנָּה לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה. וּפֵרֵשׁ רַשִׁ"י כְּגוֹן הַנָּךְ דְּאִיכָּא לְמֵיחָשׁ לָהֶם כְּדִלְקַמָּן (סִימָן נ"זמח) אִיהוּ שָׁתִיק וְאִינְהוּ מְקַרְקְרִין וְאָמְרִינָן לְקַמָּןמט דְּרוּסָה שֶׁאָמְרוּ צְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה וְאֵינָהּ אֲסוּרָה עַד שֶׁיַּאְדִּים כְּנֶגֶד הֶחָלָל וּבַסִּימָנִים עַד שֶׁיַּאְדִּימוּ הַסִּימָנִין עַצְמָן וְלֹא שֶׁנִּקַּב אֶלָּא שֶׁהָאֶרֶס מַאְדִּים הַסִּימָן וּמְחַלְחֵל וְיוֹרֵד לַחֲלָלוֹ וּבַוֵּשֶׁט אֵינוֹ נִכָּר הָאַדְמוּמִית אֶלָּא מִבִּפְנִים שֶׁהָעוֹר לָבָן עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹנוֹ. אֲבָל עוֹר הַחִיצוֹן אָדֹם כְּדִלְקַמָּן סְעִיף ה'.
וּבְרֵישׁ פֶּרֶק הַשּׁוֹחֵטנ אָמְרִינָן הַהוּא בַּר אַוָּזָא דַּהֲוָה בֵּי רָבָא אָתָא כִּי מְמַסְמֵס קוֹעֵיהּ דְּמָא אָמַר רָבָא הֵיכִי נַעֲבֵיד נִשְׁחֲטֵיהּ וַהֲדַר נִבְדְּקֵיהּ דִּלְמָא בִּמְקוֹם נֶקֶב קָשָׁחִיט נִבְדְּקֵיהּ וַהֲדַר נִשְׁחֲטֵיהּ הָא אָמַר רַבָּה וֵשֶׁט אֵין לוֹ בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ אֶלָּא מִבִּפְנִים אָמַר לֵיהּ רַב יוֹסֵף בְּרֵיהּ נִבְדְּקֵיהּ לְקָנֶה וְנִשְׁחֲטֵיהּ לְקָנֶה וְלִכְשְׁרֵיהּ וַהֲדַר לַפְּכוּהוּ לַוֵּשֶׁט וְלִבְדְּקֵיהּ. וּפֵרֵשׁ רַשִׁ"י מְמַסְמֵס קוֹעֵיהּ דְּמָא מְלֻכְלָךְ צַוָּארוֹ בְּדָם שֶׁנִּקְרַע צַוָּארוֹ וְצָרִיךְ לִבְדּוֹק בַּסִּימָנִים שֶׁמָּא נִפְסַק הַקָּנֶה אוֹ נִקַּב הַוֵּשֶׁט וּמִשּׁוּם סְפֵק דְּרוּסָה לֹא בָּעֲיָא לְמִבְדְּקֵיהּ דִּתְלִינָן בְּכַלְבָּא (דְּאֵין דְּרוּסָה לַכֶּלֶב כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"זנא) אוֹ בְּקַנְיָא כִּדְאָמְרִינָן בְּפֶרֶק אֵלּוּ טְרֵפוֹתנב סְפֵק שׁוּנְרָא סְפֵק כַּלְבָּא אֵימוּר כַּלְבָּא אוֹ קַנְיָא מַחְיֵהּ (כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"זנג):נד
(יב) אֲפִלּוּ לֹא נִקְּבוּ שְׁנֵיהֶן אֶלָּא נִקַּב רַק הַפְּנִימִי טְרֵפָה כוּ'. כֵּן פֵּרֵשׁ הַשַּׁ"ךְ.נה דְּלֹא כְּפֵרוּשׁ הַבַּ"חנו וְטַ"זנז דְּרוֹצֶה לוֹמַר דְּכָל שֶׁכֵּן אִם נִקַּב הַחִיצוֹן לְבַדּוֹ. דְּזֶה אֵינוֹ דְּהָא רְמָ"א מַסִּיק הַטַּעַם דְּוֵשֶׁט אֵין לוֹ בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ אֲבָל אִם נִקַּב הַחִיצוֹן לְבַדּוֹ יֵשׁ לוֹ בְּדִיקָה מִבִּפְנִים.
וּמִיהוּ הַיְנוּ לְדִינָא דִגְמָרָאנח אֲבָל הָאִידְנָא אֵין אָנוּ בְּקִיאִים בִּבְדִיקַת הַוֵּשֶׁט כְּדִלְקַמָּן סְעִיף ח' בְּהַגָּ"ה. וְלֹא הֻצְרַךְ רְמָ"א לְפָרֵשׁ כֵּן דְּסָמַךְ אַמַּה שֶּׁכָּתַב כֵּן לְקַמָּן בְּסָמוּךְ וְסוֹף סִימָן ל"דנט וּלְעֵיל סוֹף סִימָן כ"ג. וְלֹא אָתָא לְאַשְׁמוֹעִינָן הָכָא אֶלָּא דַּאֲפִלּוּ לְיֵשׁ מַכְשִׁירִין דִּלְקַמָּן סוֹף סְעִיף [ט'] בְּהַגָּ"ה דְּלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא וְכֵן נָהֲגוּ בְּעִירוֹ שֶׁל רְמָ"א עַיֵּן שָׁם הַיְנוּ דַוְקָא בְּיָשַׁב קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט אֲבָל אִם נִמְצָא נֶקֶב בַּפְּנִימִי בְּלֹא קֵץ לְכוּלָא עָלְמָא חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב גַּם הַחִיצוֹן וְאֵינוֹ נִכָּר כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵילס בְּשֵׁם הָרֹא"שׁ.סא מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן כְּשֶׁנִּמְצָא נֶקֶב בַּחִיצוֹן לְבַדּוֹ אֵין לֶאֱסוֹר מִדִּינָא דִגְמָרָא, אֶלָּא לְמַאן דְּאָמַר חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא וּכְפֵרוּשׁ רַשִׁ"יסב וְהָרַמְבַּ"םסג דְּהִבְרִיא הַיְנוּ נִתְרַפֵּא כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּן סְעִיף ט'סד (אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הוּא תּוֹךְ ג' יָמִים לִנְקִיבַת הַחִיצוֹן דְּלֵיכָּא לְמֵימַר נִתְרַפֵּאסה). אֲבָל לְמַאן דְּאָמַר אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין אַף שֶׁמּוֹדֶה בְּנֶקֶב בְּלֹא קוֹץסו מִכָּל מָקוֹם בִּבְדִיקָה מִיהָא סַגִּי בַּפְּנִימִי לְדִינָא דִגְמָרָא.
וְעוֹד יֵשׁ לוֹמַר שֶׁכַּוָּנַת רְמָ"א לְהָקֵל אַף לְדִידַן בְּנִקַּב הַחִיצוֹן לְבַדּוֹ עַל יְדֵי בְּדִיקַת הַפְּנִימִי מִשּׁוּם דִּרְמָ"א מַיְרִי הָכָא בְּשֶׁאֵינוֹ יָדוּעַ בְּוַדַּאי שֶׁנִּקַּב עַל יְדֵי קוֹץ רַק שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָחוּשׁ שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב עַל יְדֵי קוֹץ וְיֵשׁ לְהִסְתַּפֵּק גַּם כֵּן שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב עַל יְדֵי חֹלִי. דְּבִכְהַאי גַּוְנָא מִקְּרֵי סְפֵק סְפֵיקָא גַּבֵּי נִקַּב עוֹר וּבְשַׂר הַדֹּפֶן עַד לֶחָלָל סָפֵק שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב בְּקוֹץ וְנִקַּב אֶחָד מֵאֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים דִּתְלִינָן לְהָקֵל שֶׁנִּקַּב עַל יְדֵי חֹלִי מִשּׁוּם סְפֵק סְפֵיקָא שֶׁמָּא עַל יְדֵי חֹלִי וְאִם תִּמְצֵי לוֹמַר עַל יְדֵי קוֹץ שֶׁמָּא לֹא נִקַּב שׁוּם אֶחָד מֵאֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"א סְעִיף א' בְּהַגָּ"ה וְסִימָן מ"ט סְעִיף ד'. אֶלָּא דְּהָכָא בְּוֵשֶׁט לֹא מְקִילִינָן מֵהַאי טַעְמָא בְּנִמְצָא נֶקֶב בַּפְּנִימִי כֵּיוָן דְּאִיכָּא רֵעוּתָא בַּוֵּשֶׁט שֶׁהֲרֵי נָקוּב לְפָנֶיךָ מִצַּד אֶחָד וְאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁנִּקַּב גַּם צַד הַב' וְאֵינוֹ נִכָּר דַּאֲפִלּוּ לְעוּלָא מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא בִּכְהַאי גַּוְנָא כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּןסז בְּשֵׁם הָרֹא"שׁ. מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּנִקַּב עַד לֶחָלָל דְּלֵיכָּא רֵעוּתָא בָּאֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים כְּלָל וּמוֹקְמִינָן לְהוּ בְּחֶזְקָתָן וּתְלִינָן בְּחֹלִי (וְנִקַּב צַד הַחִיצוֹן דְּקֻרְקְבָן דִּלְקַמָּן סִימָן מ"ט נַמִי לֹא מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּרְאֶה לָעַיִן שֶׁהַפְּנִימִי קַיָּם וְנִקַּב זֶה בְּלֹא זֶה כָּשֵׁר עַיֵּן שָׁם. וְהָא דְּעוּלָא מַכְשִׁיר בְּיָשַׁב קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט וּבְנִקַּב הַדֹּפֶן עַד לֶחָלָל מוֹדֶה עוּלָא אַף עַל גַּב דְּוֵשֶׁט חָמוּר מִנִּקַּב לֶחָלָל יִתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּן סְעִיף ט'סח). אֲבָל בְּנִמְצָא נֶקֶב בַּחִיצוֹן לְבַדּוֹ וְיֵשׁ לְהִסְתַּפֵּק שֶׁמָּא עַל יְדֵי חֹלִי אֵין לְהַחֲמִיר כָּל כָּךְ בְּזֶה שֶׁלֹּא לִסְמוֹךְ עַל בְּדִיקָתֵנוּ אֲפִלּוּ לְמַאן דְּאָמַר חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא דְּהַיְנוּ נִקַּב. וְאַף אִם לֹא נִתְכַּוֵּן רְמָ"א לְזֶה מִכָּל מָקוֹם הַדִּין דִּין אֱמֶת (עַיֵּן תְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹרסט) כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַב הַשַּׁ"ךְ סִימָן ל"ד סְעִיף קָטָן [י]"ח דְּאִם יֵשׁ עוֹד קְצָת צַד לְהַתִּיר יֵשׁ לִסְמוֹךְ עַל בְּדִיקָתֵנוּ.
וּמִיהוּ לְהַמְפָרְשִׁים שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא הַיְנוּ שֶׁמָּא נִתְרַפֵּא וְעָלָה קְרוּם מֵחֲמַת מַכָּה וְכֵן פָּסַק הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ כְּדִלְקַמָּן סְעִיף ט' גַּם בְּנִקַּב הַחִיצוֹן לְבַדּוֹ אִיכָּא לְמֵיחַשׁ אַחַר ג' יָמִים שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב גַּם הַפְּנִימִי עַל יְדֵי קוֹץ וְנִתְרַפֵּא הַפְּנִימִי לְבַדּוֹ (בַּ"ח סְעִיף י"ח.ע נְקֻדּוֹת הַכֶּסֶףעא בְּהַגָּ"ה עַיֵּן שָׁם שֶׁהֵבִיא רְאָיָה מֵהַמֶּסֶסעב דְּלֹא כְּשַׁ"ךְעג). אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יָדוּעַ שֶׁחֹלִי הוּא וְרוֹאִין שֶׁלֹּא שָׁלַט הַחֹלִי בַּפְּנִימִי כְּלָל (טַ"ז שַׁ"ךְ סִימָן מ"חעד).
אֲבָל בְּסָפֵק אֵין לְהָקֵל מִשּׁוּם דְּהוּא סָפֵק בִּשְׁחִיטָהעה לְמַאן דְּאָמַר דִּנְקוּבַת הַוֵּשֶׁט נְבֵלָהעו וְיֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ לְדִבְרֵיהֶם לְהַחֲמִיר בְּשֶׁל תּוֹרָה.עז וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּהֶפְסֵד מְרֻבֶּה צָרִיךְ עִיּוּן אִם יֵשׁ לְצַדֵּד לְהָקֵל בְּסָפֵק בִּשְׁחִיטָה נֶגֶד פֵּרוּשׁ הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ סְעִיף ט' בְּשֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא דְּהַיְנוּ נִתְרַפֵּא וְלִסְמוֹךְ עַל יֵשׁ מַכְשִׁירִין שֶׁבִּרְמָ"א שָׁםעח (דְּאַף שֶׁהֵם מוֹדִים בִּכְהַאי גַּוְנָא שֶׁנִּמְצָא נֶקֶב בְּלֹא קוֹץ הַיְנוּ דִּבְעִינָן בְּדִיקָה אֲבָל לֹא דְּחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִתְרַפֵּא כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָןעט). דִּבְהֶפְסֵדפ מְרֻבֶּה לֹא חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִתְרַפֵּא גַּבֵּי הַמֶּסֶס דִּלְקַמָּן סִימָן מ"חפא הַיְנוּ מִשּׁוּם דְּהַמֶּסֶס מֵינַח נַיָּח מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בַּוֵּשֶׁט דְּאָכְלָה בֵּיהּ וּפָעֲיָא בֵּיהּ כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁםפב וְעוֹד שֶׁהוּא סָפֵק בִּשְׁחִיטָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר סְ[עִיף] ט'.פג וּמִיהוּ אִם עוֹר הַצַּוָּאר שָׁלֵם מִבַּחוּץ וְלֹא נִכָּר בּוֹ שׁוּם רֵעוּתָא לְכוּלָא עָלְמָא יֵשׁ לְהָקֵל וְלִתְלוֹת בְּחֹלִי (צֶמַח צֶדֶק סִימָן ט'. תְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹר סִימָן מ"טפד).
וְהַשַּׁ"ךְפה פֵּרֵשׁ דַּעַת רְמָ"א דִּבְנִקַּב הַחִיצוֹן לְבַדּוֹ אֲפִלּוּ יָדוּעַ שֶׁנִּתְחַב קוֹץ אוֹ מַחַט מִבַּחוּץ יֵשׁ לִסְמוֹךְ עַל בְּדִיקָתֵנוּ בַּפְּנִימִי אִי לֹא חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִתְרַפֵּאפו מֵאַחַר שֶׁאֵין צָרִיךְ לִבְדּוֹק רַק כְּנֶגֶד נֶקֶב הַחִיצוֹן מַמָּשׁ וְלֹא אָמְרִינָן דְּאֵין אָנוּ בְּקִיאִין בִּבְדִיקַת הַוֵּשֶׁט בִּכְהַאי גַּוְנָא שֶׁהַבְּדִיקָה הִיא בְּמָקוֹם יָדוּעַ כְּנֶגֶד הַנֶּקֶב מַמָּשׁ. וְלֹא דָמֵי לְצַוָּאר מְלֻכְלָךְ בְּדָם דִּלְקַמָּןפז דְּלֹא חֲשִׁיב מָקוֹם יָדוּעַ לִרְמָ"א כֵּיוָן שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לִבְדּוֹק כְּנֶגֶד כָּל מָקוֹם הַמְלֻכְלָךְ. וְהֵבִיא הַשַּׁ"ךְ רְאָיָה דְּבִכְהַאי גַּוְנָא אָנוּ בְּקִיאִים בִּבְדִיקָה מִמַּחַט שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת תְּחוּבָה בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת מִצַּד אֶחָד דִּלְקַמָּן סִימָן מ"חפח דְּסָמְכִינָן אַבְּדִיקָתֵנוּ מִצַּד הַב'. וְהָאַחֲרוֹנִים חָלְקוּ עַל הַשַּׁ"ךְ בְּזֶה (עַיֵּן תְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹרפט וּכְרֵתִי וּפְלֵתִיצ) דְּוַדַּאי לְפִי דַּעַת רְמָ"א אֵין אָנוּ בְּקִיאִין בִּבְדִיקָה אֲפִלּוּ בְּמָקוֹם יָדוּעַ כְּהַאי גַּוְנָא כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן ל"טצא גַּבֵּי סִרְכָא בְּמָקוֹם יָדוּעַ. וְהָא דְּסָמְכִינָן אַבְּדִיקָתֵנוּ בְּמַחַט שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת וּכְהַאי גַּוְנָא מִצַּד אֶחָד הַיְנוּ מִשּׁוּם דְּיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאֵין הַבְּדִיקָה מְעַכֶּבֶת שָׁם כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁם.צב וְעַיֵּן מַה שֶּׁיִּתְבָּאֵר סְעִיף ט' וּלְקַמָּן סִימָן ל"טצג גַּבֵּי סִרְכָא אַף עַל גַּב דְּגַם כֵּן יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁאֵינָהּ צְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה מִכָּל מָקוֹם הַמִּנְהָג נִתְפַּשֵּׁט עַל פִּי הָאוֹמְרִים שֶׁצְּרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה מִדִּינָא דִגְמָרָא וְאֵין אָנוּ בְּקִיאִין. וְכֵן גַּבֵּי צַוָּאר מְלֻכְלָךְ בְּדָם דִּלְקַמָּן סְעִיף ח' אַף עַל גַּב דִּלְרִיבָ"אצד אֵין צָרִיךְ בְּדִיקָה מִכָּל מָקוֹם הַמִּנְהָג נִתְפַּשֵּׁט עַל פִּי הַמַּצְרִיכִים בְּדִיקָה וְאֵין סוֹמְכִין עַל בְּדִיקָתֵנוּ. וְאִם כֵּן כָּל שֶׁכֵּן בְּנִקַּב הַחִיצוֹן לְבַדּוֹ דִּלְכוּלָא עָלְמָא צְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה בַּפְּנִימִי מִדִּינָא דִגְמָרָא דְּאֵין סוֹמְכִין עַל בְּדִיקָתֵנוּ. דְּהָא גַּם רִיבָ"א לֹא קָאָמַר דְּאֵין צָרִיךְ בְּדִיקָה בְּצַוָּאר מְלֻכְלָךְ אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם דְּלֵיכָּא רֵעוּתָא בַּסִּימָן עַצְמוֹ מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּנִקַּב הַחִיצוֹן. וְכֵן גַּם הַפּוֹסְקִים כְּעוּלָא דְּאֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא לֹא אָמְרוּ אֶלָּא בְּנִמְצָא קוֹץ תָּחוּב לְפָנֵינוּ וְלֹא בְּנִמְצָא נֶקֶב בְּלֹא קוֹץ כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵילצה בְּשֵׁם הָרֹא"שׁ.צו וּלְהַשַּׁ"ךְ יֵשׁ לוֹמַר דְּהָכָא נַמִי לָאו לְכוּלָא עָלְמָא צְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה בַּפְּנִימִי מִדִּינָא דִגְמָרָא. מִשּׁוּם דְּהָרַשְׁבָּ"אצז וְהָרַ"ןצח לֹא סְבִירָא לְהוּ בְּזֶה כְּהָרֹא"שׁצט לְחַלֵּק בֵּין קוֹץ לַנֶּקֶב אֶלָּא סְבִירָא לְהוּ דִּלְעוּלָא גַּם בְּנֶקֶב אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא וְאֵינָהּ צְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה מִדִּינָא.ק וְאִם כֵּן יֵשׁ לִסְמוֹךְ בְּזֶה אַבְּדִיקָתֵנוּ כְּמוֹ בְּמַחַט שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת דִּלְקַמָּן סִימָן מ"ח. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ שֶׁלֹּא לִסְמוֹךְ עַל בְּדִיקָתֵנוּ גַּם בְּצַוָּאר מְלֻכְלָךְ מִכָּל מָקוֹם הָבוּ דְּלֹא לְהוֹסִיף עֲלָהּ לְהַחֲמִיר גַּם בְּנִקַּב הַחִיצוֹן דְּמִקְּרֵי מָקוֹם יָדוּעַ טְפֵי מִצַּוָּאר מְלֻכְלָךְ בְּדָם לְפִי דַּעַת הַשַּׁ"ךְ. וְעַיֵּן מַה שֶּׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּן סְ[עִיף] ט'קא שֶׁהָיָה הַמִּנְהָג מִקֹּדֶם כְּהַשַּׁ"ךְקב בְּזֶה לִסְמוֹךְ עַל בְּדִיקָתֵנוּ אֲפִלוּ בַּחִיצוֹן וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן בַּפְּנִימִי:
(יג) אֵין לוֹ בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ. קג לְפִי שֶׁהוּא טְרֵפָה בְּנֶקֶב מַשֶּׁהוּ וְאֵינוֹ נִכָּר כִּי טִפַּת דָּם נִכְנֶסֶת לוֹ בִּפְנִים בַּנֶּקֶב וְאֵינוֹ נִכָּר (פֵּרוּשׁ הַדָּם. עַיֵּן רַשִׁ"י דַּף מ"גקד) אֲבָל קְרוּם הַפְּנִימִי לָבָן הוּא וְטִפַּת דָּם נִכֶּרֶת בּוֹקה אֲבָל הַחִיצוֹן אָדֹם. נִבְדְּקֵיהּ לְקָנֶה שֶׁהַקָּנֶה נִבְדָּק מִבַּחוּץ לְפִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִטְרָף אֶלָּא בְּרֹב וַהֲדָר נִשְׁחֲטֵיהּ לְקָנֶה וְהַשְּׁחִיטָה כְּשֵׁרָה בְּסִימָן אֶחָד וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִטְּלוּ הַוֵּשֶׁט כֻּלּוֹ וְיַעַקְרוּהוּ מִן הַלֶּחִי וְיַהַפְכוּהוּ וְיִבְדְּקוּהּו עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹן פֵּרוּשׁ רַשִׁ"י.
וְכָתְבוּ הַתּוֹסְפוֹתקו וְהָרֹא"שׁקז דִּלְפֵרוּשׁ רַשִׁ"י הָא דְאָמְרִינָן בְּפֶרֶק אֵלּוּ טְרֵפוֹתקח דִּתְלִינָן בְּכַלְבָּא אוֹ בְּקַנְיָא מַאי נַפְקָא מִנָּהּ כֵּיוָן דַּאֲפִלּוּ קַנְיָא בָּעֵי בְּדִיקָה יֵשׁ לוֹמַר דְּנַפְקָא מִנָּהּ דְּלֹא בָּעֵי בְּדִיקָה אֶלָּא הֵיכָא דִּמְמַסְמֵס דְּמָא וְאִי הֲוָה תְּלִינָן בְּשׁוּנְרָא הֲוָה צָרִיךְ בְּדִיקָה כְּנֶגֶד כָּל הֶחָלָל וּכְדִין כָּל סְפֵק דְּרוּסָה אַף עַל גַּב דְּלֵיכָּא רֵעוּתָא אֶלָּא בַּסִּימָנִים (פֵּרוּשׁ בַּצַּוָּאר כְּנֶגֶד הַסִּימָנִים). אֲבָל רִיבָ"אקט פֵּרֵשׁ הֵיכָא דִּתְלִינָן בְּכַלְבָּא אוֹ בְּקַנְיָא לֹא בְּעִינָן בְּדִיקָה כְּלָל דְּלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן לִנְקוּבָה וּבִשְׁמַעְתִּין אַיְרִי בִּסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה כְּגוֹן שֶׁרָאוּ חָתוּל רוֹדֵף אַחֲרָיו אוֹ בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁחָתוּל מָצוּי יוֹתֵר מִכַּלְבָּא וְקַנְיָא דִּלְעוֹלָם תּוֹלִין בְּמָצוּי יוֹתֵר בֵּין לְהָקֵל וּבֵין לְהַחֲמִיר כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"זקי (רַשְׁבָּ"אקיא). וְהַשְׁתָּא נִיחָא דְּקָאָמַר עֲלָהּ וֵשֶׁט אֵין לוֹ בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ שֶׁאֵין אַדְמוּמִית הַדְּרוּסָה נִכָּר בְּאָדֹם אֲבָל אִם נִקַּב נִכָּר בַּחִיצוֹן כְּמוֹ בְּלָבָן. וְכֵן מַשְׁמַע מִדְּקָאָמַר בְּפֶרֶק אֵלּוּ טְרֵפוֹת לְמַאי נַפְקָא מִנָּהּ לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה (כְּדִלְעֵילקיב) וְלֹא קָאָמַר לִסְפֵק נְקוּבָה. וּלְפֵרוּשׁ רַשִׁ"י קָשֶׁהקיג דְּנִקַּב זֶה בְּלֹא זֶה (דְּכָשֵׁר כְּדִלְעֵיל בְּשֻׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ וּמַשְׁמַע אֲפִלּוּ נִקַּב הַפְּנִימִי) הֵיכִי מַשְׁכַּחַת לָהּ דְּאִם יֵשׁ נֶקֶב מִבִּפְנִים יֵשׁ לָנוּ לָחוּשׁ שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב גַּם הַחִיצוֹן (כֵּיוָן דְּאֵין לוֹ בְּדִיקָה) כִּדְאָמְרִינָן בִּגְמָרָאקיד גַּבֵּי קוֹץ (שֶׁיָּשַׁב בַּוֵּשֶׁט) לְמַאן דְּחָיֵשׁ לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה חָיֵשׁ נַמִי שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא (פֵּרוּשׁ נָפִיק לְבָרָא וְנִקַּב גַּם הַחִיצוֹן כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּן סְעִיף ט'קטו). וַאֲפִלּוּ לְמַאן דְּלֹא חָיֵשׁ בְּקוֹץ הַיְנוּ לְפִי שֶׁמּוֹצְאִים אוֹתוֹ תָּחוּב בְּעוֹר הַפְּנִימִי לְבָד (פֵּרוּשׁ שֶׁרוֹאִין רֹאשׁ הַקּוֹץ שֶׁלֹּא נִתְחַב עֲדַיִן בְּעוֹר הַחִיצוֹן רַק בַּפְּנִימִי לְבַדּוֹקטז אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּקַּב הַפְּנִימִי מֵעֵבֶר אֶל עֵבֶר.קיז כֵּן דַּעַת בַּ"ח וּתְבוּאוֹת שׁוֹר וּרְמָ"א סְעִיף ט' בְּפֵרוּשׁ הָרֹא"שׁ. דְּלֹא כִּפְרִי חָדָשׁ
וּכְרֵתִי וּפְלֵתִי.קיח כִּדְמוּכָח בְּרֹא"שׁקיט שֶׁדִּמָּה לְבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת שֶׁנִּקַּב מִצַּד אֶחָדקכ ודו"ק) אֲבָל כְּשֶׁמּוֹצְאִין נֶקֶב בַּפְּנִימִי (פֵּרוּשׁ וְאֵין קוֹץ תָּחוּב בּוֹ שֶׁנָּפַל לוֹ הַקּוֹץ) יֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ שֶׁמָּא גַּם הַחִיצוֹן נִקַּב (כְּשֶׁהָיָה הַקּוֹץ שָׁם) וְאֵין לוֹ בְּדִיקָה. וְיֵשׁ לוֹמַרקכא דְּמַשְׁכַּחַת לָהּ כְּגוֹן שֶׁנִּקַּב עַל יְדֵי חֹלִי וְרוֹאִין שֶׁלֹּא שָׁלַט הַחֹלִי כְּלָל בַּחִיצוֹן עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹן הָרֹא"שׁ וְהַתּוֹסְפוֹת.
וְזֶהוּ דַּעַת רְמָ"א כַּאן כְּפֵרוּשׁ רַשִׁ"י. וְכֵן פָּסַק הַבֵּית יוֹסֵף.קכב דְּלֹא כִּרְשַׁ"לקכג דִּסְבִירָא לֵיהּ עִקָּר כְּפֵרוּשׁ רִיבָ"א דִּבְכַלְבָּא וְקַנְיָא אֲפִלּוּ בְּדִיקָה אֵין צָרִיךְ מִדִּינָא דִגְמָרָא וְהוּא הַדִּין לְקוֹץ וּמַחַט. וְלֹא דָמֵי לְקוֹץ שֶׁנִּקַּב לַחֲלַל הַבְּהֵמָה דִּבְעִינָן בְּדִיקָה בָּאֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"אקכד דְּהָתָם אֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים מֻנָּחִים סָמוּךְ לְהַתְחָלַת חֲלַל הַגּוּף הִלְכָּךְ כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּקַּב עַד לֶחָלָל חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב בְּאֶחָד מֵאֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים אֲבָל בְּצַוָּאר שֶׁנִּקְרַע עַל יְדֵי קוֹץ אוֹ כֶּלֶב אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין לְוֵשֶׁט לְפֵרוּשׁ רִיבָ"א מִשּׁוּם דְּאִיכָּא הֶפְסֵק בְּקָנֶה בֵּין עוֹר לַוֵּשֶׁט (בַּ"ח סִימָן נ"זקכה). וְהָא דִלְעֵיל סִימָן כ"גקכו בְּשָׁחַט מְעַט וְשָׁהָה דְּחַיְשִׁינָן לִנְקוּבַת הַוֵּשֶׁט כְּשֶׁחָתַךְ הָעוֹר בִּלְבָד וּבְעִינָן בְּדִיקָה מִדִּינָא אַף לְפִי דַּעַת רְשַׁ"לקכז הַיְנוּ מִשּׁוּם שֶׁלִּפְעָמִים גַּם הַוֵּשֶׁט סָמוּךְ לְעוֹר עַל יְדֵי אֲחִיזַת סִימָנִים כְּשֶׁתּוֹפֵס בָּהֶם בִּשְׁעַת שְׁחִיטָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁם בְּשֵׁם סְמַ"ק.קכח וּמִיהוּ גַּם רְשַׁ"ל לֹא מְלָאוֹ לִבּוֹ לִסְמוֹךְ לְכַתְּחִלָּה עַל פֵּרוּשׁ רִיבָ"א לְהָקֵל בְּלִי בְּדִיקָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּן:קכט
5

[Regarding] these two membranes: The external membrane is red and the inner membrane is white. In a situation where they became reversed – the external is white and the inner is red, [the animal or fowl] is tereifah. (14) Similarly, if both [membranes] are red or white, [the animal or fowl] is tereifah. (15) Note: How much more so is [the animal or fowl] tereifah (16) if it has two gullets or two windpipes (the responsa of Rabbeinu Asher, K’lal 20, responsum 9).

