| 20And should a man strike his manservant or his maidservant with a rod, and [that one] die under his hand, he shall surely be avenged. |
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כוְכִֽי־יַכֶּה֩ אִ֨ישׁ אֶת־עַבְדּ֜וֹ א֤וֹ אֶת־אֲמָתוֹ֙ בַּשֵּׁ֔בֶט וּמֵ֖ת תַּ֣חַת יָד֑וֹ נָקֹ֖ם יִנָּקֵֽם: |
| And should a man strike his manservant or his maidservant The text is referring to a Canaanite slave, or perhaps it is referring only to a Hebrew [slave]? To clarify this, the Torah says: “because he is his property” (verse 21). Just as his property is his permanent acquisition, so is the slave [in question] one who is his permanent acquisition. Now, was he [the one who kills his slave] not included in “He who strikes a man and he dies” (above, verse 12)? This verse was written [lit., came] to exclude him [the owner of the slave] from the general rule [concerning murder], to be judged with the law of “a day or two days” (verse 21), that if he did not die under his hand but lingered an entire twenty-four-hour period, he is exempt. -[From Mechilta] |
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וְכִֽי־יַכֶּה אִישׁ אֶת־עַבְדּוֹ אוֹ אֶת־אֲמָתוֹ
בְּעֶבֶד כְּנַעֲנִי הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא בְּעִבְרִי? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר כִּי כַסְפּוֹ הוּא, מַה כַּסְפּוֹ קָנוּי לוֹ עוֹלָמִית, אַף עֶבֶד הַקָּנוּי לוֹ עוֹלָמִית; וַהֲרֵי הָיָה בִכְלַל מַכֵּה אִישׁ וָמֵת? אֶלָּא בָא הַכָּתוּב וְהוֹצִיאוֹ מִן הַכְּלָל, לִהְיוֹת נָדוֹן בְּדִין יוֹם אוֹ יוֹמַיִם, שֶׁאִם לֹא מֵת תַּחַת יָדוֹ וְשָׁהָה מֵעֵת לְעֵת פָּטוּר (מכילתא):
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| with a rod The verse refers to [a rod] that has sufficient [weight and strength] to kill [someone]. Or perhaps that is not so, but [the master is liable] even if it [the rod] does not have sufficient [weight and strength] to kill? Therefore, the Torah says concerning an Israelite: “Or if he strikes him with a stone that can be held in the hand, from which he may die” (Num. 35:17). (“Or if he strikes him with a wooden instrument that can be held in the hand, from which he may die”) (Num. 35:18). -[Mizrachi version] Now could the matter not be understood by a kal vachomer [an inference from a major to a minor case], that if [in the case of] an Israelite [victim], [a case] which is treated more stringently, one is not liable unless he struck him [the victim] with an article that has sufficient [weight and strength] to kill and the blow is on an organ which could cause death, how much more should it be so [in the case of] a slave, [a case] which is treated more leniently? -[From Mechilta] |
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בַּשֵּׁבֶט
כְּשֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ כְּדֵי לְהָמִית הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר. אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ אֵין בּוֹ כְּדֵי לְהָמִית? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וְאִם בְּאֶבֶן יָד אֲשֶׁר יָמוּת בָּהּ הִכָּהוּ (במדבר ל"ה), וַהֲלֹא דְּבָרִים קַל וָחֹמֶר: מַה יִּשְׂרָאֵל חָמוּר אֵין חַיָּב עָלָיו אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הִכָּהוּ בְדָבָר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ כְּדֵי לְהָמִית וְעַל אֵבֶר שֶׁהוּא כְדֵי לָמוּת בְּהַכָּאָה זוֹ, עֶבֶד הַקַּל לֹא כָּל שֶׁכֵּן (מכילתא):
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| he shall surely be avenged [with] death by the sword [decapitation], and so does the Torah say: “a sword avenging the vengeance of the covenant” (Lev. 26:25). -[From Mechilta, Sanh. 52b] |
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נָקֹם יִנָּקֵֽם
מִיתַת סַיִף, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר חֶרֶב נֹקֶמֶת נְקַם בְּרִית (ויקרא כ"ו):
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| 21But if he survives for a day or for two days, he shall not be avenged, because he is his property. |
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כאאַ֥ךְ אִם־י֛וֹם א֥וֹ יוֹמַ֖יִם יַֽעֲמֹ֑ד לֹ֣א יֻקַּ֔ם כִּ֥י כַסְפּ֖וֹ הֽוּא: |
| But if he survives for a day or two he shall not be avenged If one day[’s survival] exempts him [from punishment], then would not [survival of] two days be even more obvious? [Why then, is the word יומים written?] Rather [it must be that we are speaking of] one day which is as two days, and what [kind of day] is that? A full, twenty-four hour period. |
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אַךְ אִם־יוֹם אוֹ יוֹמַיִם יַֽעֲמֹד לֹא יֻקַּם
אִם עַל יוֹם אֶחָד הוּא פָּטוּר עַל יוֹמַיִם לֹא כָּל שֶׁכֵּן? אֶלָּא יוֹם שֶׁהוּא כְיוֹמַיִם, וְאֵיזֶה? זֶה מֵעֵת לְעֵת (מכילתא):
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| he shall not be avenged, because he is his property But if someone else struck him, even if he lingered for twenty-four hours before he died, he [the other person] is liable [to incur the death penalty]. |
