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Kiddush HaChodesh - Chapter 10

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Kiddush HaChodesh - Chapter 10

1According to the opinion among the Sages of Israel that a solar year is less than 365 and one-quarter days, there is a view that the length of the solar year is 365 days, 5 hours, 997 units, and 48 moments.אשְׁנַת הַחַמָּה לְמִי שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר שֶׁהִיא פָּחוֹת מֵרְבִיעַ: מֵחַכְמֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹמֵר, שֶׁהִיא שְׁלוֹשׁ מֵאוֹת חֲמִשָּׁה וְשִׁשִּׁים יוֹם וַחֲמֵשׁ שָׁעוֹת וּתְשַׁע מֵאוֹת שִׁבְעָה וְתִשְׁעִים חֲלָקִים וּשְׁמוֹנָה וְאַרְבָּעִים רֶגַע.
A moment is a seventy-sixth portion of a unit.וְהָרֶגַע, אֶחָד מִשִּׁשָּׁה וְשִׁבְעִים בְּחֵלֶק.
According to this reckoning, the difference between a solar year and a lunar year will be 10 days, 21 hours, 121 units, and 48 moments (in numbers, 10—21—121—48).וּלְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן זֶה, תִּהְיֶה תּוֹסֶפֶת שְׁנַת הַחַמָּה עַל שְׁנַת הַלְּבָנָה עֲשָׂרָה יָמִים וְאַחַת וְעֶשְׂרִים שָׁעָה וּמֵאָה וְאֶחָד וְעֶשְׂרִים חֵלֶק וּשְׁמוֹנָה וְאַרְבָּעִים רֶגַע - סִימָן לָהֶן י' כ"א קכ"א מ"ח.
According to this calculation, there will be no remainder at all after a nineteen-year cycle. Instead, after every nineteen-year cycle, a perfect correspondence will be established between the solar years and the combination of ordinary and full lunar years.וְלֹא תִמְצָא תּוֹסֶפֶת בְּמַחְזוֹר שֶׁל תְשַׁע עֶשְׂרֵה כְּלָל, אֶלָא בְּכָל מַחְזוֹר מֵהֶם יְשַׁלְּמוּ שְׁנֵי הַחַמָּה עִם שְׁנֵי הַלְּבָנָה הַפְּשׁוּטוֹת וְהַמְּעֻבָּרוֹת.
2According to this calculation, there are ninety-one days, seven hours, 519 units, and thirty-one moments (in numbers, 91—7—519—31).בבֵּין כָּל תְּקוּפָה וּתְקוּפָה לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן זֶה, אֶחָד וְתִשְׁעִים יוֹם וְשֶׁבַע שָׁעוֹת וַחֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת וְתִשְׁעָה עָשָׂר חֲלָקִים וְאֶחָד וּשְׁלוֹשִׁים רֶגַע - סִימָן לָהֶם צ"א ז' תקי"ט ל"א.
When you know the date and the time of the beginning of any particular season, you can calculate the date and the time of the beginning of the subsequent season according to the seasons of the year, in a way resembling the calculations that follow the opinion that a solar year is 365 and 1/4 days.וּכְשֶׁתֵּדַע תְּקוּפָה מִן הַתְּקוּפוֹת אֵימָתַי הָיְתָה, תְּחַשַּׁב מֵאוֹתוֹ רֶגַע מִנְיָן זֶה, וְתֵדַע תְּקוּפָה שֶׁאַחֲרֶיהָ, עַל הַדֶּרֶךְ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בִּתְקוּפַת הַשָּׁנָה שֶׁהִיא רְבִיעַ.
3According to this calculation, the vernal equinox of the first year of creation was nine hours and 642 units1 (in numbers, 9—642) before the conjunction of the month of Nisan.גתְּקוּפַת נִיסָן לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן זֶה, הָיְתָה בְּשָׁנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁל יְּצִירָה קֹדֶם מוֹלַד נִיסָן בְּתֵשַׁע שָׁעוֹת וְשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת וּשְׁנַיִם וְאַרְבָּעִים חֲלָקִים - סִימָן לָהֶם ט' תרמ"ב.
Similarly, in every first year of a nineteen-year cycle, the vernal equinox is nine hours and 642 units before the conjunction of the month of Nisan.וְכֵן הִיא לְעוֹלָם בְּכָל שָׁנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁל כָל מַחְזוֹר, קֹדֶם מוֹלַד נִיסָן בְּתֵשַׁע שָׁעוֹת וְשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת וּשְׁנַיִם וְאַרְבָּעִים חֲלָקִים.
4When you know which is the first year of a nineteen-year cycle, you will be able to calculate the beginning of every subsequent season by adding 91 days, 7 hours, 519 units, and 31 moments for each and every season until the end of the nineteen- year cycle.דכְּשֶׁתֵּדַע תְּקוּפַת נִיסָן שֶׁל שָׁנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה מִן הַמַּחְזוֹר, תְּחַשַּׁב מִמֶּנָּה אֶחָד וְתִשְׁעִים יוֹם וְשֶׁבַע שָׁעוֹת וַחֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת וְתִשְׁעָה עָשָׂר חֲלָקִים וְאֶחָד וּשְׁלוֹשִׁים רֶגַע לְכָל תְּקוּפָה וּתְקוּפָה, עַד סוֹף הַמַּחְזוֹר.
5If you desire to know when the vernal equinox of a given year will fall according to this calculation, first determine how many complete years have passed within this nineteen-year cycle. For each year, add the remainder of a year 10 days, 21 hours, 121 units, and 48 moments. Afterwards, group all the moments as units, all the units as hours, and all the hours as days, as done when calculating the conjunction. Subtract nine hours and 642 units from the entire sum,2 and divide the remainder by the length of a lunar month.3 The remainder that is less than the length of a lunar month should be added to the time of the conjunction of Nisan of the year in question. The vernal equinox of that year will take place on the moment arrived at according to these calculations.האִם תִּרְצֶה לֵידַע מָתַי תִּהְיֶה תְּקוּפַת נִיסָן לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן זֶה, תֵּדַע תְּחִלָּה שָׁנִים גְּמוּרוֹת שֶׁעָבְרוּ מִן הַמַּחְזוֹר, וְתִקַּח לְכָל שָׁנָה מֵהֶן תּוֹסֶפְתָּהּ, וְהִיא י' כ"א קכ"א מ"ח; וְקַבֵּץ כָּל הָרְגָעִים חֲלָקִים, וְכָל הַחֲלָקִים שָׁעוֹת, וְכָל הַשָּׁעוֹת יָמִים, כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁתְּחַשֵּב בַּמּוֹלָדוֹת; וְתִגְרַע מִן הַכֹּל, תֵּשַׁע שָׁעוֹת וְשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת וּשְׁנַיִם וְאַרְבָּעִים חֲלָקִים; וְהַנִּשְׁאָר, תַּשְׁלִיכוֹ חָדְשֵׁי לְבָנָה; וְהַנִּשְׁאָר שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ חֹדֶשׁ לְבָנָה, תּוֹסִיף אוֹתוֹ עַל מוֹלַד נִיסָן שֶׁל אוֹתָהּ שָׁנָה - וּבְרֶגַע שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ בּוֹ הַמִּנְיָן, תִּהְיֶה תְּקוּפַת נִיסָן שֶׁל אוֹתָהּ שָׁנָה.
6It appears to me that the Sages relied on this calculation of the length of the seasons regarding the institution of a leap year, in the era when the High Court held sessions and would institute a leap year because of the time when the equinox was scheduled to occur or for other reasons. For this calculation is more accurate than the former one. It shares a greater resemblance to the data explained by the astronomers than the first opinion, which considered a solar year to be 365 and 1/4 days.ומַרְאִין לִי הַדְּבָרִים, שֶׁעַל חֶשְׁבּוֹן תְּקוּפָה זוֹ הָיוּ סוֹמְכִין לְעִנְיַן עִבּוּר הַשָּׁנָה בְּעֵת שֶׁבֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל מָצוּי, שֶׁהֵן מְעַבְּרִין מִפְּנֵי הַזְּמָן אוֹ מִפְּנֵי הַצֹּרֶךְ - לְפִי שֶׁחֶשְּׁבּוֹן זֶה, הוּא הָאֱמֶת יוֹתֵר מִן הָרִאשׁוֹן, וְהוּא קָרוֹב מִדְּבָרִים שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֲרוּ בְּאִצְטַגְנִינוּת, יוֹתֵר מִן הַחֶשְׁבּוֹן הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁהָיְתָה בּוֹ שְׁנַת הַחַמָּה שְׁלוֹשׁ מֵאוֹת וַחֲמִשָּׁה וְשִׁשִּׁים יוֹם וּרְבִיעַ יוֹם.
7Both these calculations that we have explained are approximations, based on the mean rate of progress of the sun, and not on its actual position in the celestial sphere.זוְחֶשְׁבּוֹן שְׁתֵּי הַתְּקוּפוֹת הָאֵלּוּ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ דַּרְכָּם, הַכֹּל בְּקֵרוּב הוּא, וּבְמַהְלַךְ הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ הָאֶמְצָעִי, לֹא בִּמְקוֹמָהּ הָאֲמִתִּי.
When one considers the actual position of the sun at these times, the vernal equinox will take place approximately two days before the time determined by either of these calculations.4 This applies both according to the opinion that a solar year is exactly 365 and 1/4 days, and according to the opinion that a solar year is less than 365 and 1/4 days.אֲבָל בְּמָקוֹם הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ הָאֲמִתִּי תִּהְיֶה תְּקוּפַת נִיסָן בִּזְמַנִּים אֵלּוּ, בִּכְמוֹ שְׁנֵי יָמִים קֹדֶם שְׁתֵּי הַתְּקוּפוֹת שֶׁיּוֹצְאִין בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן זֶה, בֵּין בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן מִי שֶׁמְּחַשֵּׁב רְבִיעַ יוֹם גָּמוּר, בֵּין לְמִי שֶׁמְּחַשֵּׁב לְפָחוֹת מֵרְבִיעַ יוֹם.
Footnotes
1.

This differs from the figure given in Chapter 9, Halachah 3. The reason for this difference is that Rav Ada’s calculations (the figures mentioned in this chapter) follow Rabbi Yehoshua’s view, which maintains that the world was created in Nisan. In contrast, Shemuel’s calculations (those mentioned in Chapter 9) depend more on the view of Rabbi Eliezer, who maintains that the world was created in Tishrei.

2.

So that the calculation will begin from the day of the conjunction of Nisan.

3.

Thus accounting for all the leap years that have passed within the nineteen-year cycle.

4.

As mentioned previously, and as is explained in the subsequent chapters, the mean position or the mean rate of progress of a body in the celestial sphere refers to the average of its monthly or yearly cycle. In actual fact, there are slight inconsistencies between the position of any of these bodies according to these calculations and its actual position as observed in the celestial sphere. Until this point, the Rambam has relied on the mean rate of progress of the celestial bodies for his calculations. In the subsequent chapters, he explains how their exact position in the celestial sphere can be determined.

The Mishneh Torah was the Rambam's (Rabbi Moses ben Maimon) magnum opus, a work spanning hundreds of chapters and describing all of the laws mentioned in the Torah. To this day it is the only work that details all of Jewish observance, including those laws which are only applicable when the Holy Temple is in place. Participating in one of the annual study cycles of these laws (3 chapters/day, 1 chapter/day, or Sefer Hamitzvot) is a way we can play a small but essential part in rebuilding the final Temple.
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Rabbi Eliyahu Touger is a noted author and translator, widely published for his works on Chassidut and Maimonides.
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The text on this page contains sacred literature. Please do not deface or discard.