Rambam - 3 Chapters a Day

The Hebrew word,תובש the root of the word,תתיבש literally means “refraining.” It refers both to refraining from the performance of forbidden labor, as mentioned in Halachah 1, and to refraining from eating, as mentioned in Halachah 4.

Significantly, in these halachot the Rambam does not focus on Yom Kippur as the “Day of Atonement” or mention the experience of teshuvah, “repentance and return to God,” which characterizes the day. He has, however, highlighted these concepts in Hilchot Teshuvah, where he writes (Chapter 2, Halachah 7):
Yom Kippur is the time of teshuvah for all, both for individuals and for the
community at large. It is the conclusion of forgiveness and pardon for lsrael.
Accordingly, everyone is obligated to repent and confess on Yom Kippur.

Sefer HaMitzvot (Positive Commandment 165) and Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 317) both include this as one of the 613 mitzvot of the Torah.

I.e., Tishrei, which is the seventh month when reckoning from Nisan.

Shabbat 24b states that the word shabbaton, literally, “a day of rest,” implies a positive mitzvah.

This is also considered to be one of the 613 mitzvot of the Torah [Sefer HaMitzvot (Negative Commandment 329) and Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 315)].

The Radbaz (Vol. V, Responsum 1510) notes that the Rambam uses the expression “willingly, as a conscious act of defiance” with regard to the transgressions of idolatry (Hilchot Avodat Kochavim 3:1), the Sabbath laws (Hilchot Shabbat 1:1), and the laws of Yom Kippur. With regard to all other transgressions punishable by,תרכ the Rambam merely states “as a conscious act of defiance.”
The Radbaz explains that it is possible that the Rambam mentioned the concept of “willingly” with regard to these three transgressions because they are the first cases of תרכ mentioned in the Mishneh Torah. After mentioning the concept on these three occasions, he does not consider that further repetition is necessary.

כָּרֵת means “cut off.” Mo’ed Katan 28a relates that a person liable for כָּרֵת would die prematurely, before reaching the age of fifty. The Rambam (Hilchot Teshuvah 8:1) emphasizes that being “cut off in this world” is not the sum total of Divine retribution for such a transgression. In addition, the person’s soul is also cut off and prevented from reaching the world to come.

The Rambam uses this term to differentiate the sin offering required here from a קָרְבָּן עוֹלֶה וְיוֹרֵד—a guilt offering—which differs depending on the financial status of the person bringing it. (See Hilchot Shegagot 1:4.)

The 39 labors forbidden on the Sabbath are listed in Hilchot Shabbat 7:1 and explained in the subsequent chapters there. Unlike the holidays, on which the forbidden labors involved in the preparation of food are permitted, on Yom Kippur these activities are forbidden.

The Or Sameach notes that in contrast to the remainder of the halachah, in this instance the Rambam does not refer to the day with the name Yom Kippur. He explains that the name Yom Kippur, meaning “the day of atonement,” is not relevant to a person who performs a forbidden labor on this day. Since the person acts in contrast to the holy nature of the day, he is not granted atonement.

The commentaries explain that this refers to the activities defined as sh’vut, which are forbidden by the Torah. The specification of which activities should be included in this category was, however, made subject to our Sages’ definitions. (See Hilchot Shabbat, Chapters 21-23.)

See Hilchot Shabbat 1:3. (See Hilchot Edut 18:6 for a definition ofthis punishment.)

This refers to the laws of muktzeh mentioned in Hilchot Shabbat, Chapters 25-26.

This refers to the prohibitions mentioned in Hilchot Shabbat, Chapter 24, which are not associated with forbidden labors, but are prohibited in order to make the Sabbath distinct from the other days of the week.

On a theoretical basis, there are commentaries that take issue with the Rambam’s statements, explaining that there is another difference. On the Sabbath, we follow the principle of chiluk melachot, that one can incur liability for every forbidden labor as a separate entity. Therefore, if a person inadvertently performed two different types of forbidden labor, he would have to bring two sin offerings.
These authorities maintain that on Yom Kippur (as on the holidays) this principle does not apply, and one is liable for only a single sin offering even when one inadvertently performs several. types offorbidden labor. (See Sha’agat Aryeh, Responsum 70.)