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לֹא יֻקַּם כִּי כַסְפּוֹ הֽוּא
הָא אַחֵר שֶׁהִכָּהוּ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁשָּׁהָה מֵעֵת לְעֵת קֹדֶם שֶׁמֵּת, חַיָּב:
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| 22And should men quarrel and hit a pregnant woman, and she miscarries but there is no fatality, he shall surely be punished, when the woman's husband makes demands of him, and he shall give [restitution] according to the judges' [orders]. |
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כבוְכִֽי־יִנָּצ֣וּ אֲנָשִׁ֗ים וְנָ֨גְפ֜וּ אִשָּׁ֤ה הָרָה֙ וְיָֽצְא֣וּ יְלָדֶ֔יהָ וְלֹ֥א יִֽהְיֶ֖ה אָס֑וֹן עָנ֣וֹשׁ יֵֽעָנֵ֗שׁ כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֨ר יָשִׁ֤ית עָלָיו֙ בַּ֣עַל הָֽאִשָּׁ֔ה וְנָתַ֖ן בִּפְלִלִֽים: |
| And should men quarrel with one another, and [one] intended to strike his fellow, and [instead] struck a woman. [From Sanh. 79a] |
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וְכִֽי־יִנָּצוּ אֲנָשִׁים
זֶה עִם זֶה, וְנִתְכַּוֵּן לְהַכּוֹת אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ וְהִכָּה אֶת הָאִשָּׁה:
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| and hit a pregnant woman Heb. נְגִיפָה וְנָגְפוּ is only an expression of pushing and striking, as [in the following phrases:] “lest you strike תִּגֹף your foot with a stone” (Ps. 91:12); “and before your feet are bruised (יִתְנְַָפוּ)” (Jer. 13:16); “and a stone upon which to dash oneself (נֶגֶף)” (Isa. 8:14). |
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וְנָגְפוּ
אֵין נְגִיפָה אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן דְּחִיפָה וְהַכָּאָה, כְּמוֹ פֶּן תִּגֹּף בָּאֶבֶן רַגְלֶךָ (תהילים צ"א), בְּטֶרֶם יִתְנַגְּפוּ רַגְלֵיכֶם (ירמיהו י"ג) וּלְאֶבֶן נֶגֶף (ישעיהו ח'):
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| but there is no fatality with the woman. -[From Sanh. 79a, Jonathan] |
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וְלֹא יִֽהְיֶה אָסוֹן
בָּאִשָּׁה:
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| he shall surely be punished to pay the value of the fetuses to the husband. They assess her [for] how much she was valued to be sold in the market, increasing her value because of her pregnancy. -[From B.K. 49a] I. e., the court figures how much she would be worth if sold as a pregnant slave when customers would take into account the prospect of the slaves she would bear, and her value as a slave without the pregnancy. The assailant must pay the difference between these two amounts. -[B.K. 48b, 49a] |
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עָנוֹשׁ יֵֽעָנֵשׁ
לְשַׁלֵּם דְּמֵי וְלָדוֹת לַבַּעַל; שָׁמִין אוֹתָהּ כַּמָּה הָיְתָה רְאוּיָה לִמָּכֵר בַּשּׁוּק לְהַעֲלוֹת בְּדָמֶיהָ בִּשְׁבִיל הֶרְיוֹנָהּ:
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| he shall surely be punished Heb. יֵעָנֵשׁ עָנוֹשׁ. They shall collect monetary payment from him, like וְעָנְשׁוּ [in the verse] “And they shall fine (וְעָנְשׁוּ) him one hundred [shekels of] silver” (Deut. 22:19). [From Mechilta] |
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עָנוֹשׁ יֵֽעָנֵשׁ
יִגְבּוּ מָמוֹן מִמֶּנּוּ, כְּמוֹ וְעָנְשׁוּ אֹתוֹ מֵאָה כֶסֶף (דברים כ"ב):
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| when the woman’s husband makes demands of him When the husband sues him [the assailant] in court to levy upon him punishment for that. |
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כַּֽאֲשֶׁר יָשִׁית עָלָיו וגו'
כְּשֶׁיִּתְבָּעֶנּוּ הַבַּעַל בְּבֵית דִּין לְהָשִׁית עָלָיו עֹנֶשׁ עַל כָּךְ:
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| and he shall give [restitution] The assailant [shall give] the value of the fetuses. |
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וְנָתַן
הַמַּכֶּה דְּמֵי וְלָדוֹת:
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| according to the judges Heb. בִּפְלִלִים, according to the verdict of the judges. -[From Mechilta] |
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בִּפְלִלִֽים
– עַל פִּי הַדַּיָּנִים (מכילתא):
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| 23But if there is a fatality, you shall give a life for a life, |
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כגוְאִם־אָס֖וֹן יִֽהְיֶ֑ה וְנָֽתַתָּ֥ה נֶ֖פֶשׁ תַּ֥חַת נָֽפֶשׁ: |
| But if there is a fatality with the woman. |
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וְאִם־אָסוֹן יִֽהְיֶה
בָּאִשָּׁה:
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| you shall give a life for a life Our Rabbis differ on this matter. Some say [that he must] actually [give up his] life, and some say [that he must pay] money, but not actually a life, and if one intends to kill one person and kills another, he is exempt from the death penalty and must pay his [the victim’s] heirs his value, as [it would be if] he were sold in the marketplace. -[From Mechilta, Sanh. 79] |