ה

עוֹרוֹת אֵלּוּ הַחִיצוֹן אָדֹם, וְהַפְּנִימִי לָבָן, וְאִם נִתְחַלְּפוּ שֶׁהַחִיצוֹן לָבָן וּפְנִימִי אָדֹם, טְרֵפָה. (יד) וְכֵן אִם שְׁנֵיהֶם אֲדֻמִּים אוֹ לְבָנִים, טְרֵפָה. (טו) הַגָּה: וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן אִם יֵשׁ לוֹ שְׁנֵי וְשָׁטִים אוֹ שְׁנֵי קָנִים, דִּטְרֵפָה. (טז) (תְּשׁוּבַת הָרֹא"שׁ כְּלָל כ' סִימָן ט').

(14) Tereifah [The rationale for this stringent ruling is that] both [membranes have been] removed from their natural location.119 Thus, there is no greater instance of a gullet being perforated than this (Rashi)!120
Even so, [the animal or fowl] is not deemed a neveilah, [but] only a tereifah, because [halachically,] it is considered as if [these membranes] do not exist (Rambam).121 [The rationale is that since the membranes are not in their natural location,] ultimately, they will become perforated or removed (Rashba).122
(15) Tereifah [The animal or fowl is deemed tereifah] because there is doubt [regarding its status. This opinion] gives weight to the understanding of Rabbeinu Asher,123 who differs with [the author of] the Itur, who rules that [an animal with this condition] is kosher. Rashba122 also writes the same, [explaining] that even if [the membrane were] considered perforated, if [only] one [of the gullet’s membranes] is perforated [and] the other [is intact], the animal is kosher.
Rabbeinu Asher counters the words [of these authorities], writing that [a situation in which the color of the gullet’s membranes changed,] “does not resemble [one involving] a small perforation [in the first membrane, in which instance, the animal is kosher] since it is protected by the second membrane. In this instance, by contrast, since the entire [membrane] has deteriorated, it will not be preserved by the second membrane.”
Maharshal124 made a final determination, [stating] that, “Only if both of the [membranes] are red should [the animal] be considered tereifah, because one of them has deteriorated. However, if they are both white, where is the deterioration? The only [organ] that is disqualified for [merely having changed] colors [is] a lung. [From] where do we [have the authority] to add to the conditions [the Sages defined as] tereifah? Or Zerua wrote similarly in the name of Rabbeinu Yitzchak.” Turei Zahav125 cites [this understanding] as halachah. Nevertheless, with regard to actual practice, one should not rule leniently against the ruling of [Rav Yosef Caro in his] Shulchan Aruch and Sifsei Kohen.126
Nevertheless, Sifsei Kohen126 wrote in the name of Bayis Chadash127 that:
Rabbeinu Asher forbids [an animal] only when [its membrane] is entirely red or entirely white. However, if only a portion [of the membrane has changed color], this law does not apply. Nevertheless, [if] the greater portion [of the membrane changed color,] it is considered as if the entire [membrane changed color], as is the [general rule] regarding all instances of Torah [Law].128
Even if a small portion of the inner [membrane] turned slightly red, we are not concerned about the possibility that [the animal] was attacked by a predator129 (Turei Zahav),130 just as we are not concerned that [an animal] was attacked by a predator if some of the flesh in its inner cavity has traces of red. [This rule applies] even to those inner organs that are [normally] green, for example, all of the [organs comprising the digestive system]. If [traces of] redness are found in [the digestive organs] of an animal or fowl when it is known that it did not fall into a fire, [we do not assume that it was attacked by a predator. Moreover,] even if it is not known that [a fowl] did not fall into a fire, [it is not assumed that the fowl was attacked by a predator if traces of redness are found in its digestive organs. The rationale is that] according to the understanding of [Rav Yosef Caro presented in his] Shulchan Aruch ([Yoreh Deah] 52:6), if traces of redness are found in the stomachs or intestines of a fowl, we assume [that the redness resulted] from its having fallen into a fire. However, we do not assume that it was attacked by a predator because we always attribute [an issue] to the most common [cause],131 and traces of redness in a fowl’s stomach and/or intestines are more commonly caused by it having fallen into a fire [than by an attack by a predator], according to the understanding of [Rav Yosef Caro in his] Shulchan Aruch, loc. cit.
[Similarly,] traces of redness in the stomachs or intestines in an animal – which are not likely to have come about due to contact with fire – should be attributed [either] to a sickness or to a hereditary factor [and not to a predator’s attack.] For there is no [species of animals] that is born without particular deviations in given individual [animals]. Sometimes, one will be born with spots like a leopard, sometimes with a black mole or a dark green or dark red mark.
[There are] authorities132 who differ with [Rav Yosef Caro’s ruling in his] Shulchan Aruch, [as cited by Rama] in his note there. [These authorities do not attribute] traces of redness in [a fowl’s digestive organs to fire] if it is not known that the fowl fell into fire. They also [attribute the traces or redness to the hereditary factors], as mentioned here. [The rationale is that] we do not assume that a factor causing a prohibition occurred133 [unless there is knowledge or a reasonable probability of such], as stated there134 in the name of Rashba.135 Similarly, both regarding an animal and a fowl, we attribute small amounts of red in the inner membrane of the gullet [to such factors], and do not attribute them to an attack by a predator or fire. [This applies] even according to the understanding of [Rav Yosef Caro in his] Shulchan Aruch there. [The rationale is that] the simanim are [considered “firm,” i.e., not to be prone to injury] due to [the animal or fowl’s exposure] to fire, just as they are [not prone to injury] due to falls [from a height]136 or due to an attack by a predator.137 (See sections 57138 and 58.139) [Therefore,] we are not concerned [about such factors] under ordinary circumstances. See what is written [in the above source134] in the name of Rashba.135
K’nesses HaGedolah140 writes that from the wording of Bayis Chadash and Sifsei Kohen cited above, it appears that [the law mentioned above] applies specifically if only one of the membranes partially [changed colors, i.e., only in that instance do we say that the animal] is not [classified astereifah]. However, if both [membranes] change [color], even [if it is only a] partial [change of color, the animal] is [classified as] tereifah. Tevuos Shor141 states the same, and adds a further stringency: that even if the white [portion] of the outer membrane is not aligned with the red [portion] of the inner membrane [the animal is tereifah. The rationale is that the situation] is comparable to [two membranes that are perforated, but the] perforations are not aligned with each other.142 [Accordingly,] even the slightest amount of [discoloration – the outer membrane turning] white or [the inner membrane turning] red [disqualifies the animal] just as the [smallest] perforation [of the gullet] does. Nevertheless, in an instance involving a severe [financial] loss, one should not rule stringently for others.143 [The rationale for ruling leniently in such an instance is that] one can rely on Maharshal144 and Turei Zahav,145 [who maintain] that [the outer membrane turning] white is not a sign of infirmity at all. Furthermore, it could be said that even Rabbeinu Asher did not write that [the outer membrane turning] white renders an animal unfit, unless the entire [outer membrane] or its larger portion – which is [halachically] considered like the entire [membrane] – [was so affected]. However, if only a portion of [the membrane changed color], it is possible that this is an ordinary phenomenon that sometimes occurs [naturally], due to a hereditary factor, as stated above in the name of Rashba. Tevuos Shor146 [differs], maintaining that fundamentally [the halachah] follows Rashba’s initial statement, that we assume [the change in the membrane’s color] resulted from sickness, and [thus] it is a sign of infirmity. Therefore, every meticulous person should be stringent regarding his own conduct [because the matter involves] a question regarding Scriptural Law.
Nevertheless, even if the flesh of the outer membrane turned entirely white on one side, but the second side [remained] red or, similarly, if the inner membrane [turned] red on only one side, one should not rule stringently at all because if one side [of a membrane] is infirm, [the animal] is kosher (Tevuos Shor).141
If a portion of one of the membranes was partially peeled off, [the animal] is kosher. However, if its greater portion is peeled off, [the animal] is tereifah according to the understanding of [Rav Yosef Caro in his] Shulchan Aruch and the later authorities. [This applies] even if the second [membrane] is totally intact and its appearance has not changed. [The rationale is that the second membrane] protects only [the gullet] with regard to a small perforation [in the first membrane], as stated above in the name of Rabbeinu Asher (Perishah; Pri Chadash).
Such a situation does not resemble [a similar one concerning] a lung, in which instance, even if the entire upper membrane was peeled off, [the animal] is kosher because the lower [membrane] protects [the lung], as [will be stated] in sec. 36147 below. In that instance, the lower [membrane] is maintained and reinforced by the flesh of the lung which is close to it. This is not the case in the present instance [regarding the gullet]. When both [membranes] are whole, they will be preserved together. However, if the larger portion of one of the [membranes] has peeled off, there is nothing to preserve the other [membrane], and ultimately, it [too] will be removed (Tevuos Shor).141 (According to this [logic], when [the flesh of] a lung [has decomposed and can be] poured out like [water from] a jug, as mentioned below, in sec. 36:7, [the meat of the animal] should not be permitted in such an instance, [i.e., when the outer membrane of the lung peeled off].)
(16) Tereifah [The rationale is that] whenever there is an additional [organ], it is considered as if [the organ] was removed.148 [Thus, if an animal or fowl has] two gullets or [two] windpipes, it is as if [they] were [both] removed. This follows Rashi’s interpretation143 of [the phrase], “whenever there is an additional [organ], it is considered as if [the organ] was removed,” i.e., it is considered as if both [gullets] were removed. However, according to Rashba’s approach, [the phrase,] “whenever there is an additional [organ], it is considered as if [the organ] was removed,” means that only the additional organ was removed, [i.e., the animal] should not be forbidden except when the gullets emerge one from the other. [The rationale is that in such an instance the animal is disqualified because] the additional [gullet] is considered removed from the place where it is attached. Thus, the [remaining] gullet is considered perforated. The same rule applies when the windpipes emerge one from the other and are joined over the greater portion [of] their [circumference] at the place where one emerges from the other.149 See sec. 41.150 (See [also] the responsa of Rabbeinu Asher, K’lal 20, responsum 9).
If, [the original gullet] extends for the length of a thumbreadth before it branches into two [gullets] and at the bottom [of the original gullet, the two branches, i.e. the original gullet and the second gullet,] also become joined as one gullet for the length of [at least] a thumbreadth, Pri Chadash maintains that [the animal should be] classified kosher, as is [the ruling regarding] an intestine [that branches into] two [parts. This ruling is] mentioned below in sec. 47.151 Tevuos Shor152 [differs with the opinion of Pri Chadash,] stating that we should not [use our own logic to] compare [situations that render an animal] tereifah [and thus arrive at halachic rulings. Accordinglly, in this instance,] a law regarding the gullet and the windpipe – [organs upon which an animal’s] vitality depends – should not be derived from the laws regarding intestines and similar organs. Kereisi U’Feleisi writes similarly, and this is also stated in the notes of Rav Tzvi in the name of Rama.
Pri Chadash also states that, “there are species of geese that at times have something like a branch of the windpipe emerge from the center of the windpipe. However, this branch [does not resemble the windpipe in that] it does not have a series of successive rings, [but rather] appears like a hollow shaft which later rejoins and becomes fused with the windpipe. [Such geese are] kosher for the reason stated regarding two gullets [that become fused].”
In this instance, it is possible that even the authorities who differ [with that ruling and disqualify an animal with] two gullets would agree [that these geese are kosher]. The adage, “whenever there is an additional [organ], it is considered as if [the organ] was removed,” does not apply [in this instance.] Since the extra [branch] does not have successive rings as the [true] windpipe does, it is not [halachically classified as] a windpipe. See [Rama’s] note to sec. 55:4.153 Hence in this instance, one may rely on Pri Chadash’s [ruling]. (Note [the statements of] Beis Lechem Yehudah, [who also discusses these species of geese].)
Olas Yitzchak writes that, “The windpipes of most geese diverge into two portions at the bottom, close to the body. The windpipe divides to [go around the] two sides of the lung. There is a bulge in the windpipe at the place where it splits [into two windpipes. These geese] are kosher, because this is the ordinary pattern in this species. This applies regarding the males. However, this is not the ordinary pattern of the females.” [The author of] Shav Yaakov (responsum 24) differs [with Olas Yitzchak] and maintains that this is also the ordinary pattern of the female [geese. Shav Yaakov explains that this fact] is not commonly known, because the [females] do not have a bulge like the males, which is a significant deviation that is obvious to all. Therefore [this phenomenon] goes unnoticed [in the female geese. Moreover,] even if [one would say that] this is not the ordinary pattern of the females, one should not deem [a female goose] tereifah if such a phenomenon is found. [The rationale for this lenient ruling isthat] the males and the females are one species. We find an even greater [acceptance of a deviation from the ordinary pattern of an organ] in the Talmud154 regarding a “little rose lobe” [found in a lung]. Since all the animals [that graze] in the outlying regions have these [extra lobes], if one is found in [an animal that grazes] near its home, [that animal] is kosher, because [all the animals] are one species, as will be stated in sec. 35, below,155 ([see also] sec. 42;156 [and] note what is written there,) and sec. 52:4.
Furthermore, such [a divergence in the windpipe] is not considered as an extra [organ] at all. [The rationale is that] from its beginning until its end there is only one windpipe, as is the case regarding other windpipes. It is just that close to the lungs, [the windpipe] diverges into two [branches,] and each of the two [branches] enters one side of a lung. Thus, it is merely called a divergence [not an extra organ], as is the case regarding all windpipes that diverge and break up into three branches when they enter below the breast, as stated in sec. 34.157 [The only difference is that] in these geese, [the windpipe] branches off slightly above the breast. This is not a significant enough change to cause it to be considered an additional windpipe. See also sec. 55:4, [which deals with the subject of additional organs].
(יד) טְרֵפָה. דִּשְׁנֵיהֶם נְטוּלִים מִמָּקוֹם שֶׁהֵם רְאוּיִם לִהְיוֹת וְאֵין לְךָ נְקוּבָה גְּדוֹלָה מִזּוֹ (רַשִׁ"יקל). וַאֲפִלּוּ הָכִי אֵינָהּ נְבֵלָה אֶלָּא טְרֵפָה מִשּׁוּם דְּרוֹאִין כְּאִלּוּ אֵינָן (רַמְבַּ"םקלא) לְפִי שֶׁעֲתִידִים לִנְקוֹב וְלִנָּטֵל (רַשְׁבָּ"אקלב):
(טו) טְרֵפָה. מִסָּפֵק. לָחוּשׁ לְדַעַת הָרֹא"שׁקלג שֶׁחוֹלֵק עַל הָעִטּוּרקלד שֶׁמַּכְשִׁיר בְּזֶה. וְכֵן כָּתַב הָרַשְׁבָּ"אקלה מִשּׁוּם דַּאֲפִלּוּ אַתָּה רוֹאֶה אוֹתָהּ כְּנָקוּב נִקַּב זֶה בְּלֹא זֶה כָּשֵׁר. וְהָרֹא"שׁקלו סָתַר דִּבְרֵיהֶם וְכָתַב דְּלֹא דָמֵי לְנֶקֶב קָטָן שֶׁעוֹר הַב' מֵגִין עָלָיו אֲבָל הָכָא שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ לָקוּי אֵינוֹ מִתְקַיֵּם עַל יְדֵי הַב' עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹנוֹ. וּרְשַׁ"לקלז הִכְרִיעַ שֶׁאֵין לְהַטְרִיף אֶלָּא בִּשְׁנֵיהֶם אֲדֻמִּים דְּמִכָּל מָקוֹם הָאֶחָד הוּא לָקוּי אֲבָל בִּשְׁנֵיהֶם לְבָנִים מַה לִּקּוּי יֵשׁ כַּאן וּפְסוּל הַמַּרְאוֹת לֹא תִמְצָא אֶלָּא בָּרֵיאָה וּמִנַּיִן לָנוּ לְהוֹסִיף עַל הַטְּרֵפוֹת וְכֵן כָּתַב הָאוֹר זָרוּעַקלח בְּשֵׁם רִ"י עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹנוֹ. וֶהֱבִיאוֹ הַטַּ"זקלט לַהֲלָכָה. וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם לְמַעֲשֶׂה אֵין לְהָקֵל בִּדְאוֹרַיְתָא נֶגֶד פְּסַק הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ וְהַשַּׁ"ךְ.קמ
וּמִיהוּ כָּתַב הַשַּׁ"ךְקמא בְּשֵׁם הַבַּ"חקמב דְּהָרֹא"שׁ אֵינוֹ אוֹסֵר אֶלָּא בְּכֻלּוֹ אָדֹם אוֹ כֻּלּוֹ לָבָן אֲבָל מִקְצָת לֵית לָן בָּהּ מִיהוּ רֻבּוֹ הֲוָה לֵיהּ כְּכֻלּוֹ כְּמוֹ בְּכָל הַתּוֹרָה כֻּלָּהּקמג עַד כַּאן. וַאֲפִלּוּ פְּנִימִי שֶׁהֶאְדִּים בְּמִקְצָת לֹא חַיְשִׁינָן דִּלְמָא דְּרוּסָה הִיא (טַ"זקמד) כְּמוֹ דְּלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן בְּבָשָׂר שֶׁבְּכָל חֲלַל הַבְּהֵמָה שֶׁנִּמְצָא בּוֹ אַדְמוּמִית לוֹמַר דְּרוּסָה הִיא. וַאֲפִלּוּ אֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים עַצְמָן הַיְרֻקִּים כְּגוֹן כָּל בְּנֵי מֵעַיִם אִם נִמְצָא בָּהֶם אַדְמוּמִית בִּבְהֵמָה אוֹ בְּעוֹף וְיָדוּעַ שֶׁלֹּא נָפַל לָאוּר. וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם אֵין יָדוּעַ שֶׁלֹּא נָפַל לָאוּר דִּלְפִי דַּעַת הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ סִימָן נ"ב סְעִיף ו' אִם נִמְצָא אַדְמוּמִית בִּבְנֵי מֵעַיִם דְּעוֹף תְּלִינָן שֶׁנָּפַל לָאוּר אֲבָל מִכָּל מָקוֹם בִּדְרוּסָה לֹא תְּלִינָן מִשּׁוּם דִּלְעוֹלָם תּוֹלִין בְּמָצוּיקמה וְאַדְמוּמִית שֶׁבִּבְנֵי מֵעַיִם מָצוּי יוֹתֵר עַל יְדֵי נְפִילָה לָאוּר בְּעוֹף לְפִי דַּעַת הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ שָׁם. וְאַדְמוּמִית בְּנֵי מֵעַיִם בִּבְהֵמָה שֶׁאֵינוֹ מָצוּי עַל יְדֵי הָאוּר תְּלִינָן הָאַדְמוּמִית בְּחֹלִי אַחֵר אוֹ בְּתוֹלָדָה שֶׁאֵין לְךָ מִן הַנּוֹלָדִים שֶׁאֵין שִׁנּוּי בְּתוֹלְדוֹת הַפְּרָטִים פְּעָמִים שֶׁזֶּה נוֹלָד בַּחֲבַרְבּוּרוֹת כַּנָּמֵר וּפְעָמִים בְּשׁוּמָא שְׁחוֹרָה אוֹ בְּסִימָן יְרַקְרַק אוֹ אֲדַמְדָּם. וּבְהָכִי נַמִי תְּלִינָן לְהַחוֹלְקִין עַל הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ שָׁםקמו בְּהַגָּ"ה גַּם בְּאַדְמוּמִית בְּנֵי מֵעַיִם דְּעוֹף שֶׁאֵין יָדוּעַ אִם נָפַל לָאוּר מִשּׁוּם דְּאַחְזוּקֵי אִסּוּרָא לֹא מַחְזְקִינָןקמז כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁםקמח בְּשֵׁם הָרַשְׁבָּ"א.קמט
וּבְהָכִי נַמִי תְּלִינָן אַדְמוּמִית הַוֵּשֶׁט בִּפְנִים בְּמִקְצָתָן בֵּין בִּבְהֵמָה בֵּין בְּעוֹף וְלֹא תְּלִינָן לֹא בִּדְרוּסָה וְלֹא בָּאוּר אֲפִלּוּ לְפִי דַּעַת הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ שָׁם לְפִי שֶׁהַסִּימָנִים קָשִׁים הֵם אֵצֶל הָאוּר כְּמוֹ שֶׁקָּשִׁים אֵצֶל נְפוּלָהקנ וּדְרוּסָהקנא (עַיֵּן סִימָן נ"זקנב וְנ"חקנג) וְאֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין לָהֶם בִּסְתָם. עַיֵּן מַה שֶּׁיִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁם בְּשֵׁם הָרַשְׁבָּ"א.
וְכָתַב בִּכְנֶסֶת הַגְּדוֹלָהקנד דְּמִלְּשׁוֹן הַבַּ"ח וְהַשַּׁ"ךְ דִּלְעֵיל מַשְׁמַע דְּדַוְקָא בְּמִקְצָת עוֹר אֶחָד לֵית לָן בָּהּ אֲבָל אִם נִתְחַלְּפוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם אֲפִלּוּ בְּמִקְצָתָן טְרֵפָה. וְכֵן כָּתַב הַתְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹרקנה וְהוֹסִיף לְהַחֲמִיר אֲפִלּוּ אִם לֹבֶן הַחִיצוֹן אֵינוֹ כְּנֶגֶד אֹדֶם הַפְּנִימִי מִשּׁוּם דַּהֲוָה לֵיהּ כְּנִקְּבוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם זֶה שֶׁלֹּא כְּנֶגֶד זֶה וְשִׁעוּר הַלֹּבֶן וְהָאֹדֶם בְּמַשֶּׁהוּ כְּשִׁעוּר הַנֶּקֶב. וּמִיהוּ בְּהֶפְסֵד מְרֻבֶּה אֵין לְהַחֲמִיר בְּזֶה לַאֲחֵרִים דְּבִכְהַאי גַּוְנָא יֵשׁ לִסְמוֹךְ אַרְשַׁ"לקנו וְטַ"זקנז דְּלֹבֶן אֵינוֹ לִקּוּי כְּלָל. בְּשֶׁגַּם יֵשׁ לוֹמַר דְּגַם הָרֹא"שׁ לֹא כָתַב דְּלֹבֶן הוּא לִקּוּי אֶלָּא בְּשֶׁכֻּלּוֹ לָקוּי אוֹ רֻבּוֹ שֶׁהוּא כְּכֻלּוֹ אֲבָל מִקְצָתוֹ אֶפְשָׁר דְּאוּרְחָא הוּא לִפְעָמִים בְּתוֹלָדָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל בְּשֵׁם הָרַשְׁבָּ"א. וְהַתְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹר סְבִירָא לֵיהּ עִקָּר כְּלָשׁוֹן רִאשׁוֹן שֶׁבְּרַשְׁבָּ"א דִּתְלִינָן בְּחֹלִי וְלִקּוּי הוּא וְהִלְכָּךְ כָּל בַּעַל נֶפֶשׁ יַחְמִיר לְעַצְמוֹ בִּסְפֵק דְּאוֹרַיְתָא. וּמִיהוּ אֲפִלּוּ אִם עוֹר חִיצוֹן כֻּלּוֹ הָפַךְ לָבָן מִצִּדּוֹ הָאֶחָד לְבַדּוֹ וּמִצִּדּוֹ הַב' הוּא אָדֹם וְכֵן אִם הַפְּנִימִי אָדֹם מִצִּדּוֹ הָאֶחָד לְבָד אֵין לְהַחֲמִיר כְּלָל דְּצַד אֶחָד לָקוּי כָּשֵׁר (תְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹרקנח).
וְאִם נִגְלַד (פֵּרוּשׁ נִקְלַף) עוֹר אֶחָד בְּמִקְצָתוֹ כְּשֵׁרָה אֲבָל בְּרֻבּוֹ טְרֵפָה לְפִי דַּעַת הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ וְהָאַחֲרוֹנִים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַשֵּׁנִי שָׁלֵם לְגַמְרֵי וְאֵין בּוֹ שִׁנּוּי מַרְאֶה לְפִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מֵגִין אֶלָּא עַל נֶקֶב קָטָן כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל בְּשֵׁם הָרֹא"שׁ (פְּרִישָׁהקנט פְּרִי חָדָשׁקס). וְלֹא דָמֵי לָרֵיאָה שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ נִגְלַד קְרוּם הָעֶלְיוֹן כֻּלּוֹ כְּשֵׁרָה שֶׁהַתַּחְתּוֹן מֵגִין כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן ל"וקסא דְּהָתָם הַתַּחְתּוֹן מִתְקַיֵּם וּמִתְחַזֵּק עַל יְדֵי בְּשַׂר הָרֵיאָה הַסָּמוּךְ לוֹ מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן הָכָא כְּשֶׁשְּׁנֵיהֶם שְׁלֵמִים יַעַמְדוּ יַחְדָּו אֲבָל נִגְלַד אֶחָד בְּרֻבּוֹ אֵין לְהַשֵּׁנִי עַל מָה לְהִתְקַיֵּם וְסוֹפוֹ לִנָּטֵל (תְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹרקסב). (וּלְפִי זֶה בְּרֵיאָה שֶׁנִּשְׁפְּכָה כְּקִיתוֹן דִּלְקַמָּן סִימָן ל"ו סְעִיף ז' אֵין לְהַתִּיר כְּהַאי גַּוְנָאקסג):
(טז) דִּטְרֵפָה. דְּכָל יָתֵר כְּנָטוּל דָּמֵי וַהֲוָה לֵיהּ כְּאִלּוּ נִטְּלוּ שְׁנֵי הַוְּשָׁטִים אוֹ הַקָּנִים.קסד וְהַיְנוּ לְשִׁיטַת רַשִׁ"יקסה בְּפֵרוּשׁ כָּל יָתֵר כְּנָטוּל דָּמֵי דְּהַיְנוּ כְּאִלּוּ נִטְּלוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם. אֲבָל לְשִׁיטַת הָרַשְׁבָּ"אקסו דְּכָל יָתֵר כְּנָטוּל הַיְנוּ כְּנָטוּל הַיָּתֵר לְבַדּוֹ אֵין לֶאֱסוֹר אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁהַוְּשָׁטִים יוֹצְאִים זֶה מִזֶּה שֶׁהַיָּתֵר הוּא כְּנָטוּל מִמְּקוֹם חִבּוּרוֹ וַהֲוָה לֵיהּ נֶקֶב בַּוֵּשֶׁט הָאֶחָד. וְכֵן כְּשֶׁהַקָּנִים יוֹצְאִים זֶה מִזֶּה וּמְחֻבָּרִים בְּרֻבָּן בִּמְקוֹם יְצִיאָתָן זֶה מִזֶּה. עַיֵּן סִימָן מ"אקסז (עַיֵּן תְּשׁוּבַת הָרֹא"שׁ כְּלָל כ' סִימָן ט').
וְאִם יֵשׁ בְּאָרְכּוֹ כְּרֹחַב אֲגוּדָל קֹדֶם שֶׁנֶּחְלָק לְב' וְגַם לְמַטָּה חוֹזְרִים וּמִתְחַבְּרִים וְנַעֲשִׂים וֵשֶׁט אֶחָד בְּאֹרֶךְ כְּרֹחַב אֲגוּדָל דַּעַת הַפְּרִי חָדָשׁקסח לְהַכְשִׁיר כְּמוֹ בִּשְׁנֵי מֵעַיִם דִּלְקַמָּן סִימָן מ"ז.קסט וְהַתְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹרקע כָּתַב דְּאֵין מְדַמִּין בִּטְרֵפוֹת וְאֵין לִלְמוֹד דִּין וֵשֶׁט וְקָנֶה שֶׁעִקַּר הַחַיּוּת תָּלוּי בָּהֶם מִדִּין הַמֵּעַיִם וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָהֶם. וְכֵן כָּתַב הַכְּרֵתִי וּפְלֵתִי.קעא וְכֵן הוּא בְּהַגָּהַת הר"ץקעב בְּשֵׁם רְמָ"א.
עוֹד כָּתַב הַפְּרִי חָדָשׁ דְּיֵשׁ מִינֵי אַוָּזוֹת שֶׁלִּפְעָמִים בְּקָנֶה שֶׁלָּהּ בָּאֶמְצַע יוֹצֵא כְּעֵין קָנֶה אַחֵר אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵינוֹ עָשׂוּי חֻלְיוֹת חֻלְיוֹת כְּדֶרֶךְ הַקָּנֶה וְעָשׂוּי כְּעֵין לוּל וְהוּא חָלוּל וְחוֹזֵר וּמִתְחַבֵּר בַּקָּנֶה כְּשֵׁרָה מִטַּעַם דִּכְתִיבְנָא גַּבֵּי ב' וְשָׁטִים עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹנוֹ. וּבְזֶה אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁגַּם הַחוֹלְקִים בְּב' וְשָׁטִים מוֹדִים דְּלֹא אָמְרִינָן בְּזֶה כָּל יָתֵר כְּנָטוּל דָּמֵי מֵאַחַר שֶׁהַיָּתֵר אֵינוֹ עָשׂוּי חֻלְיוֹת חֻלְיוֹת כְּדֶרֶךְ הַקָּנֶה אֵין לוֹ תֹּאַר קָנֶה. עַיֵּן סִימָן נ"ה סְעִיף ד' בְּהַגָּ"ה. וְהִלְכָּךְ יֵשׁ לִסְמוֹךְ בְּזֶה עַל הַפְּרִי חָדָשׁ (עַיֵּן בֵּית לֶחֶם יְהוּדָהקעג).
כָּתַב עוֹלַת יִצְחָקקעד דְּרֹב בַּר אַוָּזוֹת קָנֶה שֶׁלָּהֶם מִתְפָּרֵד לְב' חֲלָקִים לְמַטָּה סָמוּךְ לַגּוּף שֶׁהַקָּנֶה מִתְפַּצֵּל לְב' צִדֵּי הָרֵיאָה וְיֵשׁ כְּמִין כַּפְתּוֹר בַּקָּנֶה בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁמִּתְפַּצֵּל וּכְשֵׁרִים דְּאוֹרְחַיְהוּ בְּהָכִי וְדַוְקָא בִּזְכָרִים אֲבָל נְקֵבוֹת לָאו אוֹרְחַיְהוּ עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹנוֹ. וּבִתְשׁוּבַת שֵׁב יַעֲקֹב סִימָן כ"ד חָלַק עָלָיו דְּגַם נְקֵבוֹת אוֹרְחַיְהוּ בְּהָכִי אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין יָדוּעַ לַכֹּל לְפִי שֶׁאֵין מַשְׁגִּיחִין בָּהֶן מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם כַּפְתּוֹר כְּבִזְכָרִים שֶׁהוּא שִׁנּוּי גָּדוֹל הַנִּרְאֶה לְעֵין כֹּל. וְגַם אִי לָאו אוֹרְחַיְהוּ דִנְקֵבוֹת אֵין לְהַטְרִיף אִם נִמְצָא כֵּן בְּאֶחָד מֵהֶם כֵּיוָן שֶׁהַזְּכָרִים וְהַנְּקֵבוֹת מִין אֶחָד הֵם. דִּגְדוֹלָה מִזּוֹ מָצִינוּ בִּגְמָרָאקעה גַּבֵּי עֵינוּנִיתָא דְוַרְדָּא דְּמִשּׁוּם דְּכָל חֵיוֵי בַּרְיָתָא הָכִי אִית לְהוּ מַכְשְׁרִינָן גַּם בְּבַיְתִיּוֹת מֵאַחַר שֶׁכֻּלָּן מִין אֶחָד הֵם כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן ל"הקעו (וְסִימָן מ"ב עַיֵּן מַה שֶּׁיִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁםקעז) וְסִימָן נ"ב סְעִיף ד'. וְעוֹד דְּאֵין זֶה יוֹתֶרֶת כְּלָל מֵאַחַר שֶׁמֵּרֹאשׁוֹ עַד סוֹפוֹ הוּא רַק קָנֶה אֶחָד כְּמוֹ שְׁאָר קָנִים רַק סָמוּךְ לָרֵיאָה מִתְפַּצֵּל לִשְׁנַיִם וְכָל אֶחָד נִכְנָס לְצַד אֶחָד שֶׁל רֵיאָה וְהָוֵי רַק שֵׁם פִּצּוּל עָלָיו כְּמוֹ כָּל קָנֶה שֶׁמִּתְפַּצֵּל וְהָיָה לְג' רָאשִׁים מִשֶּׁנִּכְנְסָה תַּחַת הֶחָזֶה כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן ל"דקעח אֶלָּא שֶׁבְּבַר אַוָּזוֹת מִתְפַּצֵּל לְמַעְלָה מִן הֶחָזֶה מְעַט וְאֵין שֵׁם יְתֶרֶת קָנֶה עָלָיו בִּשְׁבִיל זֶה עַד כַּאן דִּבּוּרוֹ. עַיֵּן סִימָן נ"ה סְעִיף ד':
6