Mid-afternoon refers to minchah katanah, 3:30 PM (according to seasonal hours).

Earlier it is forbidden, lest one eat from the vegetable. Nevertheless, by this late hour one is conscious that the evening is approaching and will refrain from breaking the fast (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 611:7).

The Maggid Mishneh explains that the intent is the hardship a person would suffer if he had to labor to prepare food at night after fasting the entire day.

So as not to distinguish between this and the other Sabbaths of the year, and thereby to emphasize that the leniency was granted only because of the fast (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 611:6).

Shabbat 115a relates that even in the time of the Talmud, this restriction was observed.

In his Commentary on the Mishnah (Yoma 8:1), the Rambam explains that since the connection between the body and the soul is established through nourishment, withholding such nourishment is considered an affliction to the soul. See Yoma 74b.

Sefer HaMitzvot (Positive Commandment 164) and Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 313) both include this as one of the 613 mitzvot of the Torah.

This is also considered one of the 613 mitzvot of the Torah [Sefer HaMitzvot (Negative Commandment 196) and Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 316)].

It is an established tradition that there are only two positive commandments—circumcision and offering a Pesach sacrifice—whose lack of observance are punishable by karet. Therefore, the fact that eating on Yom Kippur is punishable by karet indicates that it violates a negative commandment [Sefer HaMitzvot (Negative Commandment 196)].

In his Commentary on the Mishnah (Yoma 8:1), the Rambam explains that the Torah mentions the concept of afflicting oneself on Y om Kippur five times. As such, the Oral Tradition (Yoma 76a) explains that there are five different activities forbidden on that day and cites (ibid. 76a-77a) various allusions to these five prohibitions. The terms he uses for allusions, asmachta’ot, indicates that he does not view the four prohibitions other than eating and drinking as having the status of a Torah commandment.
Similarly, the punishment that he states should be given for these activities, “stripes for rebellion,” is the punishment received for transgressing a Rabbinic commandment.
[It must be noted that this matter was a question on which the Rambam deliberated. For an early edition of his Commentary on the Mishnah states that one should receive lashes for performing these activities, indicating that, at that time, he saw them as forbidden by the Torah itself. Similarly, the Rambam’s wording in Sefer HaMitzvot (loc. cit.) appears to indicate that these prohibitions are forbidden by the Torah itself. This view is advanced by several authorities including Rabbenu Nissin, the Magen Avraham 611, and the Shulchan Aruch HaRav 611:2.]
Based on the explanations above, it would appear that the term “according to the Oral Tradition” as used in this halachah has a different meaning from that in the previous halachah. ln the previous halachah, the term denotes an interpretation of a verse in the Torah. Therefore, the prohibition is given the status of a Torah commandment. In this halachah, the term refers to a concept that has been transmitted through a chain of tradition extending back to Moses. Nevertheless, it is a decree that does not stem from a Biblical verse and is therefore considered to be Rabbinic in origin.
Other Rabbinic authorities (Rabbenu Asher and the Ashkenazic authorities) clearly state that the prohibitions against these other activities are Rabbinic in nature. Therefore, certain leniencies are granted in their regard, as reflected in Chapter 3, Halachah 1 (Kessef Mishneh).

The reference to the phrase “a Sabbath of Sabbaths” is taken from Yoma 74a. The interpretation is, however, the Rambam’s.
Based on the concepts explained above—that the prohibition against the remaining four types of affiictions is Rabbinic in origin and is not based on the explanation of a verse in the Torah—the Ma’aseh Rokeach suggests amending the text to read, “’A Sabbath’ from work; ‘of Sabbaths’ from these other matters.” He supports this view by noting that in Halachah 1, the R1:1mbam had cited this expression as a proof-text for the commandment to refrain from work on Yom Kippur.

The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 608:1) states that there is no limit to the amount of time one must add to the fast. This addition must, however, be made before (and after) beyn hash’mashot.

From the Rambam’s citation of a proof-text, it is clear that the obligation to add time to the fast of Yom Kippur stems from the Torah itself. The Maggid Mishneh adds that the Rambam’s wording indicates that the obligation to add “from the mundane to the sacred”—i.e., to include some of the previous day in the fast—applies only with regard to the prohibition against eating and drinking, but not to the prohibition against performing labor.
He mentions that other authorities do not share this opinion and maintain that this obligation applies also to the prohibition against work, and that it applies also on the Sabbath and on other holidays aside from Yom Kippur.
The Radbaz (Vol. V, Responsum 1486) differs with the Maggid Mishneh. Although he agrees that the fact that, in his discussion of the prohibition of labor on the Sabbath, the Rambam does not mention the need to add “from the mundane to the sacred” supports the Maggid Mishneh’s view, he is reluctant to state that the Rambam differs with all the other authorities on this issue.
(See Likkutei Sichot, Vol. XV, which explains the difference between the two perspectives. If we derive the concept of adding “from the mundane to the sacred” from Yom Kippur, the obligation revolves around the person, a chiyuv gavra in yeshivah terminology. If, by contrast, the obligation is derived from the prohibition against working on the Sabbath, it is a function of the cheftza, a result of the atmosphere of Sabbath holiness that prevents labor from being performed.)

Shulchan Aruch HaRav 608:4 and the Mishnah Berurah 608:3 explain that this applies only when one is absolutely sure that the women will not accept the admonishment. If there is the possibility that they will accept the admonishment and modify their conduct, they should be admonished.

The Maggid Mishneh and the Ramah (Orach Chayim 608:2) explain that this refers to any prohibition that is not explicitly stated in the Torah, even if it has its source in the interpretation of one of the Torah’s verses.
If, however, a prohibition is explicitly mentioned in the Torah, rebuke should be given even when one is certain that the person committing the transgression will not accept the reproof. Further laws goveming the situations when and how rebuke should be given are mentioned in Hilchot De’ot 6:7-8.

If, however, the foods are not fit for human consumption, different. rules apply. (See Halachah 5.)

Although most prohibitions against forbidden foods involve a smaller measure—a k’zayit (the size of an olive)—an exception is made in this instance, because a person’s appetite will not be sated if he eats an amount of food smaller than the size of a date. In contrast to the measure for drinking, this is a standard measure, regardless of a person’s size (Yoma 80a).

According to Shiurei Torah an egg is 57.6 cubic centimeters; according to Chazon Ish (when the smaller measure is more stringent), it is 41 cubic centimeters. Thus, the size of a date would be a slightly smaller figure. The laws regarding eating less than this amount are mentioned in Halachah 3.

The commentaries interpret this to mean slightly less than a revi’it. Note, however, the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 271:13), which states that this measure is slightly more than half a revi’it with regard to the laws of kiddush. (Note the comments of the Be’ur Halachah 271.)

For this will sate neither one’s appetite nor one’s thirst (Yoma 81a).

For even forbidden food will sate one’s hunger (Rabbenu Manoach).

A sacrifice that was offered with the intent that it—or any of its sacred elements—be offered on the altar or eaten at a time when it is forbidden to be eaten; e.g., a peace offering the blood of which one thought to have poured on the altar at nightfall, or to have its flesh consumed on the third day after its sacrifice (Hilchot Pesulei HaMukdashim 13:1).

Sacrificial meat that was left over past the time during which it is allowed to be eaten—e.g., a sin offering on the morning of the following day or a peace offering on the morning of the third day (Hilchot Pesulei HaMukdashim 18:10).

Produce from which the agricultural requirements of terumah and the tithes were not separated (Hilchot Ma’achalot Asurot 10:19).

An animal that will not live longer than twelve months, because of a wound or blemish (Hilchot Ma'achalot Asurot 4:6-8; Hilchot Shechitah 5:1).

By eating from this prohibited food on Yom Kippur, one violates two prohibitions: the consumption of the prohibited food and eating on Yom Kippur (Merkevet HaMishneh). See Hilchot Shegagot 6:4 and the conclusion of Chapter 14 of Hilchot Ma’achalot Assurot.

Since the substance that he is eating is forbidden, it is merely lacking in quantity (Rabbi Yochanan’s view, Yoma 74a).

Whenever the Torah mentions a prohibition—and similarly, a mitzvah—that involves eating, the intent is that the person partake of a minimum measure within a specific time. The standard time for all prohibitions (and mitzvot) is כְּדֵי אֲכִילַת פְּרָס, which the Rambam defines as the time it takes to eat the above amount. [There are opinions that state an amount of bread equivalent to four eggs (Maggid Mishneh). This opinion is mentioned in the notes on Halachah 8.]
In time, כְּדֵי אֲכִילַת פְּרָס is defined as six minutes by the Tzemach Tzedek in one place and seven minutes in another (Sha’ar HaMiluim, sec. 9). Other opinions mention nine minutes, 8, 7 1/2, 6, 5, 4 1/2, 4. (See Ketzot HaShulchan 3:15.)

And it is considered as if the person ate less than the minimum measure. For this reason, as mentioned in the notes on Halachah 8, when a person must eat on Yom Kippur, there are times when at first he is given less than the minimal amount, his eating is interrupted, and then he is given less than the minimal amount again, so as to minimize the extent of his transgression.

I.e., the amount of time it takes to drink a revi’it leisurely (Radbaz, Vol. V, Responsum 1554). This is, nevertheless, a much smaller measure than the amount of time it takes to eat three eggs.

Our translation is taken from Rav Kapach’s translation of an Arabic term in his edition ofthe Rambam’s Commentary on the Mishnah (Yoma 8:2, Nedarim 6:4). In the latter source, the Rambam also states that the brine is sometimes made from fish. The Mishnah Berurah 612:28 renders the Hebrew term as referring to fat that exudes from a fish.

When describing the fast, Leviticus 23:29 uses the expression, “Every soul that will not afflict itself shall be cut off.” Eating food that is not fit for human consumption is also a form of affliction. Hence, one is not liable for punishment (Rabbenu Manoach).

From the fact that the text mentions only fresh ginger, and not fresh peppers, the Maggid Mishneh states that one might infer that one is not liable for eating fresh peppers. He differs with this conclusion and suggests amending the text based on the Rambam’s statements in Hilchot Berachot 8:7. The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 612:8) also makes a distinction between fresh and dried peppers.

The Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit.:7) quotes the version of Yoma 81b that we have, which states, “the leaves of reeds.” The Rambam’s wording is based on the version quoted by Rabbenu Chanan’el.

I.e., the leaves just as they emerge from the stem of the vine.

I.e., when calculating whether or not a person ate a quantity of food equivalent to the size of a date.

Although the brine is a liquid, and liquids and foods are not ordinarily combined (Halachah 1), since the brine is used to flavor the vegetable, it is considered to be a food (Yoma 80b).

The Rambam's wording requires some clarification. He is referring to a person who had overeaten before the commencement of Yom Kippur, and then despite being disgusted by food, continued to eat on Yom Kippur itself (Maggid Mishneh; Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 612:6). If a person began eating in the midst of the fast and then overate, he would be liable, because of the first morsels of food that he ate.

If, however, the person is not jaded with the taste of the food, e.g., because the food is prepared in a very flavorful manner, he is liable even though he overate.

Compare to Hilchot Shabbat 2:5, which explains that the classification “dangerously ill” means that “he has a wound in his body cavity, from his lips inward.” Such a person does not need the assessment of a physician to determine whether or not the Sabbath should be violated on his behalf. In situations where the seriousness of the person’s ailment is not as obvious, the Sabbath may be violated on his behalf based on a physician’s pronouncement. Also, in this category is a women within three days after childbirth.
Significantly, when stating this law, the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 618:1) mentions only “a sick person who must eat,” without stating that he must be dangerously ill. The Be’ur Halachah emphasizes that in many instances, even mildly serious conditions can become life-threatening if the person fasts.

See Hilchot Yesodei HaTorah 5:6, which states that with the exception of the prohibitions against idol worship, murder, and incestuous or adulterous relations, any of the Torah’s prohibitions may be violated to save a person’s life. As mentioned in Hilchot Shabbat 2:1, even if there is a doubt regarding the matter, the Sabbath should be violated, and moreover, it should be the leaders of the people and the wise who violate the Sabbath on the sick person’s behalf, so that the people at large will appreciate that this is the course of action that should be taken.

Significantly, the Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit.:7) mentions that when a sick person is fed on Yom Kippur, he should first be fed less than the size of a date within the amount of time it takes to eat four eggs (the more stringent view regarding the time of סרפ תליכא.)ידכ If, however, that is not sufficient, the more lenient opinions concerning the measure of סרפ תליכא ידכ can be relied upon. If even that is not sufficient, the person should be fed in the normal manner.

The sick man’s own opinion should followed, because “the heart knows the bitterness of his soul.” Nevertheless, the person should be reminded that it is Yom Kippur. If he persists in his desire to eat, we assume that he does not desire to transgress, but cannot bear the fast (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 618:1; Mishnah Berurah 618:5).

This is speaking about a person who genuinely does not think that it is necessary for him to eat. It must be emphasized that the Rabbis frowned on the supposed “piety” of a sick person who knows that he should eat, but refrains from doing so because of the fast, and applied the verse (Genesis 9:5): “I will demand an account of the blood of your own lives” (Mishnah Berurah, loc. cit.). He should be forced to eat, even against his will.

The Mishnah Berurah 618:1 quotes opinions that state that a Jew need not be an expert physician to render such an opinion. Since he is aware of a threat to life and knows the seriousness of Yom Kippur, his view is accepted. A gentile, however, must be an expert physician for his view to be considered.

The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 618:4) differs and states that if two physicians say that the sick person should eat, their opinion should be followed. Since two physicians have made such a statement, no further risks should be taken with a person’s life.

Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi gave this suggestion when asked regarding such a problem (Yoma 83a).

This refers to a sense of infirmity that overcomes a person because of lack of nourishment; he becomes, dizzy, faint, and unable to focus his eyes.

If all that is immediately available is non-kosher food, he should be fed food that involves a prohibition that is least severe first. [See Hilchot Ma’achalot Asurot 14:17, the Rambam’s Commentary on the Mishnah (Yoma 8:4), and the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 618:9). See the Noda BiY’hudah, Vol. I, Orach Chayim, Responsum 36, which focuses on this issue.]

The intent is non-kosher species. Even if their flesh is tasty, they are considered loathsome by Jewish law.

The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 616:2) explains that when a child’s constitution is strong, his training to fast should begin at age nine. If he is weak, the training can be postponed a year.

The Ra’avad differs and maintains that since males and females reach maturity at different ages, that factor should be taken into account in this law. According to his view, a male child is not obligated to complete the fast until he is twelve, and a female must complete the fast at age eleven.
The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim, loc. cit.) quotes the Rambam’s view. The Ramah mentions a third opinion, which does not require children to complete a fast at all. He states that when a child’s constitution is weak, this view should be followed.

Even a fraction of a day is considered to be a day. Therefore, if a girl’s birthday is on Yom Kippur, she is obligated to fast from her twelfth birthday onward.

In this instance, however, even a child with a weak constitution should make every effort to complete the fast. For it is possible that the child had pubic hairs, which would cause him or her to be considered to be an adult, but they fell off (Ramah, Orach Chayim 616:2).

Even if a child desires to fast, he should be prevented from doing so (Ramah, Orach Chayim, loc. cit.).

Our Sages instituted this prohibition based Solomon’s description (1 Kings 2:26) of David’s affliction, which included being forced to go without washing (Yoma 77a).

With regard to the prohibition against washing on the Sabbath and holidays, a distinction is made between washing with hot water and washing with cold water, because that prohibition was instituted lest the keepers of the baths heat water on these holy days. On Yom Kippur, the prohibition was instituted to prohibit washing per se. In this regard, we find a verse (Proverbs 25:25), “Like cold water on a wearied soul,” including even cold water.

From this leniency, some authorities infer that the prohibition against washing is Rabbinic in origin. If its source had been in the Torah, the Sages would not have granted such a leniency. Nevertheless, it is possible to explain that since the Torah’s prohibition applies only to washing for the sake of pleasure, washing for other reasons is permitted when necessary.

See Hilchot Melachim 2:5.

The Mishnah Berurah 613:26 mentions opinions that do not allow this leniency in the present age.

For it is only washing for the sake of pleasure that is forbidden, and not washing for the sake of cleanliness (Yoma 77b).

Yoma, ibid. explains that this refers to shibta, which Rashi interprets as meaning a spirit of impurity that rests on one’s hands after sleep. For this reason, the Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 613:2) allows one to wash one’s hands upon arising in the morning.

This applied only in the ages when the people observed the laws of ritual purity. At present, since we do not possess the ashes of the red heifer, there is no way we can purify ourselves from the impurity contracted through contact with a human corpse, and we are all ritually impure. Hence, it is forbidden to immerse oneself.

I.e., in contrast to the era of Ezra, who ordained that a person who saw a nocturnal emission must immerse himself in the mikveh before reciting the Shema, praying, or engaging in Torah study. (See Hilchot Kri’at Shema 4:8, Hilchot Tefillah 4:4-6 and notes.)

For it is forbidden to pray while there is a trace of semen on one’s body.

I.e., although a seminal emission conveys ritual impurity and immersion in a mikveh removes that impurity, this is not of consequence in the present age.

Which can be removed only when the ashes of the red heifer are sprinkled on a person.

I.e., a person may accept a custom that requires more stringent conduct than that obligated by the letter of Torah law for various reasons. He may not, however, adopt any leniency in Torah law for such reasons.

This would also be done for the purpose of cooling off (Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 613:9).

This is the explanation of the Rabbinic expression, טוֹפֵחַ עַל מְנָת לְהַטְפִּיחַ.

One may, however, use an empty container for this purpose (Shulchan Aruch, loc. cit.).

I.e., he must wring it out so that it will no longer be טוֹפֵחַ עַל מְנָת לְהַטְפִּיחַ, as explained in the previous halachah.

The Ramah (Orach Chayim 613:9) forbids this, lest the person squeeze water from the cloth and thus perform one of the forbidden labors.

For it is a mitzvah to greet one’s teacher (Chaggigah 5b).

Since honoring one’s parents is a mitzvah.

For his intent is to perform the mitzvah and not to take pleasure in bathing.

The Shulchan Aruch (loc. cit. 613:5) emphasizes that one should not enter water in which the current is fast-moving, because of the danger involved.

The Ramah (Orach Chayim 613:8) states that even if there is a circuitous route that does not require one to pass through water, one may take a direct route through the water. Shulchan Aruch HaRav 613:13 and the Mishnah Berurah 613:22 differ, and prohibit passing through water if there is an alternative route, even one that is much longer.

Although guarding one’s produce is not a mitzvah, this leniency was granted because of a person’s concem for his money. ln this instance, the person is not allowed to retum through water on Yom Kippur (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 613:12).

Forcing the person to deviate from his ordinary pattern will remind him not to squeeze the water from his garments (Shulchan Aruch HaRav 613:8).

Yoma 77a also regards going without shoes as an affliction, based on Solomon’s statements describing David’s afflictions (1 Kings 2:26) cited previously, for 11 Samuel 15:30 describes how David walked barefoot when fleeing from Avshalom.

Our translation for שעם is based on the gloss of Rabbenu Manoach. He also offers an alternative meaning of the word, “tree bark.” ln modem Hebrew, שעם means cork.

The Mishnah Berurah 614:5 states that in his time, it was customary to wear socks and not shoes or sandals made of rubber or similar materials. Nevertheless, at present it has become customary to wear such shoes or sandals.

Refraining from any of the other four activities mentioned could affect the child’s health and growth. This is not true with regard to wearing shoes and sandals. On the contrary, children often go without shoes.

The halachic equivalence between a woman who has just given birth and a sick person is established in Hilchot Shabbat 2:14.
The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 614:3) also grants this leniency to a person who has a wound on his foot. The Ramah (loc. cit. :4) states that shoes may also be worn outside if the streets are very muddy.

The Shulchan Aruch (Orach Chayim 614:1) interprets this to mean that it is prohibited to anoint oneself even for purposes of cleanliness.

Shulchan Aruch HaRav 610:1 explains that it is an obligation to honor Yom Kippur by kindling lights, just as it is a mitzvah to honor other holidays. Nevertheless, because of the fear that one might be prompted to engage in sexual relations, certain communities adopted the custom of nullifying this mitzvah in homes where a husband and wife live together. Pesachim 53b applies the verse (Isaiah 60:21) “And your nation are all righteous” to both customs.
In all communities, it is customary to light candles for Yom Kippur, either at home or in the synagogue. The above explanation clarifies the decision of the Ramah, who maintains that one should recite a blessing over these candles. There are, however, other explanations, and for this reason, there are authorities (see Sha’ar HaTziyun 610:5) who maintain that a blessing should not be recited.

See Hilchot Shabbat 5:1.