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וְנָֽתַתָּה נֶפֶשׁ תַּחַת נָֽפֶשׁ
רַבּוֹתֵינוּ חוֹלְקִים בַּדָּבָר, יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים נֶפֶשׁ מַמָּשׁ, וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים מָמוֹן אֲבָל לֹא נֶפֶשׁ מַמָּשׁ, שֶׁהַמִּתְכַּוֵּן לַהֲרֹג אֶת זֶה וְהָרַג אֶת זֶה פָּטוּר מִמִּיתָה, וּמְשַׁלֵּם לְיוֹרְשָׁיו דָּמָיו כְּמוֹ שֶׁהָיָה נִמְכָּר בַּשּׁוּק (שם):
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| 24an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, a foot for a foot, |
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כדעַ֚יִן תַּ֣חַת עַ֔יִן שֵׁ֖ן תַּ֣חַת שֵׁ֑ן יָ֚ד תַּ֣חַת יָ֔ד רֶ֖גֶל תַּ֥חַת רָֽגֶל: |
| an eye for an eye If [a person] blinds his neighbor’s eye, he must give him the value of his eye, [which is] how much his price to be sold in the marketplace has decreased [without the eye]. So is the meaning of all of them [i.e., all the injuries enumerated in the following verses], but not the actual amputation of a limb, as our Rabbis interpreted it in the chapter entitled הַחוֹבֵל, he who assaults. -[From B.K. 83b, 84a] |
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עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן
סִמֵּא עֵין חֲבֵרוֹ נוֹתֵן לוֹ דְּמֵי עֵינוֹ כַּמָּה שֶׁפָּחֲתוּ דָּמָיו לִמְכֹּר בַּשּׁוּק, וְכֵן כֻּלָּם; וְלֹא נְטִילַת אֵבֶר מַמָּשׁ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁדָּרְשׁוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ בְּפֶרֶק הַחוֹבֵל (בבא קמא דף פ"ג):
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| 25a burn for a burn, a wound for a wound, a bruise for a bruise. |
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כהכְּוִיָּה֙ תַּ֣חַת כְּוִיָּ֔ה פֶּ֖צַע תַּ֣חַת פָּ֑צַע חַבּוּרָ֕ה תַּ֖חַת חַבּוּרָֽה: |
| a burn for a burn Heb. כְּוִיָּה, a burn caused by fire. [Rashi probably alludes to מִכְוַת-אֵשׁ in Lev. 13:24.] Until now [the Torah] spoke of an injury that decreases the value [of the victim], and now of [an injury] that does not decrease the [victim’s] value [as a slave] but causes pain, for instance if he [the assailant] burned him [the victim] on his nails with a spit, they [the judges] compute how much [money] a person like him would be willing to take to endure such pain. -[From B.K. 84a, Mechilta] |
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כְּוִיָּה תַּחַת כְּוִיָּה
מִכְוַת אֵשׁ; וְעַד עַכְשָׁו דִּבֵּר בְּחַבָּלָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ פְּחַת דָּמִים, וְעַכְשָׁיו בְּשֶׁאֵין בָּהּ פְּחַת דָּמִים אֶלָּא צַעַר, כְּגוֹן כְּוָאוֹ בִשְׁפוּד עַל צִפָּרְנָיו, אוֹמְדִים כַּמָּה אָדָם כַּיּוֹצֵא בָזֶה רוֹצֶה לִטֹּל לִהְיוֹת מִצְטַעֵר כָּךְ (בבא קמא פ"ג):
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| a wound Heb. פֶּצַע, a wound that bleeds, where he wounded his [victim’s] flesh, navredure in Old French, all according to what it [the wound] is. If it decreases his value, he [the assailant must] pay [for the] damage; if he falls into idleness, he [must] pay for idleness, and for healing, shame, and pain. This verse is superfluous [because there is no difference between a wound and a burn. Whatever damage he inflicts he must pay]. In [the chapter] הַחוֹבֵל (B.K. 84a), our Rabbis interpreted it as making one liable for [the victim’s] pain even where there is [permanent] damage [which he must pay for], because although he pays him [the victim] the value of his hand, we do not exempt him from the [payment compensating for the victim’s] pain, reasoning that since he [the assailant] purchased his [the victim’s] hand [by giving the victim payment for its value], he may amputate it with whatever he wants. We say, however, that he should amputate it with a medication that lessens the pain. However, [if] he cut it off with [an] iron [implement] and caused him pain [he must give the victim compensation]. -[From B.K. 85a] |
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פֶּצַע
הִיא מַכָּה הַמּוֹצִיאָה דָם, שֶׁפָּצַע אֶת בְּשָׂרוֹ, נבר"ורא בְּלַעַז; הַכֹּל לְפִי מַה שֶּׁהוּא – אִם יֵשׁ בּוֹ פְּחַת דָּמִים, נוֹתֵן נֶזֶק, וְאִם נָפַל לְמִשְׁכָּב, נוֹתֵן שֶׁבֶת וְרִפּוּי וּבֹשֶׁת וְצַעַר; וּמִקְרָא זֶה יָתֵר הוּא, וּבְהַחוֹבֵל דְּרָשׁוּהוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ לְחַיֵּב עַל הַצַּעַר אֲפִלּוּ בִמְקוֹם נֶזֶק – שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנּוֹתֵן לוֹ דְּמֵי יָדוֹ, אֵין פּוֹטְרִים אוֹתוֹ מִן הַצַּעַר, לוֹמַר, הוֹאִיל וְקָנָה יָדוֹ יֵשׁ עָלָיו לְחָתְכָהּ בְּכָל מַה שֶּׁיִּרְצֶה, אֶלָּא אוֹמְרִים, יֵשׁ לוֹ לְחָתְכָהּ בְּסַם, שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִצְטַעֵר כָּל כָּךְ, וְזֶה חֲתָכָהּ בְּבַרְזֶל וְצִעֲרוֹ:
