| 8You must also say to them: ‘Regarding anyone of the House of Israel or of the converts who dwell among them who offers up an ascent-offering or any other sacrifice outside the Tabernacle precincts, |
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ח וַֽאֲלֵהֶ֣ם תֹּאמַ֔ר אִ֥ישׁ אִישׁ֙ מִבֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וּמִן־הַגֵּ֖ר אֲשֶׁר־יָג֣וּר בְּתוֹכָ֑ם אֲשֶׁר־יַֽעֲלֶ֥ה עֹלָ֖ה אוֹ־זָֽבַח: |
| אֲשֶׁר־יַֽעֲלֶה עֹלָה - Who offers up an ascent-offering. This verse is written to render liable one who burns up limbs of a sacrifice outside the Courtyard just like one who slaughters a sacrifice outside the Courtyard, that if one slaughtered an animal outside and another offered it up, both are liable. |
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אֲשֶׁר־יַֽעֲלֶה עֹלָה.
לְחַיֵּב עַל הַמַּקְטִיר אֵבָרִים בַּחוּץ כְּשׁוֹחֵט בַּחוּץ, שֶׁאִם שָׁחַט אֶחָד וְהֶעֱלָה חֲבֵרוֹ שְׁנֵיהֶם חַיָּבִין (זבחים ק"ו):
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| 9instead of bringing it to the entrance to the Tent of Meeting to make it into a sacrifice to God, that man will be cut off from his people. |
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טוְאֶל־פֶּ֜תַח אֹ֤הֶל מוֹעֵד֙ לֹ֣א יְבִיאֶ֔נּוּ לַֽעֲשׂ֥וֹת אֹת֖וֹ לַֽיהוָֹ֑ה וְנִכְרַ֛ת הָאִ֥ישׁ הַה֖וּא מֵֽעַמָּֽיו: |
| וְנִכְרַת - Will be cut off - i.e., his offspring will be cut off and his own days will be cut off. |
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וְנִכְרַת.
זַרְעוֹ נִכְרָת וְיָמָיו נִכְרָתִין:
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| 10Regarding anyone of the House of Israel or of the converts who reside among them who consumes any blood, I will set My attention upon the individual who consumes the blood, and I will cut him off from among his people. |
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יוְאִ֨ישׁ אִ֜ישׁ מִבֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל וּמִן־הַגֵּר֙ הַגָּ֣ר בְּתוֹכָ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יֹאכַ֖ל כָּל־דָּ֑ם וְנָֽתַתִּ֣י פָנַ֗י בַּנֶּ֨פֶשׁ֙ הָֽאֹכֶ֣לֶת אֶת־הַדָּ֔ם וְהִכְרַתִּ֥י אֹתָ֖הּ מִקֶּ֥רֶב עַמָּֽהּ: |
| כָּל־דָּם - Any blood. Since it says: “only the blood…can atone for the soul,” I might think that he is only liable for the blood of consecrated animals. Scripture therefore states: “any blood.” |
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כָּל־דָּם.
לְפִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "בַּנֶּפֶשׁ יְכַפֵּר", יָכוֹל לֹא יְהֵא חַיָּב אֶלָּא עַל דַּם הַמֻּקְדָּשִׁים, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר "כָּל דָּם":
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| וְנָֽתַתִּי פָנַי - (lit.) I will set My face - means here: My attention; i.e., I will turn away from all My other occupations and occupy Myself only with him. |
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וְנָֽתַתִּי פָנַי.
פְּנַאי שֶׁלִּי — פּוֹנֶה אֲנִי מִכָּל עֲסָקַי וְעוֹסֵק בּוֹ (ספרא):
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| 11This is because the presence of the soul in the flesh of any creature is dependent upon the presence of the blood in its body. I have therefore given its blood to you to be placed upon the Altar to atone for your souls, for it is only the blood of a sacrificed animal that can atone for the soul of its owner. |
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יאכִּי־נֶ֣פֶשׁ הַבָּשָׂר֘ בַּדָּ֣ם הִוא֒ וַֽאֲנִ֞י נְתַתִּ֤יו לָכֶם֙ עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּ֔חַ לְכַפֵּ֖ר עַל־נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶ֑ם כִּֽי־הַדָּ֥ם ה֖וּא בַּנֶּ֥פֶשׁ יְכַפֵּֽר: |
| כִּי־נֶפֶשׁ הַבָּשָׂר - Because the soul in the flesh - of every creature is dependent on its blood, and therefore I have given it to you to atone for a person’s soul: Let the soul of the sacrifice come and atone for the soul of its owner. |
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כִּי־נֶפֶשׁ הַבָּשָׂר.
שֶׁל כָּל בְּרִיָּה בַּדָּם הִיא תְלוּיָה, וּלְפִיכָךְ נְתַתִּיו (עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ) לְכַפֵּר עַל נֶפֶשׁ הָאָדָם — תָּבֹא נֶפֶשׁ וּתְכַפֵּר עַל הַנֶּפֶשׁ:
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| 12Therefore, I say to the Israelites: None of you may consume blood. The convert who dwells among you may not consume blood either. |
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יבעַל־כֵּ֤ן אָמַ֨רְתִּי֙ לִבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כָּל־נֶ֥פֶשׁ מִכֶּ֖ם לֹא־תֹ֣אכַל דָּ֑ם וְהַגֵּ֛ר הַגָּ֥ר בְּתֽוֹכְכֶ֖ם לֹא־יֹ֥אכַל דָּֽם: |
| כָּל־נֶפֶשׁ מִכֶּם - None of you. The wording implies that adults must take care that minors also not consume blood. |
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כָּל־נֶפֶשׁ מִכֶּם.
לְהַזְהִיר גְּדוֹלִים עַל הַקְּטַנִּים:
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| 13If any one of the Israelites or of the converts who reside among them traps a wild animal or fowl that is permissible for consumption, when he sheds its blood, he must cover it with dust. |
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יגוְאִ֨ישׁ אִ֜ישׁ מִבְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל וּמִן־הַגֵּר֙ הַגָּ֣ר בְּתוֹכָ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֨ר יָצ֜וּד צֵ֥יד חַיָּ֛ה אוֹ־ע֖וֹף אֲשֶׁ֣ר יֵֽאָכֵ֑ל וְשָׁפַךְ֙ אֶת־דָּמ֔וֹ וְכִסָּ֖הוּ בֶּֽעָפָֽר: |
| אֲשֶׁר יָצוּד - Who traps. From these words, I only know that this law applies to game. From where do I know that it applies also to domesticated fowl, such as geese and chickens? From the fact that Scripture states צֵיד (“a trapped entity”), which includes any type of fowl – whether it must be hunted or was raised in captivity. If so, why does it say: “who traps”? To tell us that one should properly eat meat only as if through such preparation, i.e., only occasionally. |
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אֲשֶׁר יָצוּד.
אֵין לִי אֶלָּא צַיִד, אֲוָזִין וְתַרְנְגוֹלִין מִנַּיִן? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר "צֵיד" מִכָּל מָקוֹם; אִם כֵּן לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר "אֲשֶׁר יָצוּד"? שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכַל בָּשָׂר אֶלָּא בַּהַזְמָנָה הַזֹּאת (חולין פ"ד):
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| אֲשֶׁר יֵֽאָכֵל - (lit.) Which may be eaten. This excludes spiritually defiled animals, i.e., of a species unfit for consumption. |
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אֲשֶׁר יֵֽאָכֵל.
פְּרָט לִטְמֵאִים (שם פ"ה):
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| 14This is because, concerning the soul of all flesh, it is the blood of the flesh that represents the flesh’s soul. I therefore said to the Israelites: You must not consume the blood of flesh, for the soul of any flesh is its blood. All who consume it will be cut off. |
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ידכִּי־נֶ֣פֶשׁ כָּל־בָּשָׂ֗ר דָּמ֣וֹ בְנַפְשׁוֹ֘ הוּא֒ וָֽאֹמַר֙ לִבְנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל דַּ֥ם כָּל־בָּשָׂ֖ר לֹ֣א תֹאכֵ֑לוּ כִּ֣י נֶ֤פֶשׁ כָּל־בָּשָׂר֙ דָּמ֣וֹ הִ֔וא כָּל־אֹֽכְלָ֖יו יִכָּרֵֽת: |
| דָּמוֹ בְנַפְשׁוֹ הוּא - (lit.) Its blood is in its soul - means: its blood represents its soul because its soul depends on it. |
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דָּמוֹ בְנַפְשׁוֹ הוּא.
דָּמוֹ הוּא לוֹ בִּמְקוֹם הַנֶּפֶשׁ, שֶׁהַנֶּפֶשׁ תְּלוּיָה בוֹ:
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| כִּי־נֶפֶשׁ כָּל־בָּשָׂר דָּמוֹ הוּא - For the soul of any flesh is its blood - i.e., the soul is the blood. דָּם and בָּשָׂר are masculine nouns; נֶפֶשׁ is a feminine noun. |
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כִּי נֶפֶשׁ כָּל־בָּשָׂר דָּמוֹ הִוא.
הַנֶּפֶשׁ הִיא הַדָּם. דָּם וּבָשָׂר לְשׁוֹן זָכָר, נֶפֶשׁ לְשׁוֹן נְקֵבָה:
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| 15Any person, whether a native Israelite or a convert, who eats the carcass of any fowl that can become forbidden on account of suffering from a fatal defect must immerse his garments and immerse himself in the water of a mikveh, and will remain ritually defiled until nightfall, when he will become rid of this defilement. |
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טווְכָל־נֶ֗פֶשׁ אֲשֶׁ֨ר תֹּאכַ֤ל נְבֵלָה֙ וּטְרֵפָ֔ה בָּֽאֶזְרָ֖ח וּבַגֵּ֑ר וְכִבֶּ֨ס בְּגָדָ֜יו וְרָחַ֥ץ בַּמַּ֛יִם וְטָמֵ֥א עַד־הָעֶ֖רֶב וְטָהֵֽר: |
| אֲשֶׁר תֹּאכַל נְבֵלָה וּטְרֵפָה - (lit.) Who eats a carcass or a fatally mauled animal. Scripture is speaking about the carcass of a fowl of a spiritually undefiled species, which can impart ritual defilement only when it is swallowed in the throat, and it teaches you here that it imparts ritual defilement when eaten, but does not impart ritual defilement by contact. “Suffering from a fatal defect” is stated here only in order to be expounded, and so we have learned: I might think that the carcass of a species of fowl unfit for consumption also imparts ritual defilement when swallowed in the throat; Scripture therefore states “suffering from a fatal defect,” implying that this law applies only to a species for which the law of a fatal defect applies. This excludes a fowl unfit for consumption, for which the law of a fatal defect does not apply, as it is already intrinsically forbidden and cannot become forbidden through another cause. |
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אֲשֶׁר תֹּאכַל נְבֵלָה וּטְרֵפָה.
בְּנִבְלַת עוֹף טָהוֹר דִּבֵּר הַכָּתוּב, שֶׁאֵין לָהּ טֻמְאָה אֶלָּא בְשָׁעָה שֶׁנִּבְלַעַת בְּבֵית הַבְּלִיעָה, וְלִמֶּדְךָ כָּאן שֶׁמְּטַמְּאָה בַאֲכִילָתָהּ (וְאֵינָהּ מְטַמְּאָה בְמַגָּע); וּטְרֵפָה הָאֲמוּרָה כָּאן לֹא נִכְתַּב אֶלָּא לִדְרֹשׁ, וְכֵן שָׁנִינוּ: יָכוֹל תְּהֵא נִבְלַת עוֹף טָמֵא מְטַמְּאָה בְּבֵית הַבְּלִיעָה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר טְרֵפָה — מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּמִינוֹ טְרֵפָה, יָצָא עוֹף טָמֵא שֶׁאֵין בְּמִינוֹ טְרֵפָה (ספרא; זבחים ע'):
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| 16If he does not immerse his garments or immerse his flesh, he will bear the consequences of his sin.’” |
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טזוְאִם֙ לֹ֣א יְכַבֵּ֔ס וּבְשָׂר֖וֹ לֹ֣א יִרְחָ֑ץ וְנָשָׂ֖א עֲוֹנֽוֹ: |
| וְנָשָׂא עונו - He will bear his sin. If he eats consecrated food or enters the Sanctuary, he is liable for this ritual defilement just as for doing so in all other states of ritual defilement. |
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וְנָשָׂא עונו.
אִם יֹאכַל קֹדֶשׁ אוֹ יִכָּנֵס לַמִּקְדָּשׁ חַיָּב עַל טֻמְאָה זוֹ כְּכָל שְׁאָר טֻמְאוֹת (ספרא):
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| וּבְשָׂרוֹ לֹא יִרְחָץ וְנָשָׂא עונו - If he does not immerse his flesh, he will bear his sin - i.e., for doing so before immersing his flesh, he incurs the penalty of excision, but for doing so only without washing his garments, he is punishable only by lashes. |
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וּבְשָׂרוֹ לֹא יִרְחָץ וְנָשָׂא עונו.
עַל רְחִיצַת גּוּפוֹ עָנוּשׁ כָּרֵת וְעַל כִּבּוּס בְּגָדִים בְּמַלְקוּת (שם):
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| 1God spoke to Moses, saying: |
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אוַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהוָֹ֖ה אֶל־משֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר: |
| 2“Speak to the Israelites, and say to them: ‘I am God, your God. |
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בדַּבֵּר֙ אֶל־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְאָֽמַרְתָּ֖ אֲלֵהֶ֑ם אֲנִ֖י יְהוָֹ֥ה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶֽם: |
| אֲנִי ה' אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶֽם - I am God, your God - i.e., I am the One who said at Sinai: “I am God, your God,” and you accepted upon yourselves My kingship. Now accept My decrees, even those you may find difficult to understand. Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi said: It was clearly known to Him that ultimately, in the time of Ezra, forbidden carnal relations would cause a rift among them. He therefore came upon them from the start with a decree: “I am God, your God” – unlike usual cases, in which these words are stated after the command – in order to tell them: Be aware who is decreeing this upon you: a judge who can exact retribution and can be trusted to pay reward. |
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אֲנִי ה' אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶֽם.
אֲנִי הוּא שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי בְסִינַי אָנֹכִי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ וְקִבַּלְתֶּם עֲלֵיכֶם מַלְכוּתִי, מֵעַתָּה קַבְּלוּ גְזֵרוֹתָי; רַבִּי אוֹמֵר גָּלוּי וְיָדוּעַ לְפָנָיו שֶׁסּוֹפָן לִנָּתֵק בַּעֲרָיוֹת בִּימֵי עֶזְרָא, לְפִיכָךְ בָּא עֲלֵיהֶם בִּגְזֵרָה אני ה' אלהיכם — דְּעוּ מִי גוֹזֵר עֲלֵיכֶם, דַּיָּן לִפָּרַע וְנֶאֱמָן לְשַׁלֵּם שָׂכָר (עי' ספרא):
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| 3You must not imitate the practices of Egypt, where you dwelt, and you must not imitate the practices of Canaan, to which I am bringing you. Moreover, you must not follow their social conventions. |
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גכְּמַֽעֲשֵׂ֧ה אֶֽרֶץ־מִצְרַ֛יִם אֲשֶׁ֥ר יְשַׁבְתֶּם־בָּ֖הּ לֹ֣א תַֽעֲשׂ֑וּ וּכְמַֽעֲשֵׂ֣ה אֶֽרֶץ־כְּנַ֡עַן אֲשֶׁ֣ר אֲנִי֩ מֵבִ֨יא אֶתְכֶ֥ם שָׁ֨מָּ֨ה לֹ֣א תַֽעֲשׂ֔וּ וּבְחֻקֹּֽתֵיהֶ֖ם לֹ֥א תֵלֵֽכוּ: |
| כְּמַֽעֲשֵׂה אֶֽרֶץ־מִצְרַיִם - (lit.) Like the practices of Egypt. This tells us that the deeds of the Egyptians and the Canaanites were more debased than those of all other nations, and the place where the Israelites dwelt was the most debased of all. |
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כְּמַֽעֲשֵׂה אֶֽרֶץ־מִצְרַיִם.
מַגִּיד שֶׁמַּעֲשֵׂיהֶם שֶׁל מִצְרִיִּים וְשֶׁל כְּנַעֲנִיִּים מְקֻלְקָלִים מִכָּל הָאֻמּוֹת, וְאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם שֶׁיָּשְׁבוּ בוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל מְקֻלְקָל מִן הַכֹּל:
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| אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי מֵבִיא אֶתְכֶם שָׁמָּה - To which I am bringing you. This additional phrase tells us that those nations whom the Israelites conquered were the most debased of all. |
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אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי מֵבִיא אֶתְכֶם שָׁמָּה.
מַגִּיד שֶׁאוֹתָן עֲמָמִין שֶׁכִּבְּשׁוּ יִשְֹרָאֵל מְקֻלְקָלִים מִכֻּלָּם (שם):
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| וּבְחֻקֹּֽתֵיהֶם לֹא תֵלֵֽכוּ - (lit.) You must not follow their rules. What did Scripture leave unsaid that it needed to add this phrase? It is only added to refer to their customs, the things that have become fixed as their way of life, such as theaters and stadiums. Rabbi Meir said: It refers to such superstitious practices that our sages enumerated as “ways of the Amorites.” |
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וּבְחֻקֹּֽתֵיהֶם לֹא תֵלֵֽכוּ.
מַה הִנִּיחַ הַכָּתוּב שֶׁלֹּא אָמַר? אֶלָּא אֵלּוּ נִימוֹסוֹת שֶׁלָּהֶן — דְּבָרִים הַחֲקוּקִין לָהֶם — כְּגוֹן טַרְטִיָּאוֹת וְאִצְטַדִיָּאוֹת, רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר, אֵלּוּ דַּרְכֵי הָאֱמוֹרִי שֶׁמָּנוּ חֲכָמִים (שם):
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| 4Rather, you must perform My ordinances and safeguard My rules, to pursue them. I am God, your God. |
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דאֶת־מִשְׁפָּטַ֧י תַּֽעֲשׂ֛וּ וְאֶת־חֻקֹּתַ֥י תִּשְׁמְר֖וּ לָלֶ֣כֶת בָּהֶ֑ם אֲנִ֖י יְהוָֹ֥ה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶֽם: |
| אֶת־מִשְׁפָּטַי תַּֽעֲשׂוּ - You must perform My ordinances. This refers to matters ordained in the Torah with reason, that even were they not stated, it would be proper to state them. |
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אֶת־מִשְׁפָּטַי תַּֽעֲשׂוּ.
אֵלּוּ דְּבָרִים הָאֲמוּרִים בַּתּוֹרָה בְּמִשְׁפָּט, שֶׁאִלּוּ לֹא נֶאֶמְרוּ הָיוּ כְדַאי לְאָמְרָן:
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| וְאֶת־חֻקֹּתַי תִּשְׁמְרוּ - And safeguard My rules. This refers to matters that are decrees of the King, about which the evil inclination objects: “Why should we observe them?” and about which the nations of the world also object, such as the prohibitions of eating swine, wearing garments made of a mixture of wool and linen, and that the purification water of the red cow causes one to be rid of ritual defilement. It therefore says: “I am God” – I have decreed these rules upon you, and you have no right to exempt yourselves from obeying them. |
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וְאֶת־חֻקֹּתַי תִּשְׁמְרוּ.
דְּבָרִים שֶׁהֵן גְּזֵרַת הַמֶּלֶךְ, שֶׁיֵּצֶר הָרַע מֵשִׁיב עֲלֵיהֶם לָמָּה לָנוּ לְשָׁמְרָן? וְאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם מְשִׁיבִין עֲלֵיהֶם, כְּגוֹן אֲכִילַת חֲזִיר וּלְבִישַׁת שַׁעַטְנֵז וְטָהֳרַת מֵי חַטָּאת, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר אני ה', גָּזַרְתִּי עֲלֵיכֶם, אֵי אַתָּה רַשַּׁאי לִפָּטֵר (יומא ס"ז):
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| לָלֶכֶת בָּהֶם - (lit.) To follow them - i.e., do not leave their company. This means that you must not say: “I have thoroughly learned Jewish wisdom; I will now go and study the wisdom of the nations.” |
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לָלֶכֶת בָּהֶם.
אַל תִּפָּטֵר מִתּוֹכָם, שֶׁלֹּא תֹאמַר לָמַדְתִּי חָכְמַת יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵלֵךְ וְאֶלְמַד חָכְמַת הָאֻמּוֹת (ספרא):
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| 5You must safeguard My rules and My ordinances, all of which a person must do in order to live, by them, eternally. I am God. |
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הוּשְׁמַרְתֶּ֤ם אֶת־חֻקֹּתַי֙ וְאֶת־מִשְׁפָּטַ֔י אֲשֶׁ֨ר יַֽעֲשֶׂ֥ה אֹתָ֛ם הָֽאָדָ֖ם וָחַ֣י בָּהֶ֑ם אֲנִ֖י יְהוָֹֽה: |
| וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת־חֻקֹּתַי וגו' - You must safeguard My rules… This additional verse includes other details implied in this passage that Scripture did not state explicitly. Another explanation: It is written to apply both “safeguarding” (i.e., study) and “performing” (practical application) for rules, and “safeguarding” and “performing” for ordinances, for the previous verse applied only “performing” for ordinances and “safeguarding” for rules. |
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וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת־חֻקֹּתַי וגו'.
לְרַבּוֹת שְׁאָר דִּקְדּוּקֵי הַפָּרָשָׁה, שֶׁלֹּא פֵּרֵט הַכָּתוּב בָּהֶם; דָּבָר אַחֵר לִתֵּן שְׁמִירָה וַעֲשִׂיָּה לַחֻקִּים וּשְׁמִירָה וַעֲשִׂיָּה לַמִּשְׁפָּטִים, לְפִי שֶׁלֹּא נָתַן אֶלָּא עֲשִׂיָּה לַמִּשְׁפָּטִים וּשְׁמִירָה לַחֻקִּים (ספרא):
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| וָחַי בָּהֶם - In order to live, by them - in the World to Come, for were you to say that it means in this world, this cannot be, for he will ultimately die. |
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וָחַי בָּהֶם.
לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, שֶׁאִם תֹּאמַר בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה וַהֲלֹא סוֹפוֹ הוּא מֵת (שם):
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| אֲנִי ה' - I am God - who can be trusted to pay reward. |
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אֲנִי ה'.
נֶאֱמָן לְשַׁלֵּם שָׂכָר (שם):
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