[If an animal or fowl] had been attacked by a predator, in which instance an examination is required, an external examination of the gullet is not [effective. The rationale is that] since [the gullet] is red, the redness of the poison [released by the predator] will not be discernible.

What should be done? If [it is the status of] a fowl [that is in question,] the windpipe should be examined externally (17) [and then] it should be slaughtered.Afterwards, the gullet should be turned inside out and examined on its inner surface. If it is an animal [whose status is in question,] there is no way of correcting ]the situation[. (18) Note: According to our [custom] – that we are not knowledgeable regarding making such an examination (19) – there is no way of correcting [the situation] even for a fowl.

ו

וֵשֶׁט אֵין לוֹ בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ אֵצֶל דְּרוּסָה שֶׁצְּרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכֵּיוָן שֶׁהוּא אָדֹם אֵין אֹדֶם הָאֶרֶס נִכָּר בּוֹ. כֵּיצַד יַעֲשֶׂה, אִם עוֹף הוּא, בּוֹדֵק הַקָּנֶה מִבַּחוּץ (יז) (וְשׁוֹחֲטוֹ), וְאַחַר כָּךְ מְהַפֵּךְ הַוֵּשֶׁט וּבוֹדְקוֹ מִבִּפְנִים. וְאִם בְּהֵמָה הִיא, אֵין לָהּ תַּקָּנָה. (יח) הַגָּה: וּלְדִידַן דְּאֵין אָנוּ בְּקִיאִין בִּבְדִיקָה, (יט) אַף עוֹף אֵין לוֹ תַּקָּנָה.

(17) Externally – The intent is that [the shochet] should first tear [open] a bit of the skin, and from there it would be possible to examine the windpipe in the place of slaughter. Then [the shochet] should slit only the windpipe.
True, as an initial preference, one must slit both simanim even for a fowl, as stated in sec. 21 above.158 [However,] in this instance, since the only way [the fowl] could be permitted is by [slitting only] one siman, the situation resembles [one in which a ruling must be delivered] after the fact (Sifsei Kohen159 in the name of [the earlier halachic] authorities). [The rationale for this ruling is that] if [the shochet] would also slit the gullet and then examine the inside of it, there are grounds for concern that perhaps there had been a trace of red from [the predator’s] venom in the place where he [made the] slit.
“[The reason that] we do not show concern regarding the outside of the gullet – that perhaps there is a trace of red from [the predator’s] venom – as [we do regarding] the outside of the windpipe, and the gullet cannot be examined externally because the gullet is red, and the red from [the predator’s] venom will not be discernible [from the natural red color of the gullet]. In resolution, it could be said that most of the time a drop of blood [mixed with] venom will be recognizable even on the outside of the gullet. Nevertheless, [our Sages] ruled stringently and said that we should not rely only on an external examination [of the gullet,] and [one] must also examine its inner surface.
[The rationale for requiring an internal examination of the gullet is that] at times the venom is not recognizable [externally] because it permeates through [the outer surface] and descends into [the fowl’s] inner cavity. Outside, only a trace of red remains and that trace is not discernible because of the [natural] redness of the gullet. (This does not apply regarding the windpipe.) However, until the venom permeates through [the gullet] and enters [the inner cavity], the drop of blood from the venom is clearly evident while it rests upon the [outer surface of the] gullet.” These are the words of Rabbeinu Asher.150
By contrast, Rashba writes that since [the shochet] examined the gullet internally, there is no need for concern at all, even if there is [a drop of] venom on the outside. [The rationale is that] the simanim are [considered] firm (i.e., not prone to injury) with regard to an attack by a predator, as will be stated below in sec. 57.161 [Therefore,] the venom will not ultimately permeate into [the animal’s] inner cavity.
According to this [understanding], with regard to the windpipe as well, one need not make an external examination except at the place [that he intends to slit during] the slaughter. [The rationale is that] since there is no trace of the blood from the venom at the place [where the windpipe will be] slit [during] the slaughter on the outside, it is known that there will also not be any [venom] in this place in the [windpipe’s] inner cavity, for it would have to pass from the outside to the inside. However, when [the shochet] makes the slit in a place where there is not much venom on the outside – even if there is much venom outside [in other places] aside from the place of the slit [made for] the slaughter – [the windpipe] should be examined internally after the slaughter, and if there is no trace of blood in its internal cavity, it is kosher according to the opinion of Rashba. (Note his gloss to [Chulin] 53b and Toras HaBayis HaAruch and Mishmeres HaBayis, p. 46a.162) Nevertheless, from the manner in which [this concept is stated] in the Tur, the Shulchan Aruch [of Rav Yosef Caro], and the later halachic authorities163 in Yoreh Deah 57:16, it does not appear [that this approach was accepted and most authorities maintain that the animal is tereifah]. Tevuos Shor164 also states as such, in contrast to the view of Pri Chadash.
The rationale [for the opinion of these authorities] is that ultimately the venom will permeate through [the animal’s hide] to its inner cavity. For this reason, if a predator attacked [an animal and wounded] its windpipe, even the slightest injury [disqualifies it], because ultimately, [the venom will cause the wound] to spread over the greater portion of the circumference [of the windpipe],165 as stated [in sec. 57:16-17]. If so, how much more so, will [the venom] spread through the entire thickness [of the wounded organ].
All the above applies according to the understanding of [Rav Yosef Caro in his] Shulchan Aruch, [who maintains that an animal may be permitted through an examination]. However, according to our practice, there is no difference [regarding all of the above], as stated by Rama.
(18) Correcting [the situation] – Note sec. 57:17.166
(19) Examinations – [Rama’s intent is that we are] never [knowledgeable enough to properly] examine [a fowl] that had been attacked by a predator, as will be mentioned in [Rama’s] note to sec. 57:18167 (Sifsei Kohen).168
(יז) מִבַּחוּץ. פֵּרוּשׁ קוֹרֵעַ קְצָת בָּעוֹר תְּחִלָּה וּמִשָּׁם יָכוֹל לִבְדּוֹק הַקָּנֶה בִּמְקוֹם שְׁחִיטָהקעט וְשׁוֹחֵט הַקָּנֶה לְבַדּוֹ.
וְאַף עַל גַּב דִּלְכַתְּחִלָּה צָרִיךְ לִשְׁחוֹט ב' סִימָנִים אַף בְּעוֹף כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל סִימָן כ"אקפ הָכָא כֵּיוָן שֶׁאֵין לוֹ הֶתֵּר אֶלָּא בְּסִימָן אֶחָד כְּדִיעֲבַד דָּמֵי (שַׁ"ךְקפא בְּשֵׁם הַפּוֹסְקִים) דְּאִם יִשְׁחוֹט גַּם הַוֵּשֶׁט וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִבְדְּקֶנּוּ מִבִּפְנִים אִיכָּא לְמֵיחַשׁ שֶׁמָּא הָיָה קֹרֶט אֹדֶם אֶרֶס בִּמְקוֹם הַחֲתָךְ.
וְהָא דְּלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן גַּם בַּוֵּשֶׁט מִבַּחוּץ שֶׁמָּא יֵשׁ קֹרֶט אֹדֶם אֶרֶס כְּמוֹ בַּקָּנֶה מִבַּחוּץ וּבַוֵּשֶׁט מִבַּחוּץ אִי אֶפְשָׁר לִבְדּוֹק שֶׁהַוֵּשֶׁט אָדֹם מִבַּחוּץ וְאֵין אֹדֶם הָאֶרֶס נִכָּר בּוֹ. יֵשׁ לוֹמַר דְּרֹב פְּעָמִים אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁתְּהֵא נִכֶּרֶת טִפַּת דַּם הָאֶרֶס אַף עַל הַוֵּשֶׁט מִבַּחוּץ אֶלָּא לְהַחֲמִיר אָמְרוּ דְּאֵין לִסְמוֹךְ עַל בְּדִיקַת הַחוּץ לְבָד וְצָרִיךְ לְבָדְקוֹ אַף מִבִּפְנִים לְפִי שֶׁפְּעָמִים שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִכָּר כִּי הָאֶרֶס נִתְחַלְחֵל וְיוֹרֵד לִפְנִים וְלֹא נִשְׁאַר מִבַּחוּץ אֶלָּא רֹשֶׁם אַדְמוּמִית וְאוֹתוֹ רֹשֶׁם אֵינוֹ נִכָּר מֵחֲמַת אַדְמוּמִית הַוֵּשֶׁט (מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בַּקָּנֶה) אֲבָל בְּעוֹד שֶׁלֹּא נִתְחַלְחֵל הָאֶרֶס וְעָבַר לִפְנִים טִפַּת דַּם הָאֶרֶס נִכֶּרֶת יָפֶה בְּעוֹדָהּ מֻנַּחַת עַל הַוֵּשֶׁט עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹן הָרֹא"שׁ.קפב אֲבָל הָרַשְׁבָּ"א כָּתַב דְּכֵיוָן שֶׁבָּדַק הַוֵּשֶׁט מִבִּפְנִים אֵין לָחוּשׁ כְּלָל אַף אִם יֵשׁ עָלָיו אֶרֶס מִבַּחוּץ דְּסִימָנִים קָשִׁים אֵצֶל דְּרִיסָה כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"זקפג וְאֵין
סוֹפוֹ לְחַלְחֵל בִּפְנִים. וּלְפִי זֶה גַּם בַּקָּנֶה אֵינוֹ בּוֹדֵק מִבַּחוּץ אֶלָּא בִּמְקוֹם שְׁחִיטָה לְבָד שֶׁמֵּאַחַר שֶׁאֵין קֹרֶט דַּם הָאֶרֶס בִּמְקוֹם שְׁחִיטָה מִבַּחוּץ בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁאֵין בְּמָקוֹם זֶה גַּם כֵּן מִבִּפְנִים שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּא עוֹבֵר מִבַּחוּץ לִפְנִים אֲבָל כְּשֶׁשָּׁחַט בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ אֶרֶס הַרְבֵּה מִבַּחוּץ אַף שֶׁיֵּשׁ אֶרֶס הַרְבֵּה מִבַּחוּץ שֶׁלֹּא בִּמְקוֹם שְׁחִיטָה בּוֹדְקוֹ מִבִּפְנִים אַחַר שְׁחִיטָה וְאִם אֵין בּוֹ קֹרֶט דָּם מִבִּפְנִים כָּשֵׁר לְפִי דַּעַת הָרַשְׁבָּ"א (עַיֵּן שָׁם בְּחִדּוּשָׁיו דַּף נ"ג ע"בקפד וּבְתוֹרַת הַבַּיִת הָאָרֹךְ וּבְמִשְׁמֶרֶת הַבַּיִת דַּף [מ]"ו ע"אקפה). אֲבָל מִסְּתִימַת לְשׁוֹן הַטּוּר וְשֻׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ וְהָאַחֲרוֹנִים סִימָן נ"ז סוֹף סְעִיף ט"ז לֹא מַשְׁמַע הָכִי. וְכֵן כָּתַב הַתְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹר.קפו דְּלֹא כִּפְרִי חָדָשׁ.קפז וְהַטַּעַם מִשּׁוּם דְּהָאֶרֶס סוֹפוֹ לַעֲבוֹר לִפְנִים. דְּמֵהַאי טַעְמָא קָנֶה דְּרִיסָתוֹ בְּמַשֶּׁהוּ מִשּׁוּם דְּסוֹפוֹ לְהִתְפַּשֵּׁט בְּרֹב הֶקֵּפוֹ כְּדִלְקַמָּן שָׁם וְאִם כֵּן כָּל שֶׁכֵּן שֶׁיִּתְפַּשֵּׁט בְּכָל עָבְיוֹ.קפח וְכָל זֶה לְפִי דַּעַת הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ אֲבָל לְדִידַן לֵיכָּא נַפְקָא מִנָּהּ כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַב רְמָ"א:
(יח) תַּקָּנָה. עַיֵּן סִימָן נ"ז סְעִיף י"ז:
(יט) בִּבְדִיקָה. פֵּרוּשׁ בִּבְדִיקַת דְּרוּסָה לְעוֹלָם כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"ז סְעִיף ט"ז בְּהַגָּ"ה (שַׁ"ךְקפט):
7

Similarly, regarding a perforation, an external examination of the gullet is not [effective. The examination must be made on] its inner [surface]. (20)

ז

וּלְעִנְיַן נֶקֶב נַמִי אֵין לַוֵּשֶׁט בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ אֶלָּא מִבִּפְנִים. (כ)

. [On] its inner [surface] – [In this instance, Rav Yosef Caro] follows the approach of Rashi,169 mentioned in subsection 4,170 above, because it is [also] the understanding of Rambam (consult [Rambam, Hilchos Shechitah] 3:22.171 This is not in accord [with the understanding of] Bayis Chadash).172 Rabbeinu Yerucham also stated the same [opinion] in the name of the Geonim (Beis Yosef172).
(כ) מִבִּפְנִים. הַיְנוּ כְּשִׁיטַת רַשִׁ"יקצ דִּלְעֵיל סְעִיף ד'.קצא לְפִי שֶׁכֵּן דַּעַת הָרַמְבַּ"םקצב (עַיֵּן שָׁם פֶּרֶק ג' הֲלָכָה כ"ב. דְּלֹא כְּבַ"חקצג). וְכֵן כָּתַב רַבֵּנוּ יְרוּחָםקצד בְּשֵׁם הַגְּאוֹנִים (בֵּית יוֹסֵףקצה):
8

If a fowl is brought before us with a bloodied neck, we are not concerned about the possibility of it having been attacked by a predator [and therefore do not require] its entire [internal] cavity (21) to be examined. However, we are concerned about the possibility of [one of its organs] having been perforated [and therefore require] an examination of the bloodied place. (22)

Note: There are authorities who forbid any fowl or animal whose neck is bloody, for we are concerned about the possibility that the gullet had been perforated [by a thorn and the like], and we are not knowledgeable [regarding how to conduct such an examination] (Hagahos Asheri, [Chulin, ch.] Eilu Tereifos, in the name of Or Zerua). This is the prevailing custom.

ח

עוֹף הַבָּא לְפָנֵינוּ וְצַוָּארוֹ מְלֻכְלָךְ בְּדָם, אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה לִבְדּוֹק כָּל הֶחָלָל, (כא) אֲבָל חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק נְקוּבָה לִבְדּוֹק מָקוֹם הַמְלֻכְלָךְ. (כב) הַגָּה: וְיֵשׁ אוֹסְרִין כָּל עוֹף אוֹ בְּהֵמָה דְּצַוָּארָהּ מְלֻכְלָךְ בְּדָם, דְּחַיְשִׁינָן לִנְקִיבַת הַוֵּשֶׁט וְאֵין אָנוּ בְּקִיאִין (הַגָּהוֹת אֲשֵׁרִי פֶּרֶק אֵלּוּ טְרֵפוֹת בְּשֵׁם אוֹר זָרוּעַ), וְכֵן הַמִּנְהָג.

(21) Its entire [internal] cavity – [If we would be concerned about the posibility of the animal having been attacked by a predator [whose nails release venom], it would be necessary to examine its entire internal cavity] even though the potentially disqualifying factor is located only on the neck opposite the simanim, as Rabbeinu Asher173 and Tosafos174 write according to Rashi’s approach, as cited in sec. 4 above.175 (Note what is written in sec. 57.176)
(22) The bloodied place – Sifsei Kohen177 interprets this [ruling] as [requiring] an internal examination merely of [the portion of] the gullet opposite the bloodied place. [However,] Rashba, in [his] Toras HaBayis HaAruch (note p. 31178 there, [in his ruling] regarding an animal whose [blood] is spurting out), wrote that the entire length of the gullet must be examined because we do not know where it was perforated. (It is necessary to say that the reason is that we are concerned [that the gullet was] perforated [by a thorn the animal ingested, and that] the thorn entered [the gullet] at an angle.) A meticulous person should give weight to Rashba’s words.
Sifsei Kohen, [who follows a lenient approach,] was citing the wording of the Tur,179 whose statement accords with the approach of Rashi.180 As Rabbeinu Asher173 and Tosafos174 state, Rashi’s approach ‒ that we assume [the wound was made by] a reed ‒ [leads to a difference in practice:] that it is necessary to examine only the place which is bloody. [Similarly,] (according to ancient manuscripts [of the Tur],) the Tur maintains that it is not necessary to examine the entire neck, only the place that is bloody.
[Although in his Shulchan Aruch, Rav Yosef Caro stated this law only regarding a fowl,] according to the above [explanation], there is the possibility of [permitting] even [the meat of] an animal [to be eaten as well] by slaughtering [the animal, i.e., by slitting its simanim,] above or below the bloody place.181 The reason [Rav Yosef Caro] specifically mentions a fowl in this subsection of his Shulchan Aruch is that he presented [an example that] applies in all instances, for [– in contrast to an animal –] it is always possible to examine a fowl – even if its entire neck was bloodied because its neck was ripped open entirely.182 By contrast, there is no way to correct the situation regarding an animal unless [its neck] was bloodied in only one place.183 For this reason, Rama also mentions an animal in his note – because according to [Rav Yosef Caro’s ruling in his] Shulchan Aruch, at times, it is possible to have an animal permitted via an examination.
[There is no contradiction between the above statements and a deduction that could be made from] the ruling of the Shulchan Aruch [of Rav Yosef Caro] at the end of sec. 23. [In that section, Rav Yosef Caro] rules that if one made an interruption while slaughtering a fowl, it is possible [to permit the meat of the fowl] by slitting just the windpipe in a different place, and [then] turning the gullet inside out and examining it [to see whether it was perforated before the shochet interrupted the slaughter]. This [ruling is derived from] the words of Rambam cited in that source.184 This ruling appears to imply that there is no way [to permit the meat of] an animal [in such a situation by] slitting [the simanim] in another place, either above or below [the original slit], as [the commentaries]185 on that source state in the name of Beis Yosef.186 [The rationale for this stringency] is that the gullet contracts and expands [and it is possible that the second slit would be made in a place that was originally aligned with the first slit].187
It can be said that Rambam does not accept Rashi’s understanding [of the law] stated by the Tur in this [section]. Nevertheless, [although in sec. 23 of his] Shulchan Aruch, [Rav Yosef Caro cites Rambam’s ruling in the present section, he] also quotes the wording of the Tur, which follows Rashi’s approach. [Thus, Rav Yosef Caro] maintains that leniency is in place in the present instance [because] concern about [the animal’s gullet] contracting and expanding [is not relevant] in an instance when there is [a suspicion about a difficulty only because the animal’s neck is] bloody. [The rationale for this lenient ruling is that] Riva does not require an examination at all in an instance where [an animal’s] neck was torn by a reed or a dog, asstated above.188 However, when [the shochet] slit a small [portion of the windpipe] and then made an interruption, Riva would also agree that it is necessary to be concerned about the [possible] perforation of the gullet (as explained above, in the name of Rashi).189
(The reasoning and logic of that approach is correct because, according to Riva, the reason an examination is not necessary when the neck is ripped is that the ripping of the neck alone is not considered a potentially disqualifying factor. [Instead,] the prevailing assumption that most animals are kosher and their gullets are not perforated by a thorn and the like is still in effect because we did not see any potentially disqualifying factor in the gullet itself. [This is in contrast to the instance described] in subsection 9 below, when a thorn was [actually] found [in the gullet].
Such a rationale does not apply at all if [the shochet] slit [a portion of a siman] with the slaughtering knife, and [then] made an interruption [in the act of slaughtering the animal. In such an instance] it cannot be said that most animals are kosher and their gullets are not perforated by the slaughtering knife, because all of their gullets are perforated [by the slaughtering knife] during the act of slaughter. See what is stated above in subsection 4, where a different rationale is given [for excluding such an animal from the majority of animals that do not have a perforated gullet].)190
For this reason, [in our instance, Rav Yosef Caro in his] Shulchan Aruch did not mention that an internal examination of the gullet is effective only when [the fowl] is slaughtered within three days of the neck being ripped open. However, after three days, [the examination will not be effective because] there is concern that [the area that was ripped open had already] healed and a scab formed over the wound on the inside, as stated in subsection 9, below. [The rationale is that] there is no need to be that stringent in this instance, since according to Riva, there is no need for an examination at all, because there is no potentially disqualifying factor in the simanim themselves. Rather, one is found in the neck. (See Kereisi U’Feleisi.)
All the above applies according to the approach of [Rav Yosef Caro in his] Beis Yosef, who, at the end of sec. 23, explains that the Rambam’s191 rationale for speaking specifically about shehiyah with regard to a fowl is that, with regard to an animal, we are concerned that its gullet will contract and expand. [Therefore, when slitting the gullet], it is possible that [the shochet] will [inadvertently] slit it in a place where there was an [existing] perforation. [In his Beis Yosef, Rav Yosef Caro] brought support for [this ruling] from the statement of Rava regarding a duck192 with a bloodied neck, “What should we do [with regard to this duck? If one would suggest that] we slaughter it and then examine it [to see whether its windpipe was severed or its gullet was perforated, the examination will not be effective. Perhaps the shochet] will [slit the gullet] in the place of a perforation,” as stated above. The possibility of clarifying the matter by slitting [the duck’s neck] above or below [the bloody area] was not mentioned.
However, Sifsei Kohen [in his Sifsei Kohen] HaAruch193 differs from [Rav Yosef Caro’s] approach [in his Beis Yosef], explaining that in the instance of the duck194 [brought to] Rava, there was doubt regarding the entire gullet [i.e., which – if any – part of the gullet was perforated? And] perhaps [when slaughtering, the shochet] would slit [the gullet] in the place of an [existing] perforation. This is also the understanding of Rashba in his gloss [to the Talmud].195 For this reason, Sifsei Kohen in his gloss on the Shulchan Aruch196 cites as halachah the opinion of Maharshal,197 who states that leniency may be taken in the event of a severe [financial] loss even with regard to an animal. [This is] stated in the note on S’mak and [the responsa of] Maharik, which are cited by [Rav Yosef Caro in his] Beis Yosef.
The reason Rambam198 – as cited [by Rav Yosef Caro in his Shulchan Aruch] at the end of sec. 23 – specifically refers to a fowl is that with regard to a fowl, the ruling – [i.e.,] to slit the windpipe alone and [then] turn the gullet inside out, as it is intact, and examine it from the inside to see whether there is a drop of blood there, as mentioned above – is a clearly defined means of clarifying the matter [since only one siman must be slit when slaughtering a fowl]. It is a clear way to clarify [the doubt] because if [the gullet] was not perforated by the slaughtering knife, certainly there would not be any blood there at all.
By contrast, with regard to an animal, [this solution] is not a clearly defined means of clarifying the matter [because both simanim must be slit when slaughtering an animal. Therefore,] with regard to an animal, it is not at all clear that a drop of blood [that had been there previously] would be [discernable, particularly] opposite the slit, because the blood [from making] the slit can spread [to a large area and there would be no way of knowing if there had been blood there before the slaughter]. This [approach] is also evident from [the words of] Rabbeinu Yerucham that are cited by [Rav Yosef Caro in his] Beis Yosef.199 Also, all the blood of an animal is drawn forth and emerges via the simanim when they are slit, as stated below, in sec. 76,200 in the name of Rashba.201 (If [the animal’s] blood is drawn forth and flows out to the place where it was slaughtered through the empty space in the simanim as it is drawn forth through the empty space in the veins, it is possible that [the blood flowing out] carried and washed away with it the blood that had emerged from the perforation of the gullet to the place where it was slaughtered. Therefore, there is absolutely no way of clarifying [whether or not the gullet] of an animal [had been perforated] even if a drop of blood was not found opposite the first slit.)
Rambam202 follows [the same approach] as Rashi203 – that the only way to examine a gullet is [by looking for] a drop of blood. A visual or tactile [examination of the gullet is not effective in detecting a perforation]. Therefore, according to Rashi and Rambam, an external examination of the gullet for a perforation is not effective, because a drop of blood will not be discernable when it enters a very small hole. However, Rabbeinu Nissim204 explains that the reason an external examination of the gullet for a perforation is ineffective is that it is impossible to visually recognize a small hole [against the background of] red skin. By contrast, it is possible to make a visual examination [of an organ] whose skin is white, for example, the beis hakosos and the meses.205
If so, it is possible to clean off the blood of the slaughter that is found on the place where the initial slit [was made] and to make a visual or tactile examination, or [to hold the organ] up [to] the sun (as stated in the Gemara [Chulin] 9a).206 Similarly, when a neck is bloodied, if a severe [financial] loss is involved and[/or] the matter concerns a mitzvah, there are grounds for ruling leniently even regarding an animal, if [the shochet] slaughtered it [by slitting the simanim] above or below [the wounded area], as Sifsei Kohen states in sec. 23196 in the name of Maharshal.197 Nevertheless, [if the neck] is bloody, one should not rule leniently unless [the shochet] slaughters [the animal or fowl] immediately, so that it will not eat or drink after [its neck] became bloody, lest the food or liquid remove the blood [from inside the gullet], as will be stated in subsection 9, below.207
Sifsei Kohen208 states that [in his] Shulchan Aruch, [Rav Yosef Caro] appears to imply that even if the entire neck is bloodied and [therefore,] it is necessary to inspect the entire length of the gullet and the width of the perforation in a known place,209 an examination of the inner [membrane of the gullet] is nevertheless effective. [However,] this [situation] does not resemble [one in which] a thorn or a needle perforated [the animal’s digestive organs] and entered into its internal cavity, or [one in which such an object] was discovered in an animal’s inner cavity. [In such an instance, the animal is deemed] tereifah because it would be necessary to examine [all] its internal organs. [An] examination [of all] of [the animal’s] internal organs, and [successfully searching for] a perforation of the most minute size would be impossible if the place [of the perforation] is not known, as stated in sec. 51, below.210 [The situation described] there does not resemble [the present one, because there it is necessary to examine] many places (Rabbeinu Asher;211 Tur, sec. 51). By contrast, here, it is [necessary to examine] only one organ; this is considered a known place and all authorities agree that an examination is effective according to the law of the Gemara.
The reason an examination is made of [an animal’s] entire internal cavity if it was attacked by a predator or [if] it fell, as stated in sections 57[:16] and 58[:3], below – even though many places are involved – is that it is specifically regarding a small perforation [that] an examination is not effective212 if [the suspicion involves] many places. By contrast, the redness [produced by the venom of] a predator or the crushed or lacerated state of an organ because [the animal] fell are clearly recognizable through an inspection of [the animal’s] entire [internal] cavity.
All the above applies according to the law of the Gemara. However, in the present [i.e., post-Talmudic] age, there is a difference of opinion between the author of Halachos Gedolos and Rashi.213 The author of Halachos Gedolos wrote that in the present age, we cannot rely on [our] examination [of] any of the places where [the Sages required] an examination. For example, [our examination cannot be relied upon if an animal was] attacked by a predator, [or] fell, or [in the case of a fowl whose wing] was broken. Rashi, [by contrast,] wrote that a halachic arbiter can do no more than rely on what his eyes see, and [therefore,] one may depend on his [ruling] as implied by the verse,214 “[You shall come…] to the judge who will be in those days.” However, [the halachic arbiter] should be careful to gather all those who are experts in the matter, as will be explained in sec. 57.215 The Shulchan Aruch [of Rav Yosef Caro] follows Rashi, while Rama follows the author of Halachos Gedolos.
Maharshal ([Chulin] 3:66) determined that with regard to [an animal that was] attacked by a predator or one that fell, one should follow the ruling of the author of Halachos Gedolos because an examination of [the animal’s] entire internal cavity is required. [Since such an examination] requires great [professional] skill, zealous attention, and thorough knowledge, we do not rely on our examinations. However, regarding [a fowl whose wing] was broken – [which is discussed in] sec. 53[:2] below – since [the requirement to make an examination involves only] one specific limb, why should we not examine it according to what we see, after looking at it carefully, as Rashi maintains? Similarly, [with regard to] a slight perforation in one organ, for example, [a fowl] with a bloodied neck, when the entire neck is ripped open and one does not know where the thorn perforated the gullet – in which instance, it is necessary to examine the entire gullet internally – we may [nevertheless] rely on our examination [because only one organ is involved].
[Moreover,] even regarding an animal, Maharshal’s understanding of ([Chulin] 2[:3]) is [that we should] rule leniently and slaughter [the animal], and make an internal examination after the slaughter. He is not concerned that perhaps [the shochet] will make the slit in the place of the perforation, because he maintains that fundamentally, [the law] follows the understanding of Riva,216 [who maintains that] there is no necessity to make an examination according to law, since there is no [obvious] potentially disqualifying factor in the simanim. [Thus, the requirement for] an examination is merely a stringency. For this reason, there is no need to be concerned that perhaps [the shochet] slaughtered in the place of the perforation. Nevertheless, if the wound [from] a tear in the neck is in only one place, since it is possible to slaughter [the animal by slitting the simanim] above or below [the place in question, the shochet] should slit them [in that manner].
However, with regard to making an interruption [in the slaughter] mentioned in sec. 23[:6] above, where [the shochet] began the slaughter, slit a small portion [of the simanim] and then made an interruption, even Riva agrees [that since] an examination of the gullet is required as explained above,217 if [this occurred while slaughtering] an animal, the only way to correct the matter is to [make the second] slit, [i.e., that of the gullet,] higher or lower [than the original slit, i.e.,] slightly distant from the first slit, so that it is certain that [the shochet] did not slaughter [the animal] in the place of the perforation.Afterwards, one should turn the gullet inside out and examine it in the place opposite the first slit. We are not concerned that [the gullet] contracts and expands according to the opinion of Maharshal. Consult that source [i.e., Yam shel Shlomoh, Chulin 2:]14, [which cites] S’mak. Similarly, Maharik makes analogous statements in the name of S’mak, as quoted by Beis Yosef, [Yoreh Deah] 23. Maharshal concludes there that even according to those authorities who rule stringently, at the very least, in the instance of a severe [financial] loss or for the sake of a mitzvah, there are grounds to rule leniently and rely on the later authorities of stature who ruled leniently and applied their ruling as halachah in instances involving actual practice. Sifsei Kohen218 cited this leniency in the name [of Maharshal] as a halachic ruling in sec. 23, regarding an interruption [made while slaughtering]. If so, how much more so are there grounds to rule leniently in an instance regarding [an animal or fowl] whose neck is bloodied in only one place. Even with regard to an animal, one may slit the simanim above or below [the wound] and rely on our examination in the instance of a severe [financial] loss or [if the animal’s meat] was necessary for the sake of a mitzvah.219 However, if [these mitigating factors] are not present, one should not deviate from the custom cited by Rama even with regard to a fowl, as Sifsei Kohen writes in sec. 35220 and sec. 23.218
Similarly, [stringency is required] if a potentially disqualifying factor is present in the neck opposite the simanim. [For example, if] the hide was torn, blood flowed out, and a blister-like scab formed above it, in which instance, there are grounds for concern that [the neck was torn by] a thorn or pierced by an arrow or another iron utensil, causing the gullet to be perforated. However, if [the skin] is swollen only around the simanim, we are not concerned about the perforation of the gullet, but rather assume that [the swelling] is a result of sickness. Even if there is [blood] in [the swollen area], there is no [need for stringency] (Bayis Chadash).221
Even if [the swelling] is not a result of sickness, but [rather it] came about because of a blow, [i.e.,] the animal was struck externally and blood swelled up inside, around the gullet but outside of it, since [the animal’s] hide is intact from the outside, there are no grounds for concern, even according to our [custom, that we rule that] we are not knowledgeable [regarding an examination of the simanim] (Turei Zahav;222 Me’il Tzedakah, responsum 38). [The rationale is that the animal] was not struck with a thin object that pierces, [as is evidenced by the fact that] the hide is intact.
If blood emerged because of a rooster bite – for [it is common that roosters] bite each other – the law is the same as that which applies when blood emerged after a feather was pulled out. [In that instance,] the custom is to rule stringently, even though, according to [the letter of the] law, there is no prohibition, as stated in sec. 23[:6],223 above (Bayis Chadash).221
Nevertheless, even if there is a dried scab on the outside of the hide, if [the shochet] slaughters [the animal] in another place and sees that there are no potentially disqualifying factors on the inner side of the hide, there is no need for concern even according to [our] custom ([see] Turei Zahav to that source).224
(כא) כָּל הֶחָלָל. אַף עַל גַּב דְּלֵיכָּא רֵעוּתָא אֶלָּא בַּצַּוָּאר כְּנֶגֶד הַסִּימָנִים כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתְבוּ הָרֹא"שׁקצו

וְהַתּוֹסְפוֹתקצז לְשִׁיטַת רַשִׁ"י דִּלְעֵיל סְעִיף ד'קצח (וְעַיֵּן מַה שֶּׁיִּתְבָּאֵר סִימָן נ"ז):
(כב) הַמְלֻכְלָךְ. פֵּרֵשׁ הַשַּׁ"ךְקצט דְּהַיְנוּ בַּוֵּשֶׁט מִבִּפְנִים כְּנֶגֶד מָקוֹם הַמְלֻכְלָךְ בִּלְבָד. וְהָרַשְׁבָּ"א בְּתוֹרַת הַבַּיִת הָאָרֹךְ (עַיֵּן שָׁם דַּף ל"אר בְּהֵמָה שֶׁמְּבַצְבֵּץ כוּ') כָּתַב דְּצָרִיךְ לִבְדּוֹק בְּכָל אֹרֶךְ הַוֵּשֶׁט דְּלֹא יָדְעִינָן הֵיכָא נִקַּב (צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר הַטַּעַם דְּחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב הַקּוֹץ בַּאֲלַכְסוֹן). וּבַעַל נֶפֶשׁ יָחוּשׁ לִדְבָרָיו. וְהַשַּׁ"ךְ הֶעְתִּיק לְשׁוֹן הַטּוּר שֶׁכָּתַב כֵּן לְשִׁיטַת רַשִׁ"ירא וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתְבוּ הָרֹא"שׁרב וְהַתּוֹסְפוֹתרג דִּלְפֵרוּשׁ רַשִׁ"י נַפְקָא מִנָּהּ בְּהָא דִּתְלִינָן בַּקָּנֶה אֵין צָרִיךְ לִבְדּוֹק אֶלָּא הֵיכָא דִּמְמַסְמְסָא דְּמָא. וְכָתַב הַטּוּר (בְּנוּסְחָאוֹת יְשָׁנוֹת) דַּאֲפִלּוּ בְּכָל הַצַּוָּאר אֵין צָרִיךְ לִבְדּוֹק אֶלָּא מָקוֹם הַמְלֻכְלָךְ.
וּלְפִי זֶה גַּם בִּבְהֵמָה יֵשׁ תַּקָּנָה לִשְׁחוֹט לְמַעְלָה אוֹ לְמַטָּה מִמָּקוֹם הַמְלֻכְלָךְ. וְהָא דְּנָקַט הָכָא עוֹף דַּוְקָא מִלְּתָא דִפְסִיקָא נָקַט דִּבְעוֹף לְעוֹלָם אֶפְשָׁר בִּבְדִיקָה אֲפִלּוּ אִם כָּל הַצַּוָּאר מְלֻכְלָךְ בְּדָם שֶׁנִּקְרַע כָּל הַצַּוָּאר מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בִּבְהֵמָה אֵין לָהּ תַּקָּנָה אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן מְלֻכְלָךְ בְּמָקוֹם אֶחָד בִּלְבָד. וּמִשּׁוּם הָכִי הִזְכִּיר רְמָ"א בְּהַגָּ"ה גַּם בְּהֵמָה מִשּׁוּם דִּלְהַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ יֵשׁ לְהַתִּיר לִפְעָמִים גַּם בִּבְהֵמָה עַל יְדֵי בְּדִיקָה.רד וּמַה שֶּׁכָּתַב הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ סוֹף סִימָן כ"ג דְּשָׁחַט הָעוֹף וְשָׁהָה בּוֹ יֵשׁ תַּקָּנָה בְּשֶׁיִּשְׁחוֹט הַקָּנֶה לְבַדּוֹ בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר וְיַהֲפוֹךְ הַוֵּשֶׁט וְיִבְדְּקֶנוּ וְהוּא לְשׁוֹן הָרַמְבַּ"ם שָׁםרה וּמַשְׁמַע דִּבְהֵמָה אֵין לָהּ תַּקָּנָה לִשְׁחוֹט בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר לְמַעְלָה אוֹ לְמַטָּה וּכְמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁם בְּשֵׁם בֵּית יוֹסֵףרו הַטַּעַם מִשּׁוּם דְּוֵשֶׁט גָּמִיד וּפָשִׁיט. יֵשׁ לוֹמַר דְּבֶאֱמֶת הָרַמְבַּ"ם לֹא סְבִירָא לֵיהּ כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַב הַטּוּר כַּאן לְשִׁיטַת רַשִׁ"י. וַאֲפִלּוּ הָכִי הֶעְתִּיק הַבֵּית יוֹסֵף כַּאן בְּשֻׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ לְשׁוֹן הַטּוּר לְשִׁיטַת רַשִׁ"ירז לְפִי שֶׁדַּעְתּוֹ לְהָקֵל כַּאן שֶׁלֹּא לָחוּשׁ לְגָמִיד וּפָשִׁיט בִּמְלֻכְלָךְ דָּם בִּלְבָד מֵאַחַר דִּלְרִיבָ"ארח אֵין צָרִיךְ בְּדִיקָה כְּלָל בְּנִקְרַע הַצַּוָּאר עַל יְדֵי קַנְיָא אוֹ כַּלְבָּא כְּדִלְעֵיל.רט אֲבָל בְּשָׁחַט מְעַט וְשָׁהָה גַּם רִיבָ"א מוֹדֶה דְּחַיְשִׁינָן לִנְקוּבַת הַוֵּשֶׁט (כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל בְּשֵׁם רַשִׁ"ירי). (וְטַעְמוֹ וְנִמּוּקוֹ עִמּוֹ מִשּׁוּם דִּלְרִיבָ"א הַיְנוּ טַעְמָא דְּאֵין צָרִיךְ בְּדִיקָה מִשּׁוּם דִּסְבִירָא לֵיהּ דְּנִקְרַע הַצַּוָּאר לְבָד לֹא מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא כְּלָל וְלֹא יָצְאָה בְּזֶה מִכְלַּל רֹב בְּהֵמוֹת כְּשֵׁרוֹת וְאֵינָן נְקוּבוֹת הַוֵּשֶׁט עַל יְדֵי קוֹץ וּכְהַאי גַּוְנָא מֵאַחַר דְּלֹא חֲזִינָן רֵעוּתָא בַּוֵּשֶׁט עַצְמוֹ כְּיָשַׁב לָהּ קוֹץ דִּלְקַמָּן סְעִיף ט'. וְהַאי טַעְמָא לֹא שַׁיָּךְ כְּלָל בְּשָׁחַט מְעַט בְּסַכִּין שֶׁל שְׁחִיטָה וְשָׁהָה לוֹמַר בָּהּ רֹב בְּהֵמוֹת כְּשֵׁרוֹת וְאֵינָן נְקוּבוֹת הַוֵּשֶׁט עַל יְדֵי סַכִּין שֶׁל שְׁחִיטָה שֶׁהֲרֵי עַל יְדֵי שְׁחִיטָה כֻּלָּן נְקוּבוֹת הַוֵּשֶׁט הֵם. וְעַיֵּן מַה שֶּׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל סְעִיף ד'ריא טַעַם אַחֵר). וּמֵהַאי טַעְמָא נַמִי סָתַם הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ כַּאן וְלֹא פֵרֵשׁ דְּדַוְקָא בְּשׁוֹחֵט תּוֹךְ שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִיםריב לִקְרִיעַת הַצַּוָּאר מְהַנֵּי בְּדִיקַת הַוֵּשֶׁט מִבִּפְנִים אֲבָל אַחַר שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים אִיכָּא לְמֵיחַשׁ שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא וְעָלָה קְרוּם מֵחֲמַת מַכָּה מִבִּפְנִים כְּדִלְקַמָּן סְעִיף ט'. מִשּׁוּם דְּהָכָא אֵין לְהַחֲמִיר כָּל כָּךְ מֵאַחַר דִּלְרִיבָ"א אֵין צָרִיךְ בְּדִיקָה כְּלָל הוֹאִיל וְלֹא חֲזִינָן רֵעוּתָא בַּסִּימָנִים עַצְמָן אֶלָּא בַּצַּוָּאר (עַיֵּן כְּרֵתִי וּפְלֵתִיריג).
וְכָל זֶה לְפִי דַּעַת הַבֵּית יוֹסֵף שֶׁפֵּרֵשׁ הַטַּעַם דְּנָקַט הָרַמְבַּ"ם דִּלְעֵיל סוֹף סִימָן כ"ג גַּבֵּי שְׁהִיָּה עוֹף דַּוְקָא הוּא מִשּׁוּם דְּבִבְהֵמָה חַיְשִׁינָן לְגָמִיד וּפָשִׁיט בְּוֵשֶׁט וְדִלְמָא בִּמְקוֹם נֶקֶב קָשָׁחִיט. וְהוֹכִיחַ כֵּן מִדְּאָמַר רָבָא בְּבַר אַוָּזָא דִּמְמַסְמֵס קוֹעֵיהּ דְּמָא הֵיכִי נַעֲבֵיד נִשְׁחֲטֵיהּ וַהֲדָר נִבְדְּקֵיהּ דִּלְמָא בִּמְקוֹם נֶקֶב קָשָׁחִיט כְּדִלְעֵיל וְלֹא מָצָא תַּקָּנָה לִשְׁחוֹט לְמַעְלָה אוֹ לְמַטָּה. אֲבָל הַשַּׁ"ךְ בְּסִפְרוֹ הָאָרֹךְריד חָלַק עָלָיו בְּזֶה וּפֵרֵשׁ דְּבַר אַוָּזָא דְרָבָא הָיָה הַסָּפֵק בְּכָל הַוֵּשֶׁט דִּלְמָא בִּמְקוֹם נֶקֶב קָשָׁחִיט. וְכֵן דַּעַת הָרַשְׁבָּ"א בְּחִדּוּשָׁיו.רטו מִשּׁוּם הָכִי נַמִי הֵבִיא הַשַּׁ"ךְ בְּחִבּוּרוֹ לְשֻׁלְחָן עָרוּךְרטז לַהֲלָכָה דַּעַת רְשַׁ"לריז לְהָקֵל בְּהֶפְסֵד מְרֻבֶּה גַּם בִּבְהֵמָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּהַגָּהַת סְמַ"קריח וּמַהֲרִי"קריט הוּבָא בְּבֵית יוֹסֵף.רכ
וְהָא דְּנָקַט הָרַמְבַּ"ם עוֹף דַּוְקָא דִּלְעֵיל סוֹף סִימָן כ"ג הַיְנוּ מִשּׁוּם דִּבְעוֹף פְּסִיקָא לֵיהּ מִלְּתָא בְּתַקָּנָה זוֹ לִשְׁחוֹט הַקָּנֶה לְבַדּוֹ וְלַהֲפוֹךְ הַוֵּשֶׁט הַשָּׁלֵם וּלְבָדְקוֹ מִבִּפְנִים אִם לֹא יִמָּצֵא בּוֹ טִפַּת דָּם כְּדִלְעֵיל שָׁם וְהִיא תַּקָּנָה בְּרוּרָה וַדָּאִית שֶׁבְּוַדַּאי לֹא יִמָּצֵא בּוֹ דָּם כְּלָל אִם לֹא נִקַּב בְּסַכִּין שֶׁל שְׁחִיטָה מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בִּבְהֵמָה לֹא פְסִיקָא מִלְּתָא בְּתַקָּנָה זוֹ שֶׁאֵינָהּ בְּרוּרָה כְּלָל בִּבְהֵמָה שֶׁלֹּא יִמָּצֵא טִפַּת דָּם כְּלָל גַּם כְּנֶגֶד מְקוֹם הַחֲתָךְ לְפִי שֶׁדַּם הַשְּׁחִיטָה יוּכַל לְהִתְפַּשֵּׁט הַרְבֵּהרכא וְכֵן מַשְׁמַע בְּרַבֵּנוּ יְרוּחָםרכב הוּבָא בְּבֵית יוֹסֵף.רכג וְגַם כָּל הַדָּמִים שֶׁבִּבְהֵמָה נִגְרָרִים וְיוֹצְאִים דֶּרֶךְ הַסִּימָנִים בִּשְׁחִיטָתָן כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּן סִימָן ע"ורכד בְּשֵׁם רַשְׁבָּ"ארכה (וְאִם הַדָּמִים נִגְרָרִים וְנִשְׁפָּכִים לְבֵית הַשְּׁחִיטָה דֶּרֶךְ חֲלַל הַסִּימָנִים כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּגְרָרִים דֶּרֶךְ חֲלַל הַוְּרִידִין יוּכַל לִהְיוֹת שֶׁשָּׁטְפוּ וְהֶעֱבִירוּ עִמָּהֶם לְבֵית הַשְּׁחִיטָה גַּם הַדָּם שֶׁיָּצָא מִנְּקוּבַת הַוֵּשֶׁט וְלָכֵן אֵין תַּקָּנָה כְּלָל בִּבְהֵמָה גַּם אִם לֹא נִמְצָא טִפַּת דָּם כְּנֶגֶד חֲתָךְ הָרִאשׁוֹן). וְהָרַמְבַּ"םרכו סְבִירָא לֵיהּ כְּפֵרוּשׁ רַשִׁ"ירכז דִּבְדִיקַת וֵשֶׁט אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא בְּטִפַּת דָּם לְבָד וְלֹא בְּמַרְאִית עַיִן וּמִשְׁמוּשׁ יָד וּמֵהַאי טַעְמָא אֵין לַוֵּשֶׁט בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ לְעִנְיַן נָקוּב לְרַשִׁ"י וְרַמְבַּ"ם מִשּׁוּם שֶׁאֵין טִפַּת דָּם נִכֶּרֶת בּוֹ כְּשֶׁנִּכְנֶסֶת לוֹ בְּנֶקֶב מַשֶּׁהוּ. אֲבָל הָרַ"ןרכח פֵּרֵשׁ הַטַּעַם שֶׁאֵין לַוֵּשֶׁט בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ לְעִנְיַן נֶקֶב לְפִי שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לְהַכִּיר בְּמַרְאִית עַיִן נֶקֶב בְּמַשֶּׁהוּ בְּעוֹר הָאָדֹם. אֲבָל בְּעוֹר לָבָן יוּכַל לִבְדּוֹק גַּם בְּמַרְאִית עַיִן כְּמוֹ בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת וְהַמֶּסֶס. וְאִם כֵּן יוּכַל לְהַעֲבִיר דַּם הַשְּׁחִיטָה הַנִּמְצָא כְּנֶגֶד מְקוֹם חֲתָךְ הָרִאשׁוֹן וְלִבְדּוֹק בְּמַרְאִית עַיִן וּמִשְׁמוּשׁ יָד אוֹ נֶגֶד הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ (כִּדְאִיתָא בִּגְמָרָא דַּף ט'רכט). וְכֵן בִּמְמַסְמֵס קוֹעֵיהּ דְּמָא יֵשׁ לְהָקֵל בְּהֶפְסֵד מְרֻבֶּה וְצֹרֶךְ מִצְוָה גַּם בִּבְהֵמָה כְּשֶׁשָּׁחַט לְמַעְלָה אוֹ לְמַטָּה כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַב הַשַּׁ"ךְ סִימָן כ"גרל בְּשֵׁם רְשַׁ"ל.רלא וּמִיהוּ בִּמְמַסְמֵס קוֹעֵיהּ אֵין לְהָקֵל אֶלָּא כְּשֶׁשָּׁחַט מִיָּד שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכַל וְלֹא יִשְׁתֶּה אַחַר שֶׁנִּתְמַסְמֵס קוֹעֵיהּ דְּמָא פֶּן יַעֲבִירוּ אֹכָלִים וּמַשְׁקִים הַדָּם כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּן סְעִיף ט'.רלב
וְכָתַב הַשַּׁ"ךְרלג דְּמַשְׁמָעוּת הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ כָּל הַצַּוָּאר מְלֻכְלָךְ וְצָרִיךְ לִבְדּוֹק בְּכָל אֹרֶךְ הַוֵּשֶׁט וְרֹחַב הַנֶּקֶב בְּמָקוֹם יָדוּעַרלד אֲפִלּוּ הָכִי יֵשׁ בְּדִיקָה מִבִּפְנִים וְלֹא דָמֵי לְקוֹץ וּמַחַט שֶׁנִּקְּבוּ עַד לֶחָלָל אוֹ שֶׁנִּמְצְאוּ בַּחֲלַל הַבְּהֵמָה דִּטְרֵפָה מִשּׁוּם דְּצָרִיךְ לִבְדּוֹק בָּאֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לִבְדּוֹק אַחַר נֶקֶב מַשֶּׁהוּ שֶׁאֵינוֹ בְּמָקוֹם יָדוּעַ בָּאֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"א.רלה דְּשַׁאֲנֵי הָתָם שֶׁהַמְּקוֹמוֹת רַבִּים (רֹא"שׁרלו טוּר סִימָן [נ]"א) אֲבָל הָכָא בְּאֵבֶר אֶחָד לְבַדּוֹ מִקְּרֵי מָקוֹם יָדוּעַ וְיֵשׁ לוֹ בְּדִיקָה מִדִּינָא דִגְמָרָא לְכוּלָא עָלְמָא. וְהָא דְּבוֹדְקִים כָּל הֶחָלָל בִּדְרוּסָה וּנְפוּלָה כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"זרלז וְנ"חרלח אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַמְּקוֹמוֹת רַבִּים הַיְנוּ מִשּׁוּם דְּדַוְקָא נֶקֶב קָטָן אֵין לוֹ בְּדִיקָהרלט כְּשֶׁהַמְּקוֹמוֹת רַבִּים אֲבָל אַדְמוּמִית הַדְּרִיסָה וְרִסּוּק אֵבָרִים אוֹ קְרִיעָתָן בִּנְפוּלָה נִכָּרִים הֵיטֵב בִּבְדִיקָה בְּכָל הֶחָלָל.
וְכָל זֶה מִדִּינָא דִגְמָרָא אֲבָל הָאִידְנָא אִיכָּא פְּלֻגְתָּא בֵּין בַּהַ"גרמ לְרַשִׁ"ירמא דְּבַהַ"ג כָּתַב דְּהָאִידְנָא לֵיכָּא לְמֵיקַם אַבְּדִיקָה שַׁפִּיר בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁהֻזְכַּר שָׁם בְּדִיקָה כְּגוֹן בִּדְרוּסָה וּנְפוּלָה וּשְׁבוּרָה וְרַשִׁ"י כָּתַב דְּאֵין לַדַּיָּן אֶלָּא מַה שֶּׁעֵינָיו רוֹאוֹת וּמֻתָּר לִסְמוֹךְ עָלָיו דִּכְתִיברמב אֶל הַשּׁוֹפֵט אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם אֲבָל הוּא יִזָּהֵר יָפֶה לְהָבִיא לְפָנָיו כָּל הַבְּקִיאִים כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"ז.רמג וְדַעַת הַשֻּׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ כְּרַשִׁ"י וְדַעַת רְמָ"ארמד כְּבַהַ"ג. וּרְשַׁ"ל פֶּרֶק ג' סִימָן (ע"ג) [ס"ו] הִכְרִיעַ לִנְהוֹג בִּדְרוּסָה וּנְפוּלָה כְּבַהַ"ג מִשּׁוּם שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לִבְדּוֹק בְּכָל הֶחָלָל וּצְרִיכָה אֻמָּנוּת יְתֵרָה וּזְרִיזוּת וּבְקִיאוּת לֹא סָמְכִינָן אַבְּדִיקָתֵנוּ אֲבָל בִּשְׁבוּרָה דִּלְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"גרמה כֵּיוָן שֶׁיֵּשׁ אֵבֶר אֶחָד מְבֹרָר לְפָנֵי[נ]וּ לָמָּה לֹא נִבְדּוֹק אוֹתוֹ כְּפִי רְאוֹת עֵינֵינוּ בְּעִיּוּן יָפֶה כְּדַעַת רַשִׁ"י. וְכֵן אֲפִלּוּ בְּנֶקֶב מַשֶּׁהוּ בְּאֵבֶר אֶחָד כְּגוֹן בִּמְמַסְמֵס קוֹעֵיהּ דְּמָא שֶׁנִּקְרַע כָּל הַצַּוָּאר וְאֵינוֹ יוֹדֵעַ מְקוֹם נְקִיבַת הַקּוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט דְּצָרִיךְ לִבְדּוֹק כָּל הַוֵּשֶׁט מִבִּפְנִים יֵשׁ לִסְמוֹךְ עַל בְּדִיקָתֵנוּ. וַאֲפִלּוּ בִּבְהֵמָה דַּעַת רְשַׁ"ל רֵישׁ פֶּרֶק ב'רמו לְהָקֵל לִשְׁחוֹט וְלִבְדּוֹק אַחַר הַשְּׁחִיטָה מִבִּפְנִים וְלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן דִּלְמָא בִּמְקוֹם נֶקֶב קָשָׁחִיט מִשּׁוּם שֶׁתּוֹפֵס עִקָּר כְּפֵרוּשׁ רִיבָ"ארמז דְּאֵין צָרִיךְ בְּדִיקָה מִדִּינָא מֵאַחַר דְּלֵיכָא רֵעוּתָא בַּסִּימָנִים אֶלָּא שֶׁהַבְּדִיקָה הִיא לְחוּמְרָא בְּעָלְמָא וּמִשּׁוּם הָכִי אֵין לְהַחֲמִיר כָּל כָּךְ לָחוּשׁ דִּלְמָא בִּמְקוֹם נֶקֶב קָשָׁחִיט וּמִכָּל מָקוֹםרמח אִם הַמַּכָּה שֶׁל הַקֶּרַע שֶׁבַּצַּוָּאר הוּא בְּמָקוֹם אֶחָד לְבָד מֵאַחַר שֶׁאֶפְשָׁר לִשְׁחוֹט לְמַעְלָה אוֹ לְמַטָּה יִשְׁחוֹט. אֲבָל גַּבֵּי שְׁהִיָּה דִּלְעֵיל סִימָן כ"גרמט שֶׁהִתְחִיל לִשְׁחוֹט וְחָתַךְ מְעַט וְשָׁהָה דְּגַם לְרִיבָ"א צָרִיךְ בְּדִיקָה בַּוֵּשֶׁט כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵילרנ אֵין תַּקָּנָה בִּבְהֵמָה רַק לִשְׁחוֹט לְמַעְלָה אוֹ לְמַטָּה רָחוֹק קְצָת מִמְּקוֹם חֲתָךְ הָרִאשׁוֹן בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁבְּוַדַּאי לָאו בִּמְקוֹם נֶקֶב קָשָׁחִיט
וְאַחַר כָּךְ יַהֲפוֹךְ הַוֵּשֶׁט וְיִבְדְּקֶנּוּ כְּנֶגֶד מְקוֹם חֲתָךְ הָרִאשׁוֹן וְלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן לְגָמִיד וּפָשִׁיט לְפִי דַּעַת רְשַׁ"ל עַיֵּן שָׁם סִימָן [י]"ד בְּשֵׁם סְמַ"ק וְכֵן כָּתַב מַהֲרִי"ק בְּשֵׁם סְמַ"ק הוּבָא בֵּית יוֹסֵף סִימָן כ"ג.רנא וְסִיֵּם שָׁם רְשַׁ"ל דַּאֲפִלּוּ לְהַמַּחְמִירִים עַל כָּל פָּנִים בִּמְקוֹם הֶפְסֵד מְרֻבֶּה אוֹ לְצֹרֶךְ מִצְוָה יֵשׁ לְהָקֵל וְלִסְמוֹךְ עַל הַגְּדוֹלִים הָאַחֲרוֹנִים שֶׁהִנְהִיגוּ וְהוֹרוּ הֲלָכָה לְמַעֲשֶׂה לְהַתִּיר. וְהַשַּׁ"ךְ הֵבִיא קוּלָא זוֹ בִּשְׁמוֹ לַהֲלָכָה בְּסִימָן כ"גרנב גַּבֵּי שְׁהִיָּה. וְאִם כֵּן כָּל שֶׁכֵּן בִּמְמַסְמֵס קוֹעֵיהּ דְּמָא בְּמָקוֹם אֶחָד לְבָד דְּיֵשׁ לְהָקֵל בִּכְהַאי גַּוְנָא אֲפִלּוּ בִּבְהֵמָה לִשְׁחוֹט לְמַעְלָה אוֹ לְמַטָּה וְלִסְמוֹךְ עַל בְּדִיקָתֵנוּ בִּמְקוֹם הֶפְסֵד מְרֻבֶּה אוֹ לְצֹרֶךְ מִצְוָה.רנג אֲבָל בְּלָאו הָכִי אֲפִלּוּ בְּעוֹף אֵין לְשַׁנּוֹת הַמִּנְהָג שֶׁבִּרְמָ"א כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַב הַשַּׁ"ךְ סִימָן ל"הרנד וְכ"ג.רנה
וְכֵן אִם נִרְאָה רֵעוּתָא בַּצַּוָּאר כְּנֶגֶד הַסִּימָנִים שֶׁנִּקְרַע הָעוֹר וְיָצָא דָם וְנַעֲשָׂה עָלָיו גֶּלֶד שְׁחִין דְּאִיכָּא לְמֵיחַשׁ לְקוֹץ אוֹ לִדְקִירַת חֵץ אוֹ שְׁאָר כָּל כְּלִי בַרְזֶל וְנִקַּב הַוֵּשֶׁט. אֲבָל אִם אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא נָפוּחַ סְבִיב הַסִּימָנִים לֹא חַיְשִׁינָן לִנְקוּבַת הַוֵּשֶׁט אֶלָּא תּוֹלִין דְּמֵחֲמַת חֹלִי הוּא וַאֲפִלּוּ נִצְרַר שָׁם לֵית לָן בָּהּ (בַּ"חרנו).
וַאֲפִלּוּ אֵינוֹ מֵחֲמַת חֹלִי אֶלָּא מֵחֲמַת מַכָּה שֶׁהֻכְּתָה מִבַּחוּץ וְנִמְצָא דָּם נִצְרַר בִּפְנִים סְבִיב הַוֵּשֶׁט מִבַּחוּץ מֵאַחַר שֶׁהָעוֹר שָׁלֵם מִבַּחוּץ אֵין בְּזֶה שׁוּם חֲשָׁשׁ אֲפִלּוּ לְדִידַן שֶׁאֵין בְּקִיאִין (טַ"זרנז מְעִיל צְדָקָה סִימָן ל"ח) דְּלֹא הֻכְּתָה בְּדָבָר דַּק הַנּוֹקֵב הוֹאִיל וְהָעוֹר שָׁלֵם.
וְאִם יָצָא דָם מֵחֲמַת נְשִׁיכוֹת הַתַּרְנְגוֹלִין שֶׁנּוֹשְׁכִין זֶה אֶת זֶה דִּינוֹ כְּיָצָא דָם מִתְּלִישַׁת נוֹצוֹת שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ לְהַחֲמִיר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין לֶאֱסוֹר מִדִּינָא כְּדִלְעֵיל סוֹף סִימָן כ"גרנח (בַּ"חרנט).
וּמִיהוּ אֲפִלּוּ בְּגֶלֶד יָבֵשׁ שֶׁבָּעוֹר מִבַּחוּץ אִם שׁוֹחֵט בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר וְרוֹאֶה שֶׁאֵין רֵעוּתָא בָּעוֹר מִצַּד הַפְּנִימִי אֵין לָחוּשׁ אֲפִלּוּ לְפִי הַמִּנְהָג (טַ"ז שָׁםרס):
9

If a thorn was found [lying] lengthwise (23) or widthwise in the gullet but it is not implanted within it, [the animal] is kosher[Note: This ruling applies] provided there is not a drop of blood on [the gullet’s] outer surface (Tur; Hagahos Maimonios). However, if [the thorn] is implanted within [the gullet, the animal] is forbidden, even if there is no drop of blood [on the gullet], because we are concerned that perhaps the gullet was perforated, [the wound] healed, [the gullet’s outer surface] was restored, and [the perforation] is no [longer] apparent.

There are authorities who rule that [the animal] is kosher if there is no drop of blood on the outer surface [of the gullet], because we are not concerned that it had possibly healed (Rav Eliezer ben Nasan; Rabbeinu Asher; Hagahos Ashri in the name of Sefer HaTerumos). Similarly, it is customary to rule leniently in our city regarding those geese that are used to produce foie gras. There is an ordinance in the city to examine whether the gullets [of such geese] were perforated because that is a more common [disqualifying factor] than adhesions in the lung. It is [then] customary [in our city] to rule leniently if a thorn is lodged in the gullet and [the gullet] is not perforated on both sides and [304] there is no drop of blood on its outer surface. One must be very careful in this regard, because a Scriptural prohibition is involved. It would be preferable not to examine [the geese altogether] and [instead to] rely on the [fact that the] majority [of geese are kosher] rather than examine them and [then] rule leniently in an instance where there is a possible disqualifying factor.

ט

נִמְצָא קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט לְאָרְכּוֹ (כג) אוֹ לְרָחְבּוֹ, וְאֵינוֹ תָּחוּב בּוֹ, כְּשֵׁרָה [הַגָּה:] אִם אֵין עָלָיו קֹרֶט דָּם מִבַּחוּץ (טוּר וְהַגָּהוֹת מַיְמוֹנִיּוֹת). אֲבָל אִם הוּא תָּחוּב בּוֹ, אֲסוּרָה, אֲפִלּוּ אֵין שָׁם קֹרֶט דָּם, דְּחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב הַוֵּשֶׁט וְהִבְרִיא וְנִתְרַפֵּא וְאֵינוֹ נִכָּר. הַגָּה: וְיֵשׁ מַכְשִׁירִין אִם אֵין קֹרֶט דָּם מִבַּחוּץ, דְּלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא (הָרַאֲבַ"ן וְהָרֹא"שׁ וְהַגָּהוֹת אֲשֵׁרִי בְּשֵׁם סֵפֶר הַתְּרוּמָה). וְכֵן נָהֲגוּ לְהָקֵל בְּעִירֵנוּ בְּאוֹתָן אַוָּזוֹת שֶׁמַּלְעִיטִין לַעֲשׂוֹת מֵהֶן שֻׁמָּן, שֶׁיֵּשׁ תַּקָּנָה בָּעִיר לִבְדּוֹק אַחַר נְקִיבַת הַוֵּשֶׁט מִשּׁוּם דִּשְׁכִיחַ יוֹתֵר מִסִּרְכוֹת הָרֵיאָה. וְנָהֲגוּ לְהָקֵל בְּיָשַׁב לוֹ קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט אִם אֵינוֹ נָקוּב מִשְּׁנֵי צְדָדִים אוֹ שֶׁאֵין קֹרֶט דָּם מִבַּחוּץ, וְיֵשׁ לְדַקְדֵּק בָּזֶה הַרְבֵּה כִּי הוּא אִסּוּר דְּאוֹרַיְתָא, וְיוֹתֵר הָיָה טוֹב שֶׁלֹּא לִבְדּוֹק כְּלָל וְלִסְמוֹךְ אַרוּבָּא מִלִּבְדּוֹק וּלְהָקֵל בְּמָקוֹם דְּאִיכָּא רֵעוּתָא.

(23) [Lying] lengthwise – [I.e., the thorn is lying along the length] of the gullet.225 Alternatively, [leniency can be granted] even [if the thorn was lying] across the width [of the gullet], but it is known that [the thorn] was not implanted in the walls of the gullet at all, but rather became lodged between them. However, if it is not known with certainty [that the thorn was not implanted in the walls of the gullet], it is assumed that [the thorn] was implanted in them since it was found [lying] across [the gullet’s] width (Sifsei Kohen).226
The Gemara [discusses this issue stating,227] “Ulla says: If a thorn was lying in [an animal’s] gullet [but there was no sign that it perforated the outer membrane], there is no concern that perhaps [it perforated the membrane beforehand and the perforation] hivri [i.e., healed].” Rashi comments:
“A thorn was lying – For example, [the animal] swallowed a thorn and it became stuck in the gullet, but we do not see a perforation on the outside and there is no trace of blood on the inside. We are not concerned that perhaps [the gullet] had been perforated, it [subsequently] healed and [a scab formed over the wound. Such] a scab [would be] caused because of the wound, and is not a viable membrane.228 [Alternatively,] I heard that [the word] hivri, הבריא [translated above as “healed,”] should be interpreted as “perforated,” as in the phrase in Yechezkel,229 וברא אותהן בחרבותם [“slash them with their swords”].”
Rambam230 follows the first interpretation [of the word hivri. However,] Rabbeinu Yitzchak Alfasi231 follows the second interpretation, explaining [that the word] hivri [is related to the root ברא, meaning “outside” Thus, the word hivri means,] “penetrated to the outside.”
The Gemara asks, “According to Ulla, how is this instance different from one in which there is doubt [whether or not an animal] was attacked by a predator?”232 Rashi explains, “When a lion enters [a place where animals are grazing], it is said that it is possible that [the lion] attacked one [of the animals,] and therefore, we require an examination [of all the animals in question]. In the instance [regarding a thorn], it is not possible to examine [the gullet], because a small perforation in the outer membrane of the gullet will not be recognizable.233 ([Rashis] interpretation here follows the second interpretation [of the word hivri] cited above.234)
Rabbeinu Asher states235 that according to the explanation [he] gave previously236 [i.e.,] that we follow the interpretation of Riva, namely, that a perforation is discernible in a gullet, [the Gemara’s question] is as follows: How is this [instance] different from [an instance where] a doubt arose [as to] whether an animal was attacked by a predator [in which instance,] an examination is required, and yet here, Ulla states that we are not concerned, implying that an examination is not required. The Gemara answers that Ulla maintains that we are not concerned [about the possibility of a perforation when there is doubt [only as to] whether the animal was attacked.
[The Talmud continues:]227
One of the scholars was sitting before Rav Kahana and said, “It was stated [that one need not be concerned if the thorn] was found [adhering loosely] (without being embedded)237 [inside the gullet]. However, if it sat [firmly embedded in the gullet], we must be concerned.”
Rav Kahana said to the other [scholars], “Do not listen to him. It was stated [that one need not be concerned if the thorn] sat [embedded in the gullet]. However, if it was found [there adhering loosely], it was not necessary to teach [that an examination is not necessary], for all animals that live outside (and graze in the pastures and forests)236 eat thorns.
Tosafos238 write that [although] Rashi states that a trace of blood was not found inside [the gullet], it appears that there are no grounds for concern even if there is [a trace of blood] inside [the gullet], as long as there is no [blood on the] outside. [The rationale is that] we are not concerned that the thorn penetrated239 [from one membrane to the other]. Tosafos238 also state that later on [the Talmud240] rules that we are concerned about the possibility of a predator having attacked [an animal and therefore, an examination of the animal is required]. If so, when a thorn is found embedded in the gullet, we are also concerned that perhaps it penetrated from one side [of the gullet] to the other.
[Tosafos238 proceed and ask:]
If you will say: Why are we concerned [that perhaps it perforated the membrane…]? Let us say that [the animal should be slaughtered, since] when [the animal] is slaughtered, its presumed state is that its [meat] is permitted.241 True, the doubt [regarding the animal’s status] came about while it was alive, when its halachic status was that it was forbidden. Even so, in its present state, [i.e., after] it is slaughtered, it should be presumed to be kosher, as indicated by [a passage in] Yevamos, ch. 2.242
[In resolution, Tosafos explain that] it is possible that [an instance regarding] doubt [as to whether or not an animal] was attacked by a predator is different because it is a common occurrence.243 On that passage in Yevamos, Tosafos elaborated further, saying that the concern regarding a doubt [as to whether or not an animal] was attacked by a predator is [different] because it is a common occurrence, and [in such an instance,] it is more likely that [the animal] is forbidden than that it is permitted. The same [principle] applies regarding [an animal] that had a thorn embedded in its gullet. According to the authority who shows concern [regarding] doubt [as to whether or not an animal] was attacked by a predator, concern that [the thorn] penetrated the membranes should also be shown. This concludes [Tosafos explanation].
Rabbeinu Asher235 writes:
Later on, we rule that we are concerned about the possibility that [an animal] had been attacked by a predator. Therefore, Rabbeinu Yitzchak Alfasi ruled that if a thorn was [found to be] embedded in the gullet, we are concerned that it had penetrated to the outside [of the membrane. However,] my grandfather, Rav Eliezer ben Nasan, ruled according to Ulla, [whose view is that there is no such concern,] and supported [that decision by citing the law regarding] a needle that is found [lodged] in the thickness of the beis hakosos244 from one side. [In such an instance, the animal is deemed] kosher.245 We are not concerned that perhaps the needle penetrated to the other side [of the beis hakosos]. The reason we are concerned regarding the possibility of [an animal] being attacked by a predator is that [when a lion is found in a constrained area near grazing animals, that in and of itself is] a telltale sign [that it is likely to have attacked them]. Additionally, this is a common occurrence. For this reason, we no longer consider the assumption that [the animal] is kosher to be valid, as Tosafos238 states. [Accordingly, when the Sages of] the Gemara said, “According to Ulla, we are not concerned regarding the possibility of [an animal] being attacked by a predator,” they did not trouble themselves to elaborate and make a distinction [between this instance and one in which a needle is found in the beis hakosos] as I did. It is possible that Rabbeinu Yitzchak Alfasi would make a distinction [between the instance of a thorn embedded in an animal’s gullet and one of a needle lodged in its beis hakosos] because the thickness of the beis hakosos is greater, and therefore we are not concerned that perhaps [the needle]penetrated to the outside. [However,] the words of Rav Eliezer ben Nasan are [more] logical because [in this instance] a distinction should not be made because of a slight difference in thickness.
With regard to a needle that is found [lodged] in the thickness of the beis hakosos, Rabbeinu Asher writes:246
Rashi247 writes that when a needle is lodged in the mesas,248 even if [only] on one side, [the animal] is tereifah because the wall [of that stomach] is thin. Even if one would be inclined to say that it is not logical to rule [that the animal is] tereifah because [the needle] perforated only half the membrane, there are grounds to say that [we rule stringently because] we are concerned that perhaps [the needle] perforated the entire membrane and then [the membrane] hivri, “healed,”249 as is the concern when a thorn became lodged in the gullet according to the authorities who are concerned that perhaps [the animal] was attacked by a predator.
[However,] according to Rabbeinu Tam,250 it did not appear [correct] to categorize [an animal] as a tereifah when [only] half the membrane of the mesas [was penetrated. The rationale is that] we are concerned only that perhaps [a membrane] healed regarding [a membrane of] the gullet, because it expands and contracts, and [therefore] at times the needle will return to the inner portion of the gullet. However, regarding the mesas, if it healed, the needle would not return to its inner portion.
[Rabbeinu Asher is explaining that Rabbeinu Tam’s] intent was to say that if the wound healed and a scab formed because of it, the tip of the needle would still be sticking out on the other side [of the mesas], as [it was] before [the scab formed]. The scab would be [closed] around [the tip of the needle] and [would prevent the needle] from returning to [the mesas. This is because] a scab that forms due to a wound [is formed in the following manner]: The wound promotes secretions that would cause the sides of the perforation to close together with the secretions that emerge from them, creating a scab. The scab would join and bind the sides of the perforation together. If the tip of the needle was there, the secretions would also become attached [to it] and stick together around the tip of the needle. The tip of the needle would be stuck [firmly] to the sides of the perforation, which would be joined and connected together [due to] the secretions and the scab [that had formed] above it. Because of this, the tip of the needle would not return to the inner side of the mesas as is its present state, but instead, would be apparent and visible from the other side [of the mesas] and the scab that had formed above it. [This is reflected in the wording of] the bereisa (Chulin 51[a]), “a scab formed over the opening of the wound.” [Thus,] an examination of the other side [of the mesas] is sufficient. [If the needle] is not seen or apparent at all, [the animal is kosher]. Why then did Rashi write that [a perforation] on even one side of the mesas [renders the animal] tereifah and an examination is not sufficient [for it? This situation] does not resemble [one regarding] the gullet – in which instance, we are concerned that perhaps [the wound] healed [and formed a scab], and [therefore,] an examination is not sufficient for it. ([This applies] even according to the authorities who maintain that an external examination of the gullet [is effective] for a perforation.) [The rationale is that] the gullet [expands and] contracts. This could cause the tip of the needle to return to [its] inner side. Afterwards, a scab will form on the outer side, closing the sides of the perforation, and thus the scab251 will not be descernible. This is not true regarding the mesas, which remains at rest. The needle will remain where it was positioned throughout the animal’s life until it becomes attached and stuck to the sides of the perforation when [the perforation] heals. [The needle] and the scab above it will be recognizable and visible from the other side.
Rabbeinu Asher made this distinction to challenge the understanding of Rashi, who maintains that [an animal] is [deemed] tereifah if [there is a perforation on just] one side of a mesas. [Rashi is concerned about] the possibility that [the perforation] healed, as we are concerned about this factor regarding the gullet, according to the first explanation in Rashis commentary regarding the gullet, mentioned above. However, Rabbeinu Asher himself (see his gloss to the chapter entitled Eilu Tereifos, sec. 42) follows the second interpretation given by Rashi mentioned above, which is the interpretation of Rabbeinu Yitzchak Alfasi, namely, that the term hivri mentioned by Ulla means that the perforation penetrated to the other side. As mentioned above in the name of Rabbeinu Asher, according to Ulla, we are not at all concerned that perhaps the outer side [of the mesas] was perforated and [therefore,] there is no need for an examination of the outer side. (Rashba also writes that this is Ulla’s [position].)252
For this reason, Rabbeinu Asher wrote that it is logical to follow [the approach of] Rav Eliezer ben Nasan and not make a distinction between the gullet and the beis hakosos, [but rather to rule that in both instances, an animal is] kosher [if it was perforated] from [only] one side. Rav Eliezer ben Nasan and Rabbeinu Asher understand that [using the term] “kosher” [regarding an animal found to have a needle lodged in the beis hakosos] without any further elaboration implies that [the animal is acceptable] even without an examination. If so, this law also applies regarding the gullet. [The rationale is that] were we to be concerned that perhaps the needle penetrated to the outer side of the gullet and perforated it, an examination of the other side would be required [according to Rabbeinu Asher]. (Rabbeinu Asher accepts the approach of Riva, that an external examination of the gullet [is effective] regarding a perforation.) [Accordingly,] if one did not make such an examination,[the animal] would be deemed tereifah because a thorn implanted in one side of [the gullet] is considered a possible disqualifying factor that offsets the presumption that an animal is kosher after it is slaughtered. This does not follow the approach of Ulla. If [that approach were followed], an examination would also be required for the beis hakosos on its outer side and, if one did not make such an examination, [the animal] would be tereifah, as is the law regarding a gullet.
[The rationale is that] Rabbeinu Asher follows his established approach which maintains that an animal whose gullet is perforated is merely tereifah, and [is] not [classified as] a neveilah. Thus, [the existence of a perforation that penetrated both membranes of the organ] would not be considered a doubtful factor involving the slaughter at all, as stated in sec. 26, above.253
True, the beis hakosos remains at rest and [therefore] the head of a needle will remain in its place. [However, that logic] applies only while the animal is alive. However, after it was slaughtered, when [a person’s] hands move the beis hakosos about, removing it and opening it, it is obvious that there are grounds for concern. [It is possible that although] the head of the needle [originally penetrated through the walls of the beis hakosos entirely, after slaughter, the head of the needle retreated] slightly [into the walls of the beis hakosos] when [the beis hakosos] was moved and handled, as is true regarding the gullet. [This is possible] since the perforation was open and the sides [of the perforation on the wall of the beis hakosos] did not become attached, sticking to one another. (For Rabbeinu Asher is not concerned that the perforation healed, as he follows the second interpretation [presented by] Rashi. Moreover, even if [Rabbeinu Asher] were concerned [that the perforation healed, the concern] would be only a suspicion and not a definite factor. Such a suspicion can be used only to lead to a more stringent ruling, and not to a more lenient one.)
Instead, since it is taught that [if a needle is implanted] in the beis hakosos, [the animal] is kosher even without an examination, it is understood that we follow the approach of Ulla, who maintains that [a needle or thorn embedded] from one side [of an organ whose perforation renders the animal forbidden] is not considered a potentially disqualifying factor [sufficient] to nullify the prevailing assumption that the animal is kosher. [The rationale is that] since the needle or the thorn is implanted only in one side [of the organ], the ruling is dependent on the situation at the time it is discovered. We do not assume that a problematic factor found in one place also affected another,254 and, [hence, we do not] say that [the needle or thorn] penetrated to the outer side [of the organ] and then returned to the [organ’s] inner portion.
This situation does not resemble one involving a question regarding whether a predator attacked [an animal], in which instance, we do not rule according to the situation at the time the problem was discovered – i.e., a lion was [discovered] standing alone in its place and not touching the animal [in the enclosure where they are both located. We do not rely on the absence of any noticeable] problematic factor concerning the animal.255 [Rather, in such an instance] we assume that the problematic factor moved from place to place, [i.e.,] we say that [the lion] attacked [the animal] first and then returned to its place. This is consistent with the prevailing approach, according to which we rule that we are concerned about the possibility of [an animal] being attacked. [The rationale is that] it is common that [animals] are attacked, i.e., that when a predator enters a place where there are other [animals], it is very common for it to attack [the animals] according as is its habit and nature. Therefore, [this] is not considered an equally balanced doubt. By contrast, it is not common that a needle or thorn [swallowed by an animal] will penetrate [to] the outside [of an organ] and then return to its inside. True, it is possible that [the needle or thorn] will return to the inside [of the organ] in the case of a beis hakosos when it is handled [after the animal has been slaughtered] or in the case of a gullet that contracts and expands. Nevertheless, [it cannot be said that] there is a clear indication [that the animal] should be forbidden, because to our eyes, [the needle or thorn] is embedded in only one side [of the organ]. For this reason, we do not assume that a problematic factor found in one place affected another. When doubts are equally balanced as in this instance [– it is equally possible that the needle or thorn penetrated to the other side of the organ or that it did not – we operate under] the existing presumption [that the animal] was kosher after it was slaughtered.
It is only in a situation such as this that we do not assume that a problematic factor found in one place affected another. However, if [just] a perforation is found without a thorn on one side, we assume that the problematic factor also affected the other side and the presumption [that the slaughtered animal is kosher] is invalidated. This explains the understanding of Rabbeinu Asher and those who follow his approach, based on the approach of Tosafos [outlined in their commentary on] Yevamos, cited above.242
In sec. 51256 below, with regard to a thorn found implanted in [an animal’s] flank [that penetrated to] its inner cavity, we assume that a problematic factor found in one place could have moved [from] another place, and it is possible that [the problematic factor, i.e., the thorn,] perforated [the animal’s] inner organs even though it was not implanted in them at all. [The rationale is that] we say that perhaps [at the outset, the thorn was implanted in the inner organs as well as in the flank. However,] due to the movement of the animal’s organs and limbs [either] while it was alive or after its slaughter, [the organs] separated slightly from the flank and [shifted their position within the animal’s] inner cavity. The thorn [then] slipped from [the internal organ in which it was embedded] after having perforated [the organ] when it came close to the flank and the thorn.
The same law applies if a thorn is found lying in [the animal’s] inner cavity. Even if it is not implanted in [one of] the internal organs, we assume that a problematic factor found in one place could have affected another [place], and say that perhaps [the thorn] was initially implanted in one of the internal organs that [disqualify an animal] even if [the organ] was perforated by the smallest hole. Afterwards, [the thorn] retreated and [the organs] slipped away [from the thorn] due to the movement of the animal’s limbs [either] during its lifetime (see Tevuos Shor, sec. 51, [note 1]) or after [its] slaughter, as will be stated below in sec. 51.256 The rationale is that in that instance as well, the doubt is not equally balanced, for it is more likely – and indeed, the matter is more indicative – that [the thorn pierced an internal organ and the animal is thus] forbidden, than [in the situation mentioned above, where there is] doubt as to whether a predator attacked the animal. Since the thorn pierced [the animal’s] flank forcefully from the outside and entered [the internal cavity because of] the force, it is very likely that it perforated one of the internal organs close to the flank.
Even if [the thorn] was found lying in [the animal’s] internal cavity, it is nevertheless very likely that when [the thorn] entered the internal cavity forcefully by piercing the flank powerfully, it came in contact with, touched, and perforated one of the internal organs close to the flank (Rashba, Toras HaBayis HaKatzar [(Bayis 2, shaar 3); Rashba,] Chulin 48b).
Similarly, [the reason we are concerned and require an examination in] an instance where a weasel bit [a fowl’s] head or [a fowl] was struck by a piece of wood or stone, as mentioned in sec. 30[:2] above, [is that the blow] was powerful and accompanied by pressure. This is not true regarding a thorn or needle that was found in the beis hakosos or the gullet, [which usually enters] gently (Rabbeinu Nissim257 and Rashba258 regarding [a needle found in] a piece of a liver; Rabbeinu Asher, loc. cit.,259 also shares this position; consult those sources thoroughly).
[True,] we assume that a problematic factor found in one place affected another [place] in the instance of a needle that is found in a lung, as mentioned in sec. 36 below.260 [In that instance,] we require an examination to know whether [the lung] is whole, and [the animal] is forbidden if no examination was even if [the needle] was found in the flesh of the lung and not next to the membrane. [The rationale is that] we are concerned that [the needle] perforated the membrane and then retracted, as stated in that source in the name of Rabbeinu Asher261 and Rabbeinu Nissim.257 [However, there is a significant difference between] that instance [and the one at hand.] The presence of the needle is considered a problematic factor with regard to a lung because objects that are swallowed are generally not found in the lungs.262 By contrast, a thorn or a needle that an animal swallowed while eating [would be expected to be] found in the gullet, the beis hakosos, or other digestive organs, for it is normal for anything swallowed [by an animal] to be found there. Hence, it is not considered a problematic factor at all, for all animals that pasture [in outlying areas] eat thorns, as Rav Kahana states;263 this was not [the point that] was necessary for Ulla to teach.264 Therefore, when such articles are found embedded in [the digestive organs], Ulla maintains that this is also not considered problematic, as the Gemara explicitly states.263 [The rationale is that] this is also common for animals that pasture in outlying areas and eat thorns regularly. At times, it will occur that a thorn becomes stuck in the gullet or another digestive organ. Even if [we say] that it is not common for [such articles to be embedded there], nevertheless, since it is common for them to be found [in the digestive system], even the fact that one is embedded on one side [of the gullet or other digestive organ] is not considered entirely problematic. [The reason is that despite a perforation] on one side [of the organ, an animal] is [deemed] kosher. [Although a thorn was found inside a digestive organ,] this organ has not been removed from the initial presumption that it is kosher. Therefore, we do not presume that the disqualifying factor in one part [of this organ] affected another [part of the organ], i.e., that the thorn moved and penetrated the second side [of the organ] and then returned [to its original position].
[The rationale for not making this presumption is that saying that the thorn] moved [and penetrated] the other side removes the organ from the initial presumption [that it is kosher] and [from the prevailing assumption that applies regarding] most living animals is that they are kosher and whole, rather than having organs which are perforated from one side to the other. On what basis would one remove this organ from the presumption [that applies regarding it] and the majority [of other animals]? The [mere] fact that a thorn was found on one side [of a digestive organ] is not sufficiently problematic to remove [the organ] from the assumption that applies regarding it, nor is it sufficiently problematic for [the animal] to be removed from the category [of most animals that are assumed to be kosher,] since all animals that pasture in outlying areas eat thorns and [an animal that has a thorn] in one side [of an organ] is kosher. Therefore, we are not concerned about the possibility that [the thorn moved and penetrated to the other side of the organ,] since this is not a common [occurrence] in most animals.
All this [does] not [apply] regarding the lung since [the needle] entered in a manner other than the way food is usually swallowed. Instead, it entered there because of [the body’s natural] power that draws things in [while inhaling]. Since the lung’s [status] was downgraded due to the entry of the needle, we are concerned that the needle also [was pushed] back and forth and perforated [the lungs’] membranes while it was in the bronchi [leading to the lungs] before it entered the flesh of the lungs (see Tosafos, [Chulin] 48b, s.v. dilma) and then retreated. This is the manner in which [the body naturally] draws in [substances while breathing]. Sometimes it draws in and sometimes it expels, as the animal desires, whether to draw in [when inhaling] or to expel through coughing. There is no specific limit to the [animal’s] power [to inhale objects] to the extent that it could be said that when [animals inhale, they] draw in [objects only] until the membrane [of the lung] but no further because the lungs of most animals are not perforated. Although a [similar] rationale was mentioned [previously in this note] regarding [the organs of] the digestive system, different [laws apply] regarding the lungs.
[The difference between the two instances is that the reason] the lungs of most animals are not perforated is that – unlike the digestive organs (regarding which there is concern that a thorn or needle may be swallowed) – [ordinarily] thorns and needles are not inhaled [and do not enter the lungs. True,] there is an equally balanced doubt [as to] whether or not the needle emerged from the bronchi and perforated the [lung’s] membranes and then retreated [and reentered the bronchi] before it entered the flesh of the lung. Nevertheless, we do not presume that the assumption [that the animal is] permitted remains unchanged [after] the status of the lung was downgraded because an entity that could have perforated its membrane was found within it. [The only exception to this general rule is if the needle or the thorn] was found in the large bronchia of the lungs [in the area] before it divides into smaller bronchi that reach the membranes. [The rationale for this exception is that] in this instance, [the status of] the lungs was not downgraded, as stated in sec. 36 below.265
How much more so [does the latter logic apply] if a needle is found emerging from the liver. Although the liver is positioned near the intestines, nevertheless, the status of the intestines is not downgraded because of the needle found in the liver. We do not postulate that a disqualifying factor found in one place affected another and say that perhaps [the intestines] were perforated, as will be stated in sec. 41 below.266
All the above applies according to Rabbeinu Asher and those who follow his approach, who accept the understanding of Ulla.264 This is the approach of the authorities who permit [an animal with a thorn lying in the gullet, as mentioned by Rama] in his notes. However, Rashba267 and those who follow his approach, did not rule according to Ulla and instead, were concerned that [the thorn] hivri, just as they are concerned regarding the possibility of a predator wounding an animal. [Rashba follows] Rabbeinu Yitzchak Alfasi’s interpretation of hivri, i.e., [the sharp object] penetrated to the outside and thus perforated [the gullet] from one side to the other. We do not suppose that [the wound in the gullet] healed. Accordingly, an examination will not be effective. Just as when a needle is found in the lungs [of an animal], we are not concerned [that it penetrated the lungs and then the wound healed. Instead in such] an instance, an examination is effective, as stated in [the Shulchan Aruch of Rav Yosef Caro (Yoreh Deah] sec. 36[:16). With regard to the gullet, these authorities] are concerned that [the thorn] penetrated to the outside and, therefore, an examination is required [and effective], according to the authority who maintains that an external examination is effective for a perforation in the gullet. Regarding the beis hakosos, all authorities agree268 that an examination is [effective, and that] it is sufficient [to render the beis hakosos kosher]. However, without an examination, [the animal] will not be considered kosher, even after the fact, as long as any entity is embedded in [the beis hakosos. The rationale is that, according to this view, an object] embedded in even [just] one side [of an organ is considered a potentially] disqualifying factor (as stated [by Rashba] in [his] Toras HaBayis HaAruch269 and in his gloss [to Chulin270] regarding an adhesion hanging [from the lungs]) according to our custom which does not follow Ulla’s understanding and instead, is concerned about the possibility that [the embedded object penetrated the organ and] emerged from [its opposite] side, and then retracted.271 [This resembles an instance where] there is concern regarding the possibility of [an animal] having been attacked by a predator. [In such an instance, the animal must be examined to determine whether the predator injected its poison into the animal.]269
Rashba272 interprets the statement of the beraisa273 that when a needle is found [embedded] in one side of the beis hakosos, [the animal] is kosher [to mean “kosher after an examination is made.” Although the beraisa does not mention the need for an examination, Rashba maintains] that this is the way [the Sages of the Talmud] taught. They would say that [an animal] is kosher [meaning] that it is [kosher only after] an examination is made.274 For this reason, an examination is necessary if a needle is found in the lungs [of an animal].275
Nevertheless, if a thorn pierces [an animal’s hide] and reaches its inner cavity or is found in its inner cavity, even Rashba would agree that this [would] not be considered [a potentially] disqualifying factor regarding [the animal’s] inner organs, were it not for the fact that for [the thorn] to perforate [the hide, it must penetrate] forcefully and with [great] pressure. [Therefore,] it is very likely that [the thorn also] perforated [the animal’s] inner organs. Thus, the doubts are not equally balanced, as stated above.276 Note what is stated below in sec. 41277 in the name of Rabbeinu Nissim, that there are authorities who differ with this approach according to our custom that does not follow the approach of Ulla.
The third approach is that of Rambam278 and the first interpretation offered by Rashi.279 [These authorities] maintain that a distinction can be made between a thorn lying in the gullet – in which instance, we are concerned that perhaps [there was a perforation] which healed and a scab formed because of the wound and therefore, an examination is not effective – and a needle discovered in a lung, in which instance, an examination is effective. We are not concerned that a scab formed over [a wound in the lung] because we maintain that the presumption that an animal that was slaughtered is permitted [continues to apply. This is so] even though [the presence of the needle] is considered a potentially disqualifying factor in a complete sense [to the extent that] Rambam280 requires an examination by inflating [the lung and assessing whether any air escapes], as stated in sec. 39 below.281
By contrast, Rambam282 and Rashi283 consider a thorn [found] in [an animal’s] gullet as a doubtful factor [causing the status of] the slaughter [to be in question. The rationale is that] they consider [an animal whose] gullet is perforated to be a nevei lah and [by definition, this is a condition that] cannot be rectified by ritual slaughter, as stated above.284 Ulla deems [an animal] kosher despite [the fact that] there is a thorn embedded in its gullet because he maintains that this is not considered a potentially disqualifying factor, as stated in the Gemara.263 Since [according to Ulla,] a potentially disqualifying factor is not present, there is nothing that causes the status of the slaughter to be in doubt. [The rationale is that] the fact that most animals are kosher outweighs the fact that while it is alive, the presumed state of the animal is that it is forbidden, as stated in sec. 24 above.285
However, our [practice] is to be concerned about [the status of an animal when] there is a doubt [as to] whether [or not] it was attacked by a predator. Thus, it may be said that a situation [where a needle is lodged in the gullet] is considered a potentially disqualifying factor because it is similar to a doubt [regarding] whether [an animal] was attacked by a predator, as mentioned previously [in this note] according to Rabbeinu Asher’s approach. Hence, a situation [where a needle is lodged in the gullet] is considered a factor that causes the status of the slaughter to be in doubt. We are concerned that perhaps [the wound] healed and became healthy [in which instance], an examination is not effective. For this reason, Rashi interprets Ulla’s statement as [applying] when no trace of blood is found inside [the gullet. The rationale is that Rashi] interprets Ulla’s statement that [a thorn in the gullet] is not considered a potentially disqualifying factor because all animals that pasture in outlying areas eat thorns [as applying] even though [the thorn] is lodged in the gullet. [However, Rashi maintains that Ulla’s statement applies] only when the inner membrane [of the gullet] is not perforated from side to side, but rather [the thorn] is lightly attached to it. Therefore, it is not considered a potentially disqualifying factor.
[This can be understood from the words] Ulla used, [“a thorn] lying.” He did not say, “[a thorn] found on one side [of the gullet],” as [the Talmud286 later] states regarding [a needle] embedded in the beis hakosos. [The rationale is that, according to Rashi’s interpretation of Ulla’s statement, an animal] is not kosher if the thorn perforates the entire [inner] membrane [of the gullet]. It is only [kosher] if [the thorn] is lodged in a very slight portion of the inner side of the inner membrane, to the extent that a drop of blood did not emerge. However, if a drop of blood [did] emerge, this is considered a potentially disqualifying factor even according to Ulla, as the Gemara states,287 “If there is no wound, from where did the drop of blood emerge?”, as will be stated in sec. 48, below.288
Since [a thorn that is firmly embedded in the gullet to the point where blood emerged] is considered a wound, it is [also] considered a potentially disqualifying factor, and from the time [the thorn becomes embedded in the gullet] onward, [the animal] is not considered like all other animals that pasture in outlying areas and do not have traces of blood or wounds. For the same reason, we are not concerned about the possibility of an animal having been attacked by a predator if there is no visible trace of redness on it. It would not be appropriate for Ulla to deem [an animal] in this state, [i.e., with visible evidence of a wound,] as kosher.
Even if one would assume that [Ulla] is not at all concerned about the possibility that [a wound] healed and [the animal] was restored to health, nevertheless, since there is a potentially disqualifying factor – i.e., the trace of blood – there are grounds for concern that [the gullet] is still perforated, because an examination of the external [membrane of] the gullet is not effective. Moreover, even an examination of the inner membrane is effective only when checking for a drop of blood according to Rashi283 and Rambam.289 A visual or tactile examination [of the gullet] after removing the blood is not [effective], as stated above.290
However, if there is no drop of blood [on the] inner [membrane], there are no grounds for concern that the membrane is still perforated even according to our custom which does not follow Ulla’s [approach].We rule according to Rashi and Rambam, who maintain that the only [effective] examination of the gullet [involves searching for] a drop of blood. [Nevertheless,] if there is no drop of blood, it is known that [the gullet] was not perforated.
However, according to our custom, there are [still] grounds for concern that [there was a wound which] had healed and became healthy, and the blood was washed away, as will be stated below. [This is based on the logic] we follow regarding the ruling [mandating that we] show concern regarding the possibility of [an animal] having been attacked by a predator. For the fact that a predatory animal was found together with an animal in one corral or one courtyard that was [enclosed] in a manner thatwould prevent [the animal] from fleeing from [the predator] is considered a potentially disqualifying factor, as will be stated in sec. 57.291 [This ruling applies] even if we were not able to visually detect any mark [of an attack. Nevertheless,] we assume that a disqualifying factor found in one place affects another, and [perhaps the predator] attacked [the animal] and then retreated.
Accordingly, the same laws should apply regarding a thorn lodged in the gullet. The fact that the thorn becomes lodged in the gullet even slightly is considered a potentially disqualifying factor even if there is no blood. [Therefore,] we assume that a disqualifying factor found in one place affected another [and perhaps the outer membrane was also perforated, thus, disqualifying the animal.] Consequently, [the logic can be explained as follows:] Since there is a potentially disqualifying factor – we see that a thorn is embedded [in the animal’s gullet], and that is a factor that raises doubt as to whether the slaughter [is valid]292 – there are also grounds for concern that perhaps [the membrane] had been perforated several days previously, [the wound] healed, and the blood washed away. [Therefore, the animal is disqualified even if there is no trace of blood.] This situation does not resemble a lung in which a needle is found. In such an instance, there is doubt as to whether [the animal] is tereifah.293 Therefore, we are not concerned in that instance about the possibility that [there was a wound] which healed, making [the animal] healthy.294
True, [an animal] that was attacked by a predator is also [disqualified as] a tereifah and not as a neveilah. Nevertheless, [if] a predatory animal [was found together with another animal, we are concerned about] the possibility of [the second animal] having been attacked. [The rationale is that] since [the disqualification of an animal] attacked by a predator is specifically mentioned in the Torah,295 [it is subject to stricter laws,] as will be explained in sec. 57, below.296 For this reason, according to Rambam,297 the Sages of the Talmud ruled more stringently regarding doubt involving [an animal that might have been attacked by a predator] than [they ruled in] other situations where we are in doubt [as to] whether [or not] an animal is tereifah. [In those instances, they took a more lenient stance regarding the doubtful status of an animal.] For that reason, if a needle is found in the beis hakosos, the fact that the needle was lodged in one side of the beis hakosos is not considered a potentially disqualifying factor. It does not resemble a situation where there is doubt [regarding] whether [an animal] might have been attacked by a predator. According to Rambam,298 the law is that [an animal with a needle lodged in one side of the beis hakosos] does not even require an examination. [Such an animal] does not resemble [an animal with a needle found in] the lung, as stated above, according to Rabbeinu Asher.299
The fourth approach is that of Tosafos,300 who maintain that a perforated gullet causes [an animal] to be deemed only tereifah [and not a neveilah]. Even so, according to our practice, which is not to follow Ulla’s ruling,301 we are concerned [that a thorn found in an animal’s gullet may have perforated the membranes of the gullet, and then] hivri, i.e., it healed. [The rationale is that since an animal] eats and calls with its gullet [and therefore, the gullet] expands and contracts,302 it is very common for the thorn [that was lodged in the gullet] to retreat [and to be dislodged from the outer membrane. The rationale is that this occurred] because of the ongoing movement of the membranes of the gullet during [the animal’s] lifetime. After [the thorn] retreated, the perforation could form a scab and become closed. This is a very common phenomenon. For this reason, we are concerned that [a thorn lodged in an animal’s gullet]. Even though [the thorn] is not a potentially disqualifying factor in the full sense, it is a potentially disqualifying factor to a certain extent, similar to a doubt that [an animal] was attacked by a predator. Since it is [very] likely that such a matter will lead to a prohibition, we are concerned about it even though it is not a potentially disqualifying factor in the full sense, as stated above303 in the name of Tosafos. Such concern is not shown regarding [a thorn or needle lodged in] the beis hakosos [since] [the beis hakosos] is stationary during the animal’s lifetime, and it is not at all common for the tip of a thorn or a needle to retreat backwards on its own. On the contrary, [the presence of] large amounts of food and drink would push [the thorn or the needle] from the inside outward to the outer side [of the beis hakosos]. And as long as the tip of the thorn or the needle did not retreat, a scab could not form over the perforation and close it, for the thorn or the needle would prevent the scab from forming (Hagahos Smak).
The same [applies] regarding a lung. Although [a lung] is not stationary like a beis hakosos, nevertheless, it does not expand and contract [as much as] the gullet [does]. Therefore, an examination is effective for it; we are not concerned that perhaps a scab formed and closed the perforation. However, were it not for this rationale – that maybe the perforation healed and became healthy again – according to the approach of Tosafos, there would be no reason to forbid [an animal] if a thorn became embedded in the gullet due to concern that perhaps the external [membrane] was also perforated and an examination of the external [membrane of the gullet] is not effective. [The rationale is that] Tosafos305 maintain that fundamentally [the halachah follows] the interpretation of Riva, that an examination is effective for the external membrane of the gullet.306
These are all the holy words [of the Alter Rebbe] that were found.307
(כג) לְאָרְכּוֹ. שֶׁל וֵשֶׁט אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ לְרָחְבּוֹ אֶלָּא שֶׁיָּדוּעַ בְּוַדַּאי שֶׁאֵינוֹ תָּחוּב בּוֹ כְּלָל רַק שֶׁנִּדְחַק בֵּין דָּפְנֵי הַוֵּשֶׁט אֲבָל אִם אֵין יָדוּעַ בְּוַדַּאי אָמְרִינָן דְּמִסְתָּמָא הָיָה תָּחוּב בּוֹ מֵאַחַר שֶׁנִּמְצָא לְרָחְבּוֹ (שַׁ"ךְרסא).
וּבִגְמָרָארסב אָמַר עוּלָא יָשַׁב לָהּ קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא. וּפֵרֵשׁ רַשִׁ"י יָשַׁב לָהּ קוֹץ כְּגוֹן שֶׁאָכְלָה קוֹץ וְנִתְחַב לְתוֹךְ הַוֵּשֶׁט וְאֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה נְקוּבָתוֹ מִבַּחוּץ וְקֹרֶט דָּם אֵין בּוֹ בִּפְנִים אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב הָיָה וְנִתְרַפֵּא וְהָוֵי קְרוּם שֶׁעָלָה מֵחֲמַת מַכָּה בַּוֵּשֶׁט וְאֵינוֹ קְרוּם וַאֲנִי שָׁמַעְתִּי דְּהִבְרִיא לְשׁוֹן נִקֵּב כְּמוֹ וּבָרֵא אוֹתָם בְּחַרְבוֹתָם בִּיחֶזְקֵאלרסג עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹנוֹ. וְדַעַת הָרַמְבַּ"םרסד כְּפֵרוּשׁ א'. וְדַעַת הָרִי"ףרסה כְּפֵרוּשׁ ב' וּלְשׁוֹן הִבְרִיא פֵּרֵשׁ הָרִי"ף נְפַק לְבָרָא. וּפָרִיךְ בִּגְמָרָא לְעוּלָא מַאי שְׁנָא מִסְּפֵק דְּרוּסָה.רסו וּפֵרֵשׁ רַשִׁ"י דְּמִשּׁוּם דְּעָל אַרְיֵה בֵּינֵיהֶם אָמְרִינָן שֶׁמָּא דָּרַס וּמַצְרְכִינָן לְהוּ בְּדִיקָה וְהָכָא לֹא אֶפְשָׁר לְמִבְדְּקָהּ דְּנֶקֶב מַשֶּׁהוּ בְּעוֹר חִיצוֹן שֶׁל וֵשֶׁט לֹא מִנְכָּררסז (הַיְנוּ לְפֵרוּשׁ ב' דִּלְעֵילרסח). וְכָתַב הָרֹא"שׁרסט וּלְמַאי דִּפְרִישִׁית לְעֵילרע כְּפֵרוּשׁ רִיבָ"א דְּנֶקֶב מִנְכָּר בֵּיהּ פָּרִיךְ הָכִי מַאי שְׁנָא מִסְּפֵק דְּרוּסָה דְּמַצְרְכִינָן בְּדִיקָה וְהָכָא קָאָמַר עוּלָא אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין דְּמַשְׁמַע דַּאֲפִלּוּ בְּדִיקָה לֹא בָּעֵי. וּמְשַׁנֵּי בִּגְמָרָא קָסָבַר עוּלָא אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה. יָתִיב הַהוּא מֵרַבָּנָן קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב כַּהֲנָא וְאָמַר נִמְצֵאת אִתְּמַר (בְּלֹא תְּחִיבָה) אֲבָל יָשַׁב חַיְשִׁינָן אָמַר לְהוּ רַב כַּהֲנָא לֹא תְצִיתוּ לֵיהּ יָשַׁב אִתְּמַר אֲבָל נִמְצֵאת לֹא אִצְטְרִיךְ לְאַשְׁמוֹעִינָן דְּכוּלְהוּ חֵיוֵי בַּרְיָתָא (הָרוֹעוֹת בָּאֲפָר וּבַיְּעָרִים) קוֹצֵי אָכְלָן. עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹן הַגְּמָרָא.
וְכָתְבוּ הַתּוֹסְפוֹתרעא הָא דְּפֵרֵשׁ רַשִׁ"י וְקֹרֶט דָּם אֵין בּוֹ בִּפְנִים נִרְאֶה דְּאֵין לָחוּשׁ אֲפִלּוּ יֵשׁ מִבִּפְנִים אִם אֵין מִבַּחוּץ כֵּיוָן דְּלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא. וְכָתְבוּ עוֹד הַתּוֹסְפוֹתרעב לְקַמָּןרעג פָּסְקִינָן הִלְכְתָא דְּחוֹשְׁשִׁין
לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה וְאִם כֵּן יָשַׁב לָהּ קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט נַמִי חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא. וְאִם תֹּאמַר וְאַמַּאי חוֹשְׁשִׁין נֵימָא נִשְׁחֲטָה בְּחֶזְקַת הֶתֵּר עוֹמֶדֶתעדר וְאַף שֶׁנּוֹלַד הַסָּפֵק מֵחַיִּים שֶׁהָיְתָה בְּחֶזְקַת אִסּוּר אֲפִלּוּ הָכִי עַכְשָׁו שֶׁנִּשְׁחֲטָה יֵשׁ לְהַעֲמִידָהּ בְּחֶזְקַת הֶתֵּר כִּדְמוּכָח בְּפֶרֶק ב' דִּיבָמוֹת.ערה וְיֵשׁ לוֹמַר דְּשַׁאֲנֵי דְּרוּסָה דִּשְׁכִיחָא. וּבִיבָמוֹת שָׁםרעו פֵּרְשׁוּ הַתּוֹסְפוֹת יוֹתֵר דְּהָא דְּחַיְשִׁינָן לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה מִשּׁוּם דִּשְׁכִיחָא וּמוּכְחָא מִלְּתָא לְאִסּוּרָא טְפֵי מִדִּלְהֶתֵּירָא וְכֵן הַהִיא דְּיָשַׁב לָהּ קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט דְּחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא לְמַאן דְּחָיֵשׁ לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹנוֹ. וְהָרֹא"שׁרעז כָּתַב לְקַמָּן פָּסְקִינָן דְּחוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה הִלְכָּךְ פָּסַק הָרִי"ף דְּאִם יָשַׁב לָהּ קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא. וְרַאֲבַ"ןרעח זְקֵנִי פָּסַק כְּעוּלָא וְהֵבִיא רְאָיָה מִמַּחַט שֶׁנִּמְצָא בְּעֹבִי בֵּית הַכּוֹסוֹת מִצַּד אֶחָד כְּשֵׁרָהרעט וְלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא. וְהָא דְּחַיְשִׁינָן לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה מִשּׁוּם דְּרַגְלַיִם לַדָּבָר וְגַם שְׁכִיחָא וּמִשּׁוּם הָכִי מַפְּקִינָן לָהּ מֵחֶזְקַת הֶתֵּר כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַב הַתּוֹסְפוֹת.רפ וְהַגְּמָרָא דְּקָאָמַר קָסָבַר עוּלָא אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה לֹא חָשַׁשׁ לְהַאֲרִיךְ וּלְחַלֵּק כְּמוֹ שֶׁחִלַּקְתִּי. וְאֶפְשָׁר דְּהָרִי"ף הָיָה מְחַלֵּק מִשּׁוּם דְּעֹבִי בֵּית הַכּוֹסוֹת הוּא עָב לֹא חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא. וּמִסְתַּבְּרָא כְּדִבְרֵי הָרַאֲבַ"ן דְּמִשּׁוּם עֹבִי כָּל דְּהוּ אֵין לְחַלֵּק עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹן הָרֹא"שׁ. וְגַבֵּי מַחַט שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת בְּעֹבִי בֵּית הַכּוֹסוֹת כָּתַב הָרֹא"שׁרפא פֵּרֵשׁ רַשִׁ"ירפב דִּבְהַמֶּסֶס אֲפִלּוּ מִצַּד אֶחָד טְרֵפָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁדָּפְנוֹ דַּק וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם תִּמְצֵי לוֹמַר שֶׁאֵין סְבָרָא לוֹמַר טְרֵפָה הוֹאִיל וְלֹא נִקַּב אֶלָּא חֲצִי הָעוֹר מָצִינוּ לְמֵימַר דְּחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב כֻּלּוֹ וְהִבְרִיא כִּדְחַיְשִׁינָן
בְּיָשַׁב לָהּ קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט לְמַאן דְּחָיֵשׁ לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה. וְאֵין נִרְאֶה לְרַבֵּנוּ תַּםרפג לְהַטְרִיף בַּחֲצִי הָעוֹר שֶׁל הַמֶּסֶס דְּלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא אֶלָּא בַּוֵּשֶׁט דְּפָעֲיָא בֵּיהּ וְגָמְדָא לֵיהּ וּפְעָמִים שֶׁחָזַר הַמַּחַט לְתוֹךְ הַוֵּשֶׁט אֲבָל בְּהַמֶּסֶס אִם הִבְרִיא לֹא הָיָה הַמַּחַט חוֹזֵר לְתוֹכוֹ עַד כַּאן לְשׁוֹנוֹ.
וְרוֹצֶה לוֹמַר אִם הִבְרִיא וְעָלָה קְרוּם מֵחֲמַת מַכָּה הָיָה רֹאשׁ הַמַּחַט יוֹצֵא עֲדַיִן לַחוּץ לְצַד הַב' כְּשֶׁהָיָה וְהַקְּרוּם עָגֹל מִלְמַעְלָה וְלֹא הָיָה חוֹזֵר לְתוֹכוֹ לְפִי שֶׁעֲלִיַּת קְרוּם מֵחֲמַת מַכָּה הִיא מִשּׁוּם שֶׁהַמַּכָּה מְשַׁלַּחַת רִירִין וְנִדְבָּקִין צְדָדֵי הַנֶּקֶב בְּרִירִין הַיּוֹצְאִין מֵהֶם וְנַעֲשִׂים קְרוּם וְהַקְּרוּם מְחַבֵּר וּמְדַבֵּק צְדָדֵי הַנֶּקֶב זֶה לְזֶה וְאִם הָיָה רֹאשׁ הַמַּחַט שָׁם הָיוּ הָרִירִים נִסְרָכִים וְנִסְבָּכִים גַּם סְבִיב רֹאשׁ הַמַּחַט וְהָיָה רֹאשׁ הַמַּחַט נִדְחָק מְאֹד בִּצְדָדֵי הַנֶּקֶב הַמִּתְחַבְּרִים וּמִתְדַּבְּקִים יַחַד זֶה לְזֶה עַל יְדֵי הָרִירִים וְהַקְּרוּם שֶׁעַל גַּבּוֹ מִלְמַעְלָה וְעַל יְדֵי זֶה לֹא הָיָה חוֹזֵר רֹאשׁ הַמַּחַט לְתוֹךְ צַד הַפְּנִימִי דְּהַמֶּסֶס כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּמְצָא עַכְשָׁו אֶלָּא הָיָה נִרְאֶה וְנִכָּר מִצַּד הַב' וְהַקְּרוּם עַל גַּבָּיו מִלְמַעְלָה (וְהַיְנוּ הֻגְלַד פִּי הַמַּכָּה שֶׁבְּבָרַיְתָא דַּף נ"א) וּבִבְדִיקָה זוֹ מִצַּד הַשֵּׁנִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִרְאֶה וְנִכָּר שָׁם כְּלָל סַגִּי לֵיהּ וְאַמַּאי כָּתַב רַשִׁ"י דִּבְהַמֶּסֶס אֲפִלּוּ מִצַּד אֶחָד טְרֵפָה וְלֹא סַגִּי בִּבְדִיקָה. וְלֹא דָמֵי לַוֵּשֶׁט דְּחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא וְלֹא סַגִּי בִּבְדִיקָה (אֲפִלּוּ לְמַאן דְּאָמַר דְּוֵשֶׁט יֵשׁ לוֹ בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ אֵצֶל נֶקֶב) מִשּׁוּם דְּוֵשֶׁט גָּמְדָא לֵיהּ וְעַל יְדֵי זֶה חוֹזֵר רֹאשׁ הַמַּחַט לְתוֹךְ צַד פְּנִימִי וְאַחַר כָּךְ עָלָה קְרוּם בַּחִיצוֹן וְנִסְתְּמוּ בּוֹ צְדָדֵי הַנֶּקֶב מִשּׁוּם הָכִי לֹא מִנְכָּר הַקְּרוּם מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּהַמֶּסֶס דְּמֵינַח נַיָּח וְכִדְקָאֵי קָאֵי רֹאשׁ הַמַּחַט בְּחַיֵּי הַבְּהֵמָה עַד שֶׁהָיָה נִסְרָךְ וְנִדְבָּק בִּצְדָדֵי הַנֶּקֶב כְּשֶׁהִבְרִיא וְהָיָה נִכָּר וְנִרְאֶה מִצַּד הַב' וְהַקְּרוּם עַל גַּבָּיו מִלְמַעְלָה.
וְחִלּוּק זֶה כָּתַב הָרֹא"שׁרפד לִסְתּוֹר דַּעַת רַשִׁ"י דִּסְבִירָא לֵיהּ דִּבְהַמֶּסֶס טְרֵפָה מִצַּד אֶחָד מִשּׁוּם שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא וְנִתְרַפֵּא כְּמוֹ בַּוֵּשֶׁט לְפֵרוּשׁ א' דְּרַשִׁ"י דִּלְעֵיל. אֲבָל הָרֹא"שׁ גּוּפֵיהּ סְבִירָא לֵיהּ (עַיֵּן שָׁם פֶּרֶק אֵלּוּ טְרֵפוֹת סִימָן מ"ב) כְּפֵרוּשׁ ב' דְּרַשִׁ"י דִּלְעֵיל וּכְפֵרוּשׁ הָרִי"ף דְּהִבְרִיא דְּקָאָמַר עוּלָא הַיְנוּ נִקַּב וּנְפַק לְבָרָא. וּכְמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל בְּשֵׁם הָרֹא"שׁ דִּלְעוּלָא אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב צַד הַחִיצוֹן כְּלָל וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּדִיקָה לֹא בְּעִינָן מִצַּד הַב' (וְכֵן כָּתַב הָרַשְׁבָּ"ארפה לְעוּלָא). וּמִשּׁוּם הָכִי כָּתַב הָרֹא"שׁ דְּמִסְתַּבְּרָא כְּהָרַאֲבַ"ן דְּאֵין לְחַלֵּק בֵּין וֵשֶׁט לְבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת דְּמִצַּד אֶחָד כְּשֵׁרָה. וּמַשְׁמַע לְהוּ לְהָרַאֲבַ"ן וְהָרֹא"שׁ דִּכְשֵׁרָה סְתָם מַשְׁמַע בְּלֹא בְּדִיקָה וְאִם כֵּן הוּא הַדִּין לַוֵּשֶׁט. דְּאִי חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא וְנִקַּב צַד הַחִיצוֹן בַּוֵּשֶׁט וְצָרִיךְ בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ (לְפִי דַּעַת הָרֹא"שׁ דִּסְבִירָא לֵיהּ כְּהָרִיבָ"א דְּיֵשׁ לַוֵּשֶׁט בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ לְעִנְיַן נֶקֶב) וְאִי לֹא בָּדִיק טְרֵפָה מִשּׁוּם דְּיָשַׁב קוֹץ וְנִתְחַב מִצַּד אֶחָד מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא לְאַגְרוּעֵי חֶזְקַת הֶתֵּר דִּבְהֵמָה מִשֶּׁנִּשְׁחֲטָה דְּלֹא כְּעוּלָא אִם כֵּן גַּם בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת לִבָּעֵי בְּדִיקָה מִצַּד הַב' וְאִי לֹא בָּדִיק טְרֵפָה כְּמוֹ בַּוֵּשֶׁט. דְּהָרֹא"שׁ לְשִׁיטָתוֹ דִּסְבִירָא לֵיהּ דְּגַם נְקוּבַת הַוֵּשֶׁט אֵינָהּ אֶלָּא טְרֵפָה וְלֹא נְבֵלָה וְלֹא הָוֵי סָפֵק בִּשְׁחִיטָה כְּלָלרפו כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל סִימָן כ"ו.רפז וְאַף עַל גַּב דְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת מֵינַח נַיָּח וְכִדְקָאֵי קָאֵי רֹאשׁ הַמַּחַטרפח הַיְנוּ בְּחַיֵּי הַבְּהֵמָהרפט אֲבָל אַחַר שְׁחִיטָה דְּמִשְׁמְשׁוּ בּוֹ יָדַיִם בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת בְּהוֹצָאָתוֹ וּפְתִיחָתוֹ פְּשִׁיטָא דְּאִיכָּא לְמֵיחַשׁ פֶּן חָזַר רֹאשׁ הַמַּחַט לְתוֹכוֹ קְצָת עַל יְדֵי הַנַּעֲנוּעַ וּמִשְׁמוּשׁ יָדַיִם כְּמוֹ בַּוֵּשֶׁט מֵאַחַר שֶׁהַנֶּקֶב פָּתוּחַ וְלֹא נִסְרְכוּ וְנִדְבְּקוּ צְדָדִים זֶה לָזֶה (דְּהָא לֹא חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִתְרַפֵּא לְפִי דַּעַת הָרֹא"שׁ דִּסְבִירָא לֵיהּ כְּפֵרוּשׁ ב' דְּרַשִׁ"י. וְגַם אִי הֲוָה חַיְשִׁינָן אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא חֲשָׁשָׁא וְלֹא וַדַּאי וְלֹא מְהַנְיָא לְהָקֵל אֶלָּא לְהַחֲמִיר). אֶלָּא וַדַּאי מִדְּתַנְיָא בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת מִצַּד אֶחָד כְּשֵׁרָה סְתָם בְּלֹא בְּדִיקָה מִכְּלָל דְּקַיְמָא לָן כְּעוּלָא דְּמִצַּד אֶחָד לֹא מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא לְאוֹרוּעֵי חֶזְקַת הֶתֵּר דִּבְהֵמָה. מִשּׁוּם דְּכֵיוָן שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת הַמַּחַט אוֹ הַקּוֹץ תְּחוּבִים מִצַּד אֶחָד לְבָד אָזְלִינָן בָּתַר שְׁעַת מְצִיאָתוֹ וְאַחְזוּקֵי רֵעוּתָארצ לֹא מַחְזְקִינָן מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹםרצא לוֹמַר שֶׁנִּקְּבוּ לַחוּץ וְחָזְרוּ לְתוֹכוֹ. וְלֹא דָמֵי לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה דְּלֹא אָזְלִינָן בָּתַר שְׁעַת מְצִיאָתוֹ שֶׁנִּמְצָא הָאַרְיֵה עוֹמֵד לְבַדּוֹ בִּמְקוֹמוֹ וְאֵינוֹ נוֹגֵעַ בַּבְּהֵמָהרצב וְלֵיכָּא שׁוּם רֵעוּתָא בַּבְּהֵמָה וַאֲפִלּוּ הָכִי מַחְזְקִינָן רֵעוּתָא מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם לוֹמַר שֶׁדָּרַס תְּחִלָּה וְחָזַר לִמְקוֹמוֹ לְדִידַן דְּקַיְמָא לָן חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה. הַיְנוּ מִשּׁוּם דִּדְרוּסָה שְׁכִיחָא דְּהַיְנוּ כְּשֶׁנִּכְנַס הַדּוֹרֵס לִמְקוֹם הַנִּדְרָסִים שְׁכִיחַ טְפֵי דְּדָרַס כְּדַרְכּוֹ וְטִבְעוֹ וְלֹא הָוֵי סָפֵק שָׁקוּל אֲבָל בְּמַחַט וְקוֹץ לֹא שְׁכִיחַ כָּל כָּךְ שֶׁיְּנַקְּבוּ לַחוּץ וְיַחְזְרוּ לְתוֹכוֹ. דְּאַף עַל גַּב שֶׁיָּכוֹל לִהְיוֹת שֶׁחָזְרוּ לְתוֹכוֹ עַל יְדֵי מִשְׁמוּשׁ יָדַיִם בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת וּבַוֵּשֶׁט דְּגָמְדָא וּפָשְׁטָא לֵיהּ מִכָּל מָקוֹם לֹא מוּכְחָא מִלְּתָא לְאִסּוּרָא כֵּיוָן שֶׁלְּמַרְאִית עֵינֵינוּ נִמְצָא תָּחוּב מִצַּד אֶחָד לְבַדּוֹ מִשּׁוּם הָכִי לֹא מַחְזְקִינָן רֵעוּתָא מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם וּבְסָפֵק שָׁקוּל כְּהַאי גַּוְנָא מוֹקְמִינָן אַחֶזְקַת הֶתֵּר דִּבְהֵמָה מִשֶּׁנִּשְׁחֲטָה. וְדַוְקָא בִּכְהַאי גַּוְנָא אֵין מַחֲזִיקִין רֵעוּתָא מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם אֲבָל בְּנִמְצָא נֶקֶב בְּלֹא קוֹץ מִצַּד אֶחָד מַחְזְקִינָן רֵעוּתָא גַּם לְצַד הַב' וְאִתְרְעִי הַחֲזָקָה.רצג זֶהוּ בֵּאוּר דַּעַת הָרֹא"שׁ וְסִיעָתוֹ עַל פִּי שִׁיטַת הַתּוֹסְפוֹת בִּיבָמוֹת דִּלְעֵיל.
וְהָא דִלְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"ארצד גַּבֵּי קוֹץ שֶׁנִּמְצָא תָּחוּב בַּדֹּפֶן עַד לֶחָלָל דְּמַחְזְקִינָן רֵעוּתָא מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם לוֹמַר שֶׁמָּא נִקְּבוּ אֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ תָּחוּב בָּהֶם כְּלָל. דְּאָמְרִינָן שֶׁעַל יְדֵי נַעֲנוּעַ אֵיבְרֵי הַבְּהֵמָה בְּחַיֶּיהָ אוֹ אַחַר שְׁחִיטָה נִתְרַחֲקוּ קְצָת מֵהַדֹּפֶן לְתוֹךְ הֶחָלָל וְנִשְׁמַט מֵהֶם הַקּוֹץ אַחַר שֶׁנִּקַּב בָּהֶם כְּשֶׁנִּסְמְכוּ לַדֹּפֶן וְלַקּוֹץ. וְכֵן אִם נִמְצָא קוֹץ מֻנָּח בְּתוֹךְ הֶחָלָל אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ תָּחוּב בָּאֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים מַחֲזִיקִין רֵעוּתָא מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם לוֹמַר שֶׁמָּא נִתְחַב תְּחִלָּה בְּאֶחָד מֵאֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים שֶׁנְּקוּבָתָם בְּמַשֶּׁהוּ וְחָזַר לַאֲחוֹרָיו וְנִשְׁמְטוּ מִמֶּנּוּ עַל יְדֵי נַעֲנוּעַ אֵיבְרֵי הַבְּהֵמָה בְּחַיֶּיהָ (עַיֵּן תְּבוּאוֹת שׁוֹר סִימָן נ"ארצה) אוֹ אַחַר שְׁחִיטָה כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"א. הַיְנוּ מִשּׁוּם דְּהָתָם נַמִי אֵינוֹ סָפֵק שָׁקוּל דִּשְׁכִיחָא וּמוּכָח מִלְּתָא לְאִסּוּרָא טוּבָא וּטְפֵי אֲפִלּוּ מִסְּפֵק דְּרוּסָה מִשּׁוּם דְּכֵיוָן שֶׁהַקּוֹץ נוֹקֵב הַדֹּפֶן בְּכֹחַ מִבַּחוּץ וְנִכְנַס מִדֹּחַק קָרוֹב הַדָּבָר מְאֹד שֶׁנִּקַּב בָּאֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים הַסְּמוּכִים לַדֹּפֶן. וְגַם בְּנִמְצָא מֻנָּח בֶּחָלָל מִכָּל מָקוֹם בִּכְנִיסָתוֹ לֶחָלָל עַל יְדֵי שֶׁנִּקַּב הַדֹּפֶן בְּכֹחַ וְנִכְנַס מִדֹּחַק קָרוֹב מְאֹד הַדָּבָר שֶׁפָּגַע וְנָגַע וְנִקַּב בְּאֶחָד מֵאֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים הַסְּמוּכִים לַדֹּפֶן עִם כְּנִיסָתוֹ בְּכֹחַ וְדֹחַק (רַשְׁבָּ"א בְּתוֹרַת הַבַּיִת הַקָּצָררצו וּבְחִדּוּשָׁיו דַּף מ"ח ע"ברצז). וְכֵן הַהִיא דִּנְשָׁכַתָּה חֻלְדָּה בְּרֹאשָׁהּ אוֹ שֶׁנִּגְּ[פָ]ה בְּעֵץ וְאֶבֶן דִּלְעֵיל סִימָן [ל]רחצ לַדֹּפֶן בְּכֹחַ וּבְדֹחַק. מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּקוֹץ וּמַחַט הַנִּמְצָאִים בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת אוֹ בַּוֵּשֶׁט בְּנַחַת (רַ"ןרצט רַשְׁבָּ"אש גַּבֵּי חֲתִיכָה דְּכַבְדָּא וְכֵן דַּעַת הָרֹא"שׁ שָׁםשא עַיֵּין שָׁם הֵיטֵב).
וְהָא דְּמַחְזְקִינָן רֵעוּתָא מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם גַּבֵּי מַחַט שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת בָּרֵיאָה לְקַמָּן סוֹף סִימָן ל"ושב דִּבְעִינָן בְּדִיקָה לֵידַע אִם הִיא שְׁלֵמָה וְאִם לֹא בָדַק אֲסוּרָה אַף שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת בְּתוֹךְ בְּשַׂר הָרֵיאָה וְלֹא סָמוּךְ לִקְרוּמָהּ כְּלָל דְּחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִקְּבָה הַקְּרוּם וְחָזְרָה לַאֲחוֹרֶיהָ כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁם בְּשֵׁם הָרֹא"שׁשג וְרַ"ן.דש הַיְנוּ מִשּׁוּם דְּהָתָם מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא דְּאִתְרְעַאי רֵיאָה בְּמַה שֶּׁנִּמְצָא בָּהּ מַחַט שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵין דֶּרֶךְ הַנִּבְלָעִים לִכָּנֵס בָּרֵיאָה כְּלָל. מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּקוֹץ וּמַחַט שֶׁבְּלָעָתַן הַבְּהֵמָה בַּאֲכִילָתָהּ וְנִמְצְאוּ בַּוֵּשֶׁט אוֹ בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָהֶם מֵאֵבְרֵי הַמָּזוֹן שֶׁהוּא דֶּרֶךְ כָּל הַנִּבְלָעִים לְהִמָּצֵא שָׁם וְלֹא מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא כְּלָל דְּהָא כָּל חֵיוֵי בַּרְיָתָא קוֹצֵי אָכְלָן כִּדְאָמַר רַב כַּהֲנָאשה דְּהָא לֹא אִצְטְרִיךְ לֵיהּ לְעוּלָא לְאַשְׁמוֹעִינָן. הִלְכָּךְ גַּם כְּשֶׁנִּמְצְאוּ תְּחוּבִים סְבִירָא לֵיהּ לְעוּלָא דְּהָא נַמִי לֹא מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא כִּדְאִיתָא בִּגְמָרָא בְּהֶדְיָא מִשּׁוּם דְּהָא נַמִי אוּרְחָא לִפְעָמִים בְּחֵיוֵי בַּרְיָתָא דְּאָכְלָן קוֹצֵי תָּמִיד וְלִפְעָמִים יִקְרֶה בָּהֶן שֶׁיָּשַׁב הַקּוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט אוֹ בִּשְׁאָר אֵיבְרֵי הַמָּזוֹן. וְגַם אִם אֵין רְגִילוּת לְהִמָּצֵא כֵּן מִכָּל מָקוֹם כֵּיוָן שֶׁרְגִילוּת הוּא תָּמִיד לִהְיוֹת שָׁם קוֹצִין לֹא מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא גְמוּרָה גַּם אִם נִתְחַב מִצַּד אֶחָד כֵּיוָן שֶׁמִּצַּד אֶחָד כְּשֵׁרָה וְלֹא יָצָא בְּזֶה עֲדַיִן אֵבֶר זֶה מֵחֶזְקַת כַּשְׁרוּת הָרִאשׁוֹנָה מִשּׁוּם הָכִי לֹא מַחְזְקִינָן בְּאֵבֶר זֶה רֵעוּתָא מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם לוֹמַר שֶׁמָּא הָלַךְ הַקּוֹץ וְיָצָא לַחוּץ לְצַד הַב' וְחָזַר לַאֲחוֹרָיו. שֶׁהֲרֵי בְּהִלּוּךְ זֶה שֶׁל צַד הַב' אַתָּה מוֹצִיא אֵבֶר זֶה מֵחֶזְקָתוֹ הָרִאשׁוֹנָה וּמֵרֹב בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים שֶׁהֵם כְּשֵׁרִים וּשְׁלֵמִים שֶׁאֵינָן נְקוּבִים מֵעֵבֶר לְעֵבֶר בְּאֵבֶר זֶה וּמֵהֵיכָא תֵּיתֵי לְהוֹצִיא אֵבֶר זֶה מֵחֲזָקָה וְרֹב מֵאַחַר דְּלֹא אִתְרַע חֶזְקָתוֹ עֲדַיִן וְלֹא יָצָא מֵרֹב בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים עֲדַיִן בְּמַה שֶּׁנִּמְצָא תָּחוּב מִצַּד אֶחָד כֵּיוָן דְּכָל חֵיוֵי בַּרְיָתָא קוֹצֵי אָכְלָן וְתָחוּב מִצַּד אֶחָד כְּשֵׁרָה הִלְכָּךְ לֹא חַיְשִׁינָן לְהִלּוּךְ זֶה שֶׁאֵינוֹ בְּרֹב בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים. מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בָּרֵיאָה שֶׁנִּכְנְסָה שָׁם הַמַּחַט שֶׁלֹּא כְּדֶרֶךְ הִלּוּךְ כָּל הַנִּבְלָעִים אֶלָּא עַל יְדֵי כֹּחַ הַמּוֹשֵׁךְ וְכֵיוָן דְּאִתְרְעִי רֵיאָה בִּכְנִיסַת הַמַּחַט בָּהּ חַיְשִׁינָן נַמִי שֶׁמָּא בְּעוֹד שֶׁהָיְתָה הַמַּחַט בַּסִּמְפּוֹנוֹת קֹדֶם שֶׁנִּכְנְסָה בִּבְשָׂרָהּ הָיְתָה יוֹצְאָה וְנִכְנֶסֶת (עַיֵּן תּוֹסְפוֹת דַּף מ"ח ע"ב ד"ה דִּלְמָא) דֶּרֶךְ הַסִּמְפּוֹנוֹת עַד הַקְּרוּמִים וְנִקְּבָתַם וְחָזְרָה לַאֲחוֹרֶיהָ שֶׁכֵּן דֶּרֶךְ כֹּחַ הַמּוֹשֵׁךְ לִמְשׁוֹךְ פַּעַם לְפָנִים פַּעַם לְאָחוֹר הַכֹּל לְפִי רְצוֹן הַחַי אִם לִמְשׁוֹךְ אוֹ לִפְלוֹט עַל יְדֵי שִׁעוּל. וְאֵין גְּבוּל לְכֹחַ הַמּוֹשֵׁךְ לוֹמַר דְּאוֹרְחֵיהּ לִמְשׁוֹךְ דַּוְקָא עַד הַקְּרוּמִים וְלֹא עַד בִּכְלָל מִשּׁוּם דְּרֹב בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים אֵינָן נְקוּבִים הָרֵיאָה כִּדְאָמְרִינָןשו הַאי טַעְמָא בְּאֵבְרֵי הַמָּזוֹן דְּרֵיאָה שַׁאֲנֵי דְּהָא דְּרֹב בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים אֵינָן נְקוּבִים הָרֵיאָה הַיְנוּ מִשּׁוּם שֶׁאֵין קוֹץ וּמַחַט נִבְלָע בָּהֶם לְעוֹלָם כִּבְאֵבְרֵי הַמָּזוֹן. וְאַף עַל גַּב דְּהוּא סָפֵק שָׁקוּל אִם יָצְאָה הַמַּחַט דֶּרֶךְ הַסִּמְפּוֹנוֹת וְנִקְּבוּ הַקְּרוּמִים וְנִכְנָסָה וְחָזְרָה לַאֲחוֹרֶיהָ קֹדֶם שֶׁנִּכְנְסָה בִּבְשַׂר הָרֵיאָה אִם לָאו לֹא מוֹקְמִינָן אַחֶזְקַת הֶתֵּר כֵּיוָן דְּאִתְרְעַאי רֵיאָה בְּמַה שֶּׁנִּמְצָא בָּהּ דָּבָר הַנּוֹקֵב קְרוּמֶיהָ. אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן נִמְצָא בְּסִמְפּוֹנָא רַבָּא בָּרֵיאָה קֹדֶם שֶׁמִּתְחַלֵּק לְסִמְפּוֹנוֹת דַּקִּים הַהוֹלְכִים עַד הַקְּרוּמִים דְּלֹא אִתְרְעִי רֵיאָה עֲדַיִן בְּזֶה כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן ל"ו.שז וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן בְּשֶׁנִּמְצֵאת מַחַט יוֹצֵאת לַחוּץ בְּכָבֵד דְּאַף עַל גַּב דְּכָבֵד סְמוּכָה לַדַּקִין מִכָּל מָקוֹם לֹא אִתְרְעוּ דַּקִּין כְּלָל בְּמַחַט שֶׁבַּכָּבֵד מִשּׁוּם הָכִי לֹא מַחְזְקִינָן בּוֹ רֵעוּתָא מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם לוֹמַר שֶׁמָּא נִקְּבַתּוּ כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן מ"א.שח
וְכָל זֶה לְהָרֹא"שׁ וְסִיעָתוֹ דִּסְבִירָא לְהוּ כְּעוּלָא. וְזֶהוּ דַּעַת וְיֵשׁ מַכְשִׁירִין שֶׁבְּהַגָּ"ה. אֲבָל הָרַשְׁבָּ"אשט וְסִיעָתוֹ פָּסְקוּ דְּלֹא כְּעוּלָא אֶלָּא דְּחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא כִּי הֵיכִי דְּחַיְשִׁינָן לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה וּכְפֵרוּשׁ הָרִי"ף דְּהִבְרִיא הַיְנוּ נְפַק לְבָרָא וְנִקַּב מֵעֵבֶר לְעֵבֶר. וְלֹא דְּחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִתְרַפֵּא וְלֹא מְהַנְיָא בְּדִיקָהשי כִּי הֵיכִי דְּלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן לְהָכִי בְּמַחַט שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת בָּרֵיאָה דִּמְהַנֵּי בְּדִיקָהשיא כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן ל"ו.שיב אֶלָּא דְּחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא וּבְעִינָן בְּדִיקָה לְמַאן דְּאָמַרשיג דְּוֵשֶׁט יֵשׁ לוֹ בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ לְעִנְיַן נֶקֶב. וּבְבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת לְכוּלָא עָלְמָא סַגִּי בִּבְדִיקָהשיד וּבְלֹא בְּדִיקָה לֹא מִתְכַּשְּׁרָה אֲפִלּוּ בְּדִיעֲבַד כֹּל שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת תְּחוּבָה מִשּׁוּם דְּכֹל שֶׁהִיא תְּחוּבָה אֲפִלּוּ מִצַּד אֶחָד מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא (כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתוּב בְּתוֹרַת הַבַּיִת הָאָרֹךְשטו וּבְחִדּוּשָׁיושטז גַּבֵּי סִרְכָא תְּלוּיָה) לְדִידַן דְּלֹא קַיְמָא לָן כְּעוּלָא וְחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא יָצָאת לַחוּץ וְחָזְרָה לַאֲחוֹרֶיהָ כִּדְחַיְשִׁינָן הָכִי בִּסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה.שיז וְהָא דְתַנְיָאשיח בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת מִצַּד אֶחָד כְּשֵׁרָה סְתָמָא פֵּרֵשׁ הָרַשְׁבָּ"אשיט דְּאוֹרְחֵיהּ דְּתַנָּא הָכִי לְמִתְנֵי כְּשֵׁרָה סְתָם אַף עַל גַּב דִּצְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה.שכ וּמִשּׁוּם הָכִי נַמִי בְּמַחַט שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת בָּרֵיאָה צְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה.שכא וּמִיהוּ בְּקוֹץ שֶׁנִּקַּב עַד לֶחָלָל אוֹ שֶׁנִּמְצָא בֶּחָלָל גַּם לְהָרַשְׁבָּ"א לֹא מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא בָּאֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים כְּלָל אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם שֶׁנִּקַּב בְּכֹחַ וְדֹחַק וְקָרוֹב הַדָּבָר מְאֹד שֶׁנִּקְּבוּ אֵבָרִים הַפְּנִימִים וְלֹא הָוֵי סָפֵק שָׁקוּל כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל.שכב וְעַיֵּן מַה שֶּׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּן סִימָן מ"אשכג בְּשֵׁם הָרַ"ן דְּיֵשׁ חוֹלְקִין בְּזֶה לְדִידַן דְּלֹא קַיְמָא לָן כְּעוּלָא.
וְשִׁיטָה שְׁלִישִׁית הִיא שִׁיטַת הָרַמְבַּ"םשכד וְרַשִׁ"ישכה בְּלִישְׁנָא קַמָּא דִּסְבִירָא לְהוּ לְחַלֵּק בֵּין יָשַׁב קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט דְּחַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא נִתְרַפֵּא וְעָלָה קְרוּם מֵחֲמַת מַכָּה וְלֹא מְהַנֵּי בְּדִיקָה וּבֵין מַחַט שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת בָּרֵיאָה דִּמְהַנֵּי בְּדִיקָה וְלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא עָלָה קְרוּם. מִשּׁוּם דְּמוֹקְמִינָן אַחֶזְקַת הֶתֵּר דִּבְהֵמָה מִשֶּׁנִּשְׁחֲטָה אַף עַל גַּב דְּמִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא גְמוּרָה מִדְּבָעֲיָא בְּדִיקָה בִּנְפִיחָה לְהָרַמְבַּ"םשכו כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן ל"ט.שכז אֲבָל יָשַׁב קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט הֲוָה לֵיהּ סָפֵק בִּשְׁחִיטָה לְהָרַמְבַּ"םשכח וְרַשִׁ"י דִּסְבִירָא לְהוּ דִּנְקוּבַת הַוֵּשֶׁט נְבֵלָה וְאֵין שְׁחִיטָה מוֹעֶלֶת כְּדִלְעֵיל.שכט וְעוּלָא דְּמַכְשִׁיר בְּיָשַׁב קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט הַיְנוּ מִשּׁוּם דִּסְבִירָא לֵיהּ דְּלֹא מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא כְּלָל כִּדְאִיתָא בִּגְמָרָא.של וּבִדְלֵיכָּא רֵעוּתָא לֹא הָוֵי סָפֵק בִּשְׁחִיטָה כְּלָל מִשּׁוּם דְּרוּבָּא דְּרֹב בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים כְּשֵׁרִים עָדִיף מֵחֶזְקַת אִסּוּר דִּבְהֵמָה בְּחַיֶּיה כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵיל סִימָן כ"ד.שלא אֲבָל לְדִידַן דְּקַיְמָא לָן חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה אַלְמָא דְּמִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא בִּכְהַאי גַּוְנָא דְּדָמֵי לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵילשלב לְשִׁיטַת הָרֹא"שׁ הָכָא הֲוָה לֵיהּ סָפֵק בִּשְׁחִיטָה וְחוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא וְנִתְרַפֵּא וְלֹא מְהַנֵּי בְּדִיקָה. וּמִשּׁוּם הָכִי נַמִי פֵּרֵשׁ רַשִׁ"י בִּדְעוּלָא דְּקֹרֶט דָּם אֵין בּוֹ מִבִּפְנִיםשלג מִשּׁוּם דִּסְבִירָא לֵיהּ דְּגַם עוּלָא לֹא קָאָמַר דְּלֹא מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא כְּלָל אֶלָּא מִשּׁוּם דְּכָל חֵיוֵי בַּרְיָתָא אָכְלָן קוֹצִין וְאַף שֶׁנִּתְחַב בַּוֵּשֶׁט כֹּל שֶׁלֹּא נִקַּב עוֹר הַפְּנִימִי מֵעֵבֶר לְעֵבֶר רַק נִתְחַב בּוֹ קְצָת לֹא מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא. וְהַיְנוּ יָשַׁב דְּקָאָמַר עוּלָא וְלֹא קָאָמַר נִמְצָא מִצַּד אֶחָד כִּדְתַנְיָאשלד גַּבֵּי בֵּית הַכּוֹסוֹת מִשּׁוּם דְּלֹא מִכְשַׁר הָכָא בְּמִצַּד אֶחָד כֻּלּוֹ אֶלָּא בְּנִתְחַב בְּמִקְצָת עוֹר הַפְּנִימִי מְעַט מִזְּעֵיר דְּהַיְנוּ כֹּל שֶׁלֹּא יָצְאָה טִפַּת דָּם אֲבָל אִם יָצְאָה דָּם מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא גַּם לְעוּלָא כִּדְאִיתָא בִּגְמָרָאשלה אִם אֵין שָׁם מַכָּה קֹרֶט דָּם מִנַּיִן וּכְדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן מ"ח.שלו וּמֵאַחַר דְּשֵׁם מַכָּה עָלֶיהָ מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא דְּמֵעַתָּה אֵינָהּ כְּחֵיוֵי בַּרְיָתָא שֶׁאֵין קֹרֶט דָּם וּמַכָּה. וּמִשּׁוּם הָכִי נַמִי לֹא חַיְשִׁינָן לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה שֶׁאֵין נִרְאֶה לָעַיִן שׁוּם רֹשֶׁם אַדְמוּמִית בַּבְּהֵמָה וְלֹא הֲוֵי לֵיהּ לְעוּלָא לְהַכְשִׁיר בִּכְהַאי גַּוְנָא כְּלָל. דְּאַף אִם תִּמְצֵי לוֹמַר דִּסְבִירָא לֵיהּ דְּלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן כְּלָל שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא וְנִתְרַפֵּאשלז מִכָּל מָקוֹם מֵאַחַר דְּאִיכָּא רֵעוּתָא דְּקֹרֶט דָּם אִיכָּא לְמֵיחַשׁ שֶׁמָּא עוֹדֶנּוּ נָקוּב דְּוֵשֶׁט אֵין לוֹ בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ. וְגַם מִבִּפְנִים אֵין לוֹ בְּדִיקָה אֶלָּא בְּטִפַּת דָּם לְרַשִׁ"ישלח וְרַמְבַּ"םשלט וְלֹא בִּרְאִיַּת עַיִן וּמִשְׁמוּשׁ יָדַיִם אַחַר שֶׁמַּעֲבִיר הַדָּם כְּדִלְעֵיל.שמ אֲבָל כְּשֶׁאֵין קֹרֶט דָּם מִבִּפְנִים מֵעַתָּה אֵין לָחוּשׁ כְּלָל לְעוֹדֶנּוּ נָקוּב גַּם לְדִידַן דְּלֹא קַיְמָא לָן כְּעוּלָא לְרַשִׁ"י וְרַמְבַּ"ם דִּסְבִירָא לְהוּ דִּבְדִיקַת הַוֵּשֶׁט הִיא בְּטִפַּת דָּם לְבָד דִּבְשֶׁאֵין בּוֹ קֹרֶט דָּם בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁלֹּא נִקַּב. אֶלָּא לְשֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא וְנִתְרַפֵּא וְנִמּוֹק הַדָּם וְהָלַךְ לוֹ כְּדִלְקַמָּן הוּא דְּאִיכָּא לְמֵיחַשׁ לְדִידַן דְּקַיְמָא לָן חוֹשְׁשִׁין לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה דְּאַלְמָא דְּמִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא מַה שֶּׁהַדּוֹרֵס נִמְצָא עִם הַבְּהֵמָה בְּדִיר אֶחָד אוֹ בְּהֶקֵּף חָצֵר אַחַת בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁאֵינָהּ יְכוֹלָה לִבְרוֹחַ מִפָּנָיו כְּדִלְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"זשמא אַף עַל גַּב דְּלֹא חֲזִינָן לְמַרְאִית עַיִן עֲדַיִן שׁוּם רֹשֶׁם וּמַחֲזִיקִים רֵעוּתָא מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם לוֹמַר שֶׁמָּא דָּרַס וְחָזַר לַאֲחוֹרָיו. אִם כֵּן הוּא הַדִּין בְּיָשַׁב קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא מַה שֶּׁנִּסְמַךְ הַקּוֹץ וְנִתְחַב בַּוֵּשֶׁט אֲפִלּוּ מְעַט מִזְּעֵיר וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין קֹרֶט דָּם וּמַחְזְקִינָן נַמִי רֵעוּתָא מִמָּקוֹם לְמָקוֹם. וּמִמֵּילָא יֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ גַּם כֵּן שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב כְּבָר יָמִים רַבִּים וְנִתְרַפֵּא וְנִמּוֹק הַדָּם וְהָלַךְ לוֹ מֵאַחַר דְּאִיכָּא רֵעוּתָא דְּקוֹץ תָּחוּב לְפָנֵינוּ וְהוּא סָפֵק בִּשְׁחִיטָה. וְלֹא דָמֵי לָרֵיאָה שֶׁנִּמְצָא בָּהּ מַחַט שֶׁהוּא סְפֵק טְרֵפוּתשמב מִשּׁוּם הָכִי לֹא חַיְשִׁינָן בָּהּ לְהִבְרִיא וְנִתְרַפֵּא.שמג וְאַף עַל גַּב דִּדְרוּסָה נַמִי טְרֵפָה הִיא וְלֹא נְבֵלָה וַאֲפִלּוּ הָכִי חַיְשִׁינָן לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה הַיְנוּ מִשּׁוּם שֶׁהַדְּרוּסָה כְּתוּבָה בְּפֵרוּשׁ בַּתּוֹרָהשדמ כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר לְקַמָּן סִימָן נ"זשמה מִשּׁוּם הָכִי הֶחְמִירוּ בָּהּ חֲכָמִים בִּסְפֵקוֹתֶיהָ לְהָרַמְבַּ"םשמו טְפֵי מִבִּשְׁאָר סְפֵק טְרֵפוֹת כְּהַאי גַּוְנָא. וּמִשּׁוּם הָכִי בְּמַחַט שֶׁנִּמְצֵאת בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת לֹא מִקְּרֵי רֵעוּתָא כְּלָל מַה שֶּׁנִּסְמְכָה הַמַּחַט וְנִתְחֲבָה בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת מִצַּד אֶחָד וְלֹא דָמֵי לִסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּדִיקָה לֹא בָּעֲיָא מִדִּינָא לְהָרַמְבַּ"ם.שמז וְלֹא דָמֵי לָרֵיאָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵילשמח לְהָרֹא"שׁ.
וְשִׁיטָה רְבִיעִית הִיא שִׁיטַת הַתּוֹסְפוֹת דִּסְבִירָא לְהוּ דִּנְקוּבַת הַוֵּשֶׁט אֵינָהּ אֶלָּא טְרֵפָהשמט וַאֲפִלּוּ הָכִי חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא לְדִידַן דְּלֹא קַיְמָא לָן כְּעוּלָאשנ וְהַיְנוּ שֶׁמָּא נִתְרַפֵּא מִשּׁוּם דְּוֵשֶׁט אָכְלָה בֵּיהּ וּפָעֲיָא בֵּיהּ גָּמְדָא לֵיהּ וּפָשְׁטָא לֵיהּשנא וּמִשּׁוּם הָכִי שְׁכִיחַ טוּבָא שֶׁיַּחְזוֹר הַקּוֹץ לְאַחֲרָיושנב עַל יְדֵי נַעֲנוּעַ עוֹרוֹת הַוֵּשֶׁט בְּחַיֶּיהָ תָּמִיד וְאַחַר שֶׁחָזַר לַאֲחוֹרָיו יוּכַל הַנֶּקֶב לְהַעֲלוֹת קְרוּם וְלִסָּתֵםשנג וְהוּא מִלְּתָא דִּשְׁכִיחָא טוּבָא. וּמִשּׁוּם הָכִי חַיְשִׁינָן לָהּ אַף עַל גַּב דְּלֵיכָּא רֵעוּתָא גְמוּרָה אֶלָּא קְצָת רֵעוּתָא כְּמוֹ בִּסְפֵק דְּרוּסָה דְּמִשּׁוּם דִּשְׁכִיחָא טְפֵי לְאִסּוּרָא חַיְשִׁינָן לָהּ אַף עַל גַּב דְּלֵיכָּא רֵעוּתָא גְמוּרָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר לְעֵילשנד בְּשֵׁם הַתּוֹסְפוֹת.שנה מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת שֶׁמֵּינַח נַיָּח
בְּחַיֵּי הַבְּהֵמָה וְלֹא שְׁכִיחַ כְּלָל שֶׁיַּחְזוֹר רֹאשׁ הַקּוֹץ אוֹ הַמַּחַט לַאֲחוֹרָיו מֵעַצְמוֹ דְּאֹכָלִין וּמַשְׁקִין אַדְּרַבָּא דּוֹחֲקִין אוֹתוֹ מִבִּפְנִים לַחוּץ לְצַד הַב'. וּבְעוֹד שֶׁרֹאשׁ הַקּוֹץ אוֹ הַמַּחַט לֹא חָזַר לַאֲחוֹרָיו לֹא יוּכַל הַנֶּקֶב לַעֲלוֹת קְרוּם וְלִסָּתֵם שֶׁהַקּוֹץ אוֹ הַמַּחַט מְעַכְּבִים הַקְּרוּם לְהַעֲלוֹת (הַגָּהוֹת סְמַ"קשנו). וְכֵן אֲפִלּוּ רֵיאָה אַף עַל גַּב דְּלֹא נַיְחָא כְּבֵית הַכּוֹסוֹת מִכָּל מָקוֹם לֹא גָמְדָא וּפָשְׁטָא כְּמוֹ וֵשֶׁט וּמִשּׁוּם הָכִי מְהַנְיָא בָּהּ בְּדִיקָה וְלֹא חַיְשִׁינָן שֶׁמָּא עָלָה קְרוּם וְנִסְתַּם הַנֶּקֶב. אֲבָל אִי לָאו הַאי טַעְמָא דְּשֶׁמָּא הִבְרִיא וְנִתְרַפֵּא בְּיָשַׁב קוֹץ בַּוֵּשֶׁט אֵין לֶאֱסוֹר לְשִׁיטַת הַתּוֹסְפוֹת מִשּׁוּם שֶׁמָּא נִקַּב גַּם הַחִיצוֹן וְאֵין לוֹ בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ דְּהַתּוֹסְפוֹתשנז סְבִירָא לְהוּ עִקָּר כְּפֵרוּשׁ רִיבָ"אשנח דִּלְעִנְיַן נֶקֶב יֵשׁ לַוֵּשֶׁט בְּדִיקָה מִבַּחוּץ:שנט
עַד כַּאן נִמְצָא מִדִּבְרֵי קָדְשׁוֹ:
10

If the gullet separated from the windpipe and [the two now] hang loosely [apart] from each other along the major portion of their length, [the animal is deemed] tereifah.

י

נִפְרַד הַוֵּשֶׁט מֵהַקָּנֶה וְנִתְדַּלְדְּלוּ זֶה מִזֶּה בְּרֹב שִׁעוּר אָרְכָּן, טְרֵפָה.

11

If the upper portion of [a fowl’s] crop [308] was perforated from side to side even to the slightest degree, [the fowl] is tereifah.

What is meant by the upper portion [of the crop? The portion] that stretches out together with the gullet when the fowl extends its neck. However, [if] the remainder of the crop is perforated, [the fowl] is permitted. Note: If the crop was removed, [the fowl] is tereifah (Beis Yosef in the name of the majority of halachic authorities). [This applies] even if [a portion of the crop] sufficient to enable food to pass from the gullet to the korkevan remains. (This is implied by the ruling of Rabbeinu Nissim in the chapter [entitled] Eilu Tereifos). If the digestive organs between the crop and the korkevan are perforated, [the fowl] is tereifah (the conclusion of Shaarei Dura; Maharil)

יא

זֶפֶק שֶׁנִּקַּב גַּגּוֹ נֶקֶב מְפֻלָּשׁ בְּמַשֶּׁהוּ, טְרֵפָה. וְאֵיזֶהוּ גַּגּוֹ, זֶה שֶׁיִּמָּתַח עִם הַוֵּשֶׁט כְּשֶׁיַּאֲרִיךְ הָעוֹף צַוָּארוֹ, אֲבָל שְׁאָר הַזֶּפֶק שֶׁנִּקַּב, מֻתָּר. הַגָּה: נִטַּל הַזֶּפֶק, טְרֵפָה (בֵּית יוֹסֵף בְּשֵׁם רֹב הַפּוֹסְקִים), אֲפִלּוּ נִשְׁתַּיֵּר בּוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁיּוּכַל הַמַּאֲכָל לַעֲבוֹר מִן הַוֵּשֶׁט אֶל הַקֻּרְקְבָן (כָּךְ מַשְׁמַע מֵהָרַ''ן פֶּרֶק אֵלּוּ טְרֵפוֹת). נִקַּב הַמֵּעַיִם שֶׁבֵּין הַזֶּפֶק לַקֻּרְקְבָן, טְרֵפָה (בְּסוֹף שַׁעֲרֵי דוּרָא וּמַהֲרִי"ל).