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| a bruise Heb. חַבּוּרָה. This is a blow in which blood collects but does not come out. It only reddens the flesh on that spot. The term חַבּוּרָה is equivalent to tache in Old French [meaning] a spot, like “or a leopard its spots (חִבַרְבֻּרֹתָיו) ” (Jer. 13:23). Its Aramaic translation is מַשְׁקוֹפֵי, an expression of beating, batedure in Old French, [meaning] beating, knocking, and so, שְׁדֻפוֹת קָדִּים (Gen. 41:23) [is translated by Onkelos as:] קִדּוּם שְׁקִיפָן, [which means] “beaten by the [east] wind,” and similarly, “on the lintel (עַל הַמַשְׁקוֹף)” (Exod. 12:7), [is given this appellation] because the door bangs against it [the lintel]. [See commentary on Exod. 12:7.] |
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חַבּוּרָה
הִיא מַכָּה שֶׁהַדָּם נִצְרָר בָּהּ וְאֵינוֹ יוֹצֵא, אֶלָּא שֶׁמַּאֲדִים הַבָּשָׂר כְּנֶגְדּוֹ, וּלְשׁוֹן חַבּוּרָה טק"א בְּלַעַז, כְּמוֹ וְנָמֵר חֲבַרְבֻּרֹתָיו (ירמיהו י"ג), וְתַרְגּוּמוֹ מַשְׁקוֹפֵי, לְשׁוֹן חֲבָטָה, בטדו"רא בְּלַעַז, וְכֵן שְׁדוּפוֹת קָדִים (בראשית מ"א), שְׁקִיפָן קִדּוּם – חֲבוּטוֹת בָּרוּחַ, וְכֵן עַל הַמַּשְׁקוֹף, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁהַדֶּלֶת נוֹקֵשׁ עָלָיו:
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| 26And if a man strikes the eye of his manservant or the eye of his maidservant and destroys it, he shall set him free in return for his eye, |
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כווְכִֽי־יַכֶּ֨ה אִ֜ישׁ אֶת־עֵ֥ין עַבְדּ֛וֹ אֽוֹ־אֶת־עֵ֥ין אֲמָת֖וֹ וְשִֽׁחֲתָ֑הּ לַֽחָפְשִׁ֥י יְשַׁלְּחֶ֖נּוּ תַּ֥חַת עֵינֽוֹ: |
| the eye of his manservant [This refers to] a Canaanite, but a Hebrew [slave] does not go out with [the loss of his] tooth or [his] eye as we have stated on “she shall not go out as the slaves go out” (Exod. 21:7). |
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אֶת־עֵין עַבְדּוֹ
כְּנַעֲנִי, אֲבָל עִבְרִי אֵינוֹ יוֹצֵא בְשֵׁן וְעַיִן, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ לֹא תֵצֵא כְּצֵאת הָעֲבָדִים:
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| in return for his eye And so it [the law] is with the twenty-four tips of limbs: [i.e.,] the fingers and toes, the two ears and the nose, and the רֹאֹש הַגְּוִיָה, which is the male organ. Why were [both] a tooth and an eye mentioned [when the Torah could have mentioned only one]? Because if it had mentioned an eye and did not mention a tooth, I would say that just as an eye was created with him [at birth], so [does this apply to] everything that is created with him, but a tooth was not created with him [at birth]. [Therefore, I would say that if the master knocked out his slave’s tooth, the slave would not be freed.] If it mentioned a tooth and did not mention an eye, I would say [that] even [if the master knocked out] a baby tooth, which would be replaced [by the natural growth of another tooth, the slave would be freed]. Therefore, it mentions the eye [which cannot be replaced, to teach us that if the master knocks out a baby tooth, the slave is not freed]. -[From Kid. 24a] |
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תַּחַת עֵינֽוֹ
וְכֵן בְּכ"ד רָאשֵׁי אֵבָרִים: אֶצְבְּעוֹת הַיָּדַיִם וְהָרַגְלַיִם, וּשְׁתֵּי אָזְנַיִם, וְהַחֹטֶם, וְרֹאשׁ הַגְּוִיָּה שֶׁהוּא גִּיד הָאַמָּה. וְלָמָּה נֶאֱמַר שֵׁן וְעַיִן? שֶׁאִם נֶאֱמַר עַיִן וְלֹא נֶאֱמַר שֵׁן, הָיִיתִי אוֹמֵר מָה עַיִן שֶׁנִּבְרָא עִמּוֹ אַף כָּל שֶׁנִּבְרָא עִמּוֹ, וַהֲרֵי שֵׁן לֹא נִבְרָא עִמּוֹ; וְאִם נֶאֱמַר שֵׁן וְלֹא נֶאֱמַר עַיִן, הָיִיתִי אוֹמֵר אֲפִלּוּ שֵׁן תִּינוֹק שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהּ חֲלִיפִין, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר עַיִן (מכילתא):
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| 27and if he knocks out the tooth of his manservant or the tooth of his maidservant, he shall set him free in return for his tooth. |
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כזוְאִם־שֵׁ֥ן עַבְדּ֛וֹ אוֹ־שֵׁ֥ן אֲמָת֖וֹ יַפִּ֑יל לַֽחָפְשִׁ֥י יְשַׁלְּחֶ֖נּוּ תַּ֥חַת שִׁנּֽוֹ: |
| 28And if a bull gores a man or a woman and [that one] dies, the bull shall surely be stoned, and its flesh shall not be eaten, and the owner of the bull is clear. |
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כחוְכִֽי־יִגַּ֨ח שׁ֥וֹר אֶת־אִ֛ישׁ א֥וֹ אֶת־אִשָּׁ֖ה וָמֵ֑ת סָק֨וֹל יִסָּקֵ֜ל הַשּׁ֗וֹר וְלֹ֤א יֵֽאָכֵל֙ אֶת־בְּשָׂר֔וֹ וּבַ֥עַל הַשּׁ֖וֹר נָקִֽי: |
| And if a bull gores [This law refers to] either a bull or any domestic animal, beast, or bird, but the text spoke of what usually occurs [i.e., bulls usually gore]. -[From Mechilta, B.K. 54b] |
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וְכִֽי־יִגַּח שׁוֹר
אֶחָד שׁוֹר וְאֶחָד כָּל בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה וָעוֹף, אֶלָּא שֶׁדִּבֵּר הַכָּתוּב בַּהֹוֶה (בבא קמא נ"ד):
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| and its flesh shall not be eaten From the implication of what was stated: “the bull shall surely be stoned,” do I not know that it will become carrion [i.e., meaning not killed according to halachah], and carrion is forbidden to be eaten. For what purpose, then, does the Torah state: “and its flesh shall not be eaten” ? [To inform us] that even if one slaughtered it [according to halachah] after it was sentenced, it is forbidden to be eaten. How do we know that no benefit may be derived from it [this animal sentenced to death]? Therefore, the Torah says: “and the owner of the bull is clean (נָקִי) ”, as one says to his friend, “So-and-so lost his property [lit., was cleaned out (נָקִי) of his property], and he has no benefit at all from it” (B.K. 41a). This is its midrashic meaning. Its simple meaning is as its apparent meaning. Since it says concerning a habitual gorer: “and also its owner shall be put to death,” it had to say that in the case of a tame [bull]: “and the owner of the bull is clean [i.e., clear of any charges].” [The tame bull (תָּם) is the bull that did not gore habitually, but only once or twice. In the case of the bull that killed a person, this bull is put to death, but the owner is clear; i.e., he does not have to pay ransom. Should the bull gore three times, it is called מוּעָד, warned. If the fourth time it gores it kills someone, it is liable to death, and its owner is also liable to death by the hands of Heaven. In order to clear himself of this punishment he must pay ransom, as is delineated in verses 29 and 30.] |
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וְלֹא יֵֽאָכֵל אֶת־בְּשָׂרוֹ
מִמַּשְׁמָע שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר סָקוֹל יִסָּקֵל הַשּׁוֹר אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁהוּא נְבֵלָה וּנְבֵלָה אֲסוּרָה בַּאֲכִילָה? אֶלָּא מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר וְלֹא יֵאָכֵל אֶת בְּשָׂרוֹ? שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ שְׁחָטוֹ לְאַחַר שֶׁנִּגְמַר דִּינוֹ אָסוּר בַּאֲכִילָה, בַּהֲנָאָה מִנַּיִן? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר וּבַעַל הַשּׁוֹר נָקִי, כְּאָדָם הָאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵרוֹ יָצָא פְּלוֹנִי נָקִי מִנְּכָסָיו וְאֵין לוֹ בָהֶם הַנָּאָה שֶׁל כְּלוּם, זֶהוּ מִדְרָשׁוֹ (בבא קמא מ"א). וּפְשׁוּטוֹ כְמַשְׁמָעוֹ, לְפִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בַּמּוּעָד וְגַם בְּעָלָיו יוּמָת, הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר בַּתָּם וּבַעַל הַשּׁוֹר נָקִי:
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| 29But if it is a [habitually] goring bull since yesterday and the day before yesterday, and its owner had been warned, but he did not guard it, and it puts to death a man or a woman, the bull shall be stoned, and also its owner shall be put to death, |
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כטוְאִ֡ם שׁוֹר֩ נַגָּ֨ח ה֜וּא מִתְּמֹ֣ל שִׁלְשֹׁ֗ם וְהוּעַ֤ד בִּבְעָלָיו֙ וְלֹ֣א יִשְׁמְרֶ֔נּוּ וְהֵמִ֥ית אִ֖ישׁ א֣וֹ אִשָּׁ֑ה הַשּׁוֹר֙ יִסָּקֵ֔ל וְגַם־בְּעָלָ֖יו יוּמָֽת: |
| since yesterday and the day before yesterday This implies [a total of] three gorings. [From Mechilta, B.K. 23b] |
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מִתְּמֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם
הֲרֵי שָׁלֹשׁ נְגִיחוֹת (מכילתא):
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| and its owner has been warned Heb. וְהוּעַד, a word denoting a warning in front of witnesses (Mechilta, B.K. 24a), like “The man warned us repeatedly (הָעֵד הֵעִד) ” (Gen. 43:3). |
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וְהוּעַד בִּבְעָלָיו
לְשׁוֹן הַתְרָאָה בְעֵדִים, כְּמוֹ הָעֵד הֵעִד בָּנוּ הָאִישׁ (בראשית מ"ג):
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| and it puts to death a man, etc. Since it stated: “if [a bull] gores,” I know only that [the bull is liable to death] if it kills him [its victim] by goring [with its horns]. If it killed him through biting, shoving, or kicking, how do we know [that it must be killed]? Therefore, the Torah states: “and it puts to death,” [implying that in whatever way it kills its victim, the bull is liable to death]. -[based on Mechilta] |
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וְהֵמִית אִישׁ וגו'
לְפִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כִּי יִגַּח אֵין לִי אֶלָּא שֶׁהֱמִיתוֹ בִנְגִיחָה, הֱמִיתוֹ בִנְשִׁיכָה, דְּחִיפָה, בְּעִיטָה, מִנַּיִן? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר וְהֵמִית:
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| and also its owner shall be put to death By the hands of Heaven [and not through a court]. I might think that it [this verse] means [that he is liable to death] by the hands of man [i.e., through the court]. Therefore, the Torah states: “The assailant shall surely be put to death; he is a murderer” (Num. 35:21), [implying that] for his [act of] murder you [must] kill him, but you do not kill him [i. e., anyone] for his bull’s [act of] murder. -[From Sanh. 15b] |
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וְגַם־בְּעָלָיו יוּמָֽת
בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם. יָכוֹל בִּידֵי אָדָם? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר מוֹת יוּמַת הַמַּכֶּה רוֹצֵחַ הוּא, עַל רְצִיחָתוֹ אַתָּה הוֹרְגוֹ וְאִי אַתָּה הוֹרְגוֹ עַל רְצִיחַת שׁוֹרוֹ (סנהדרין ט"ו):
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| 30insofar as ransom shall be levied upon him, he shall give the redemption of his soul according to all that is levied upon him. |
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לאִם־כֹּ֖פֶר יוּשַׁ֣ת עָלָ֑יו וְנָתַן֙ פִּדְיֹ֣ן נַפְשׁ֔וֹ כְּכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־יוּשַׁ֖ת עָלָֽיו: |
| insofar as ransom shall be levied upon him Heb. (אִם). This (אִם) is not [meant as a] conditional, but it is like “When (אִם) you lend money” (Exod. 22:24), a word meaning “that.” His sentence is that the court levy ransom upon him. |
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אִם־כֹּפֶר יוּשַׁת עָלָיו
"אִם" זֶה אֵינוֹ תָלוּי, וַהֲרֵי הוּא כְּמוֹ "אִם כֶּסֶף תַּלְוֶה" – לְשׁוֹן אֲשֶׁר, זֶה מִשְׁפָּטוֹ שֶׁיָּשִׁיתוּ עָלָיו בֵּית דִּין כֹּפֶר:
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| he shall give the redemption of his soul [This means] the value of the victim [as a slave]. This is the view of Rabbi Ishmael. Rabbi Akiva says: The value of the damager, [i.e., the owner of the goring bull]. -[From Mechilta] |
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וְנָתַן פִּדְיֹן נַפְשׁוֹ
דְּמֵי נִזָּק דִּבְרֵי רַ' יִשְׁמָעֵאל, רַ' עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר דְּמֵי מַזִּיק (מכילתא):
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| 31Or if it gores a young boy or a young girl, according to this ordinance shall be done to him. |
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לאאוֹ־בֵ֥ן יִגָּ֖ח אוֹ־בַ֣ת יִגָּ֑ח כַּמִּשְׁפָּ֥ט הַזֶּ֖ה יֵעָ֥שֶׂה לוֹ: |
| Or if it gores a young boy Heb. בֵן, lit., a son. A son who is a minor. |
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אוֹ־בֵן יִגָּח
בֵּן שֶׁהוּא קָטָן:
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| or a young girl Heb. בַת, lit., a daughter who is a minor. Since it says (verse 29): “and it puts to death a man or a woman,” I may think that he (the bull) is liable only for [killing] adults. Therefore, the Torah states: “Or if it gores a young boy, etc.” to make one liable for minors as [for] adults. -[From Mechilta, Mechilta d’Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai, B.K. 43b, 44a] |
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אוֹ־בַת
שֶׁהִיא קְטַנָּה; לְפִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְהֵמִית אִישׁ אוֹ אִשָּׁה, יָכוֹל אֵינוֹ חַיָּב אֶלָּא עַל הַגְּדוֹלִים, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר אוֹ בֵן יִגָּח וְגוֹ', לְחַיֵּב עַל הַקְּטַנִּים כַּגְּדוֹלִים (שם):
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| 32If the bull gores a manservant or a maidservant, he shall give silver [in the amount of] thirty shekels to his master, and the bull shall be stoned. |
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לבאִם־עֶ֛בֶד יִגַּ֥ח הַשּׁ֖וֹר א֣וֹ אָמָ֑ה כֶּ֣סֶף | שְׁלשִׁ֣ים שְׁקָלִ֗ים יִתֵּן֙ לַֽאדֹנָ֔יו וְהַשּׁ֖וֹר יִסָּקֵֽל: |
| …a manservant or a maidservant - Canaanites. -[From Mechilta] |
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אִם־עֶבֶד אוֹ אָמָה
כְּנַעֲנִיִּים:
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| thirty shekels This is a decree of the Scriptures [that the bull’s owner pay thirty shekels] whether he [the dead slave] was worth a thousand zuz or whether he was worth no more than a dinar. The weight of the shekel is four pieces of gold, which equal half an ounce according to the official weight of Cologne. |
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שְׁלשִׁים שְׁקָלִים יִתֵּן
גְּזֵרַת הַכָּתוּב הוּא, בֵּין שֶׁהוּא שָׁוֶה אֶלֶף זוּז בֵּין שֶׁאֵינוֹ שָׁוֶה אֶלָּא דִּינָר. וְהַשֶּׁקֶל מִשְׁקָלוֹ אַרְבָּעָה זְהוּבִים שֶׁהֵם חֲצִי אֻנְקִיָא לְמִשְׁקָל הַיָּשָׁר שֶׁל קוֹלוֹנְיָ"א:
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| 33And if a person opens a pit, or if a person digs a pit and does not cover it, and a bull or a donkey falls into it, |
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לגוְכִֽי־יִפְתַּ֨ח אִ֜ישׁ בּ֗וֹר א֠וֹ כִּֽי־יִכְרֶ֥ה אִ֛ישׁ בֹּ֖ר וְלֹ֣א יְכַסֶּ֑נּוּ וְנָֽפַל־שָׁ֥מָּה שּׁ֖וֹר א֥וֹ חֲמֽוֹר: |
| And if a person opens a pit which was covered, and he uncovered it. |
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וְכִֽי־יִפְתַּח אִישׁ בּוֹר
שֶׁהָיָה מְכֻסֶּה וְגִלָּהוּ:
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| or if… digs Why was this stated? If he is liable for opening [a pit that had already been dug], is it not [true that he would be] even more [guilty] for digging [a new pit]? But this is to include a digger [who digs deeper] after a digger, that he is liable. [I.e., if one digs a pit nine handbreadths deep, which is capable of injuring an animal but not killing it, and another digs one handbreadth more, making the open pit capable of killing an animal, the second digger is liable in all cases.] -[From B.K. 51a] |
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אוֹ כִּֽי־יִכְרֶה
לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר? אִם עַל הַפְּתִיחָה חַיָּב עַל הַכְּרִיָּה לֹא כָל שֶׁכֵּן? אֶלָּא לְהָבִיא כוֹרֶה אַחַר כּוֹרֶה שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב (בבא קמא נ"א):
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| and does not cover it intimating that if he covered it, he is exempt [from paying for any damages that could occur], and the text speaks of one who digs in a public domain. -[From B.K. 55b] |
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וְלֹא יְכַסֶּנּוּ
הָא אִם כִּסָּהוּ פָּטוּר; וּבְחוֹפֵר בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים דִּבֵּר הַכָּתוּב:
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| and a bull or a donkey The same applies to all domestic animals and beasts, for wherever it says: “a bull and a donkey,” we [can] derive [that it applies to all domestic animals] through a גְּזֵרָה שָׁוָה, similar wording of שׂוֹר שׁוֹר, [which is] from [the law concerning the] Sabbath, as it is stated: “In order that your bull and your donkey rest” (Exod. 23:12). Just as there [referring to the Sabbath] every domestic animal and beast is like the bull [in reference to the law], for it says elsewhere [regarding the Sabbath] (Deut. 5:14) “[…you shall not perform any kind of work, neither you, nor your son…] and all your animals,” here, too, all animals and beasts are like the bull [in reference to the law]. The bull and the donkey are mentioned only [for us to understand that] for a bull [that falls into a pit the owner is liable] but not for a man [who falls into a pit], and [he is liable for] a donkey but not for utensils. -[From B.K. 53b] |
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שּׁוֹר אוֹ חֲמֽוֹר
הוּא הַדִּין לְכָל בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה, שֶׁבְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר שׁוֹר אוֹ חֲמוֹר אָנוּ לְמֵדִין אוֹתוֹ שׁוֹר שׁוֹר מִשַּׁבָּת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לְמַעַן יָנוּחַ שׁוֹרְךָ וַחֲמֹרֶךָ (שמות כ"ג), מַה לְּהַלָּן כָּל בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה כְּשׁוֹר – שֶׁהֲרֵי נֶאֱמַר בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר וְכָל בְּהֶמְתֶּךָ (דברים ה') – אַף כָּאן כָּל בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה כְּשׁוֹר, וְלֹא נֶאֱמַר שׁוֹר וַחֲמוֹר אֶלָּא שׁוֹר וְלֹא אָדָם, חֲמוֹר וְלֹא כֵלִים (בבא קמא נ"ג):
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| 34the owner of the pit shall pay; he shall return money to its owner, and the dead body shall be his. |
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לדבַּ֤עַל הַבּוֹר֙ יְשַׁלֵּ֔ם כֶּ֖סֶף יָשִׁ֣יב לִבְעָלָ֑יו וְהַמֵּ֖ת יִֽהְיֶה־לּֽוֹ: |
| the owner of the pit [This refers to] the creator of the obstacle [i.e., the pit], although the pit is not his, for he made it in a public domain, Scripture made him its owner, insofar as he is liable for its damages. -[From B.K. 29b] |
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בַּעַל הַבּוֹר
בַּעַל הַתַּקָּלָה; אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין הַבּוֹר שֶׁלּוֹ – שֶׁעֲשָׂאוֹ בִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים – עֲשָׂאוֹ הַכָּתוּב בְּעָלָיו לְהִתְחַיֵּב עָלָיו בִּנְזָקָיו:
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| he shall return money to its owner Heb. יָשִׁיב. [The word] יָשִׁיב [is written] to include [anything] worth money, even bran. -[From B.K. 7a] (See Exod. 22:4: “the best of his field or the best of his vineyard he shall pay,” which Rashi explains to mean that damages are paid from the best land. Rav Huna the son of Rav Yehoshua in the Talmud (B.K. 7b) solves this apparent discrepancy by concluding that it applies only if the defendant prefers to pay the damages with land, but if he prefers to pay with movable objects, everything is deemed the best, because if it cannot be sold here, it can be sold elsewhere.) [Addendum to Rashi] [It can therefore be easily converted to cash.] |
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כֶּסֶף יָשִׁיב לִבְעָלָיו
יָשִׁיב לְרַבּוֹת שְׁוֵה כֶסֶף וַאֲפִלּוּ סֻבִּין (שם ז'):
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| and the dead body shall be his - [The dead animal will belong to] the one [owner] who sustained the damage. They assess the carcass, and he [the owner] takes it for its value, and the damager pays him in addition to it [the carcass] payment for his damage. -[From Mechilta, B.K. 10b] |
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וְהַמֵּת יִֽהְיֶה־לּֽוֹ
לַנִּזָּק; שָׁמִין אֶת הַנְּבֵלָה וְנוֹטְלָהּ בְּדָמִים וּמְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ הַמַּזִּיק עָלֶיהָ תַשְׁלוּמֵי נִזְקוֹ (בבא קמא י'):
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| 35And if a man's bull strikes his friend's bull and it dies, they shall sell the live bull and divide the money received for it, and they shall also divide the dead body. |
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להוְכִֽי־יִגֹּ֧ף שֽׁוֹר־אִ֛ישׁ אֶת־שׁ֥וֹר רֵעֵ֖הוּ וָמֵ֑ת וּמָ֨כְר֜וּ אֶת־הַשּׁ֤וֹר הַחַי֙ וְחָצ֣וּ אֶת־כַּסְפּ֔וֹ וְגַ֥ם אֶת־הַמֵּ֖ת יֶֽחֱצֽוּן: |
| And if… strikes Heb. יִגֹּף, shove, either with its horns, or with its feet, or whether he bit him with his teeth All are included in נְגִיפָה, for נְגִיפָה is only an expression of striking. -[From Mechilta] |
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וְכִֽי־יִגֹּף
יִדְחֹף; בֵּין בְּקַרְנָיו, בֵּין בְּגוּפוֹ, בֵּין בְּרַגְלוֹ, בֵּין שֶׁנְּשָׁכוֹ בְשִׁנָּיו, כֻּלָּן בִּכְלַל נְגִיפָה הֵם, שֶׁאֵין נְגִיפָה אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן מַכָּה:
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| a man’s bull Heb. שׁוֹר-אִישׁ, a bull [belonging to] a man. |
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שֽׁוֹר־אִישׁ
שׁוֹר שֶׁל אִישׁ:
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| they shall sell the live bull, etc. Scripture speaks of [two bulls] of equal value a bull worth two hundred [zuz] that killed a bull worth two hundred [zuz]. Whether the carcass is worth much or worth little, when this one takes half [the value of] the live [bull] and half [the value of] the dead one, the result is that each one sustains half the damage that death inflicted upon him. We learn that the tame [bull] pays half the damage, for from the equal ones [the bulls of equal value] you learn [how it is with] the unequal ones [bulls of unequal value], for the law of the tame bull is to pay half the damage, not more or less. Or perhaps, even if they were unequal when they were alive, Scripture mandates that they sell them both [and divide the proceeds of the sale between them]? [This cannot be true since] if you say that sometimes the damager would gain very much, or sometimes the victim would receive much more than the amount of the complete damage, for half the value of the damaging bull [may] exceed the entire value of the bull that was damaged. If you say that, the [law regarding the] tame bull is more stringent than the [law regarding the] habitual gorer [which is illogical]. You are compelled to say that Scripture is referring only to the ones [bulls] of equal value. It teaches you that the tame bull pays half the damage, and from the [law concerning] equal ones, you learn about the unequal ones, that for the one who is awarded half the damage they [the court] assess the carcass, and the decrease of its value due to the death, [and] he receives half the depreciation and leaves (B.K. 34a). Now why did Scripture state it in this language? To teach [us] that the tame bull pays only with its body, and if it gored and subsequently died, the one [owner] who sustained the damage receives only the carcass, and if it does not equal half his damage, he has a loss. Or if a bull worth a maneh [one hundred zuz] gored a bull worth five hundred zuz, he [the owner] receives only the bull, for the tame bull did not become obligated to obligate its owner to pay from the best of his property (B.K. 16b). |
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וּמָכְרוּ אֶת־הַשּׁוֹר וגו'
בְּשָׁוִים הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר – שׁוֹר שָׁוֶה מָאתַיִם שֶׁהֵמִית שׁוֹר שָׁוֶה מָאתַיִם – בֵּין שֶׁהַנְּבֵלָה שָׁוָה הַרְבֵּה, בֵּין שֶׁהִיא שָׁוָה מְעַט, כְּשֶׁנּוֹטֵל זֶה חֲצִי הַחַי וַחֲצִי הַמֵּת וְזֶה חֲצִי הַחַי וַחֲצִי הַמֵּת, נִמְצָא כָל אֶחָד מַפְסִיד חֲצִי נֶזֶק שֶׁהִזִּיקָה הַמִּיתָה; לִמְּדָנוּ שֶׁהַתָּם מְשַׁלֵּם חֲצִי נֶזֶק, שֶׁמִּן הַשָּׁוִין אַתָּה לָמֵד לְשֶׁאֵינָן שָׁוִין, כִּי דִּין הַתָּם לְשַׁלֵּם חֲצִי נֶזֶק – לֹא פָּחוֹת וְלֹא יוֹתֵר. אוֹ יָכוֹל אַף בְּשֶׁאֵינָן שָׁוִין בִּדְמֵיהֶן כְּשֶׁהֵן חַיִּים אָמַר הַכָּתוּב יֶחֱצוּ אֶת שְׁנֵיהֶם? אִם אָמַרְתָּ כֵן, פְּעָמִים שֶׁהַמַּזִּיק מִשְׂתַּכֵּר הַרְבֵּה, כְּשֶׁהַנְּבֵלָה שָׁוָה לִמָּכֵר לְנָכְרִים הַרְבֵּה יוֹתֵר מִדְּמֵי שׁוֹר הַמַּזִּיק, וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיֹּאמַר הַכָּתוּב שֶׁיְּהֵא הַמַּזִּיק נִשְׂכָּר; אוֹ פְעָמִים שֶׁהַנִּזָּק נוֹטֵל הַרְבֵּה יוֹתֵר מִדְּמֵי נֶזֶק שָׁלֵם – שֶׁחֲצִי דְּמֵי שׁוֹר הַמַּזִּיק שָׁוִין יוֹתֵר מִכָּל דְּמֵי שׁוֹר הַנִּזָּק – וְאִם אָמַרְתָּ כֵן, הֲרֵי תָם חָמוּר מִמּוּעָד. עַל כָּרְחֲךָ לֹא דִּבֵּר הַכָּתוּב אֶלָּא בְּשָׁוִין, וְלִמֶּדְךָ שֶׁהַתָּם מְשַׁלֵּם חֲצִי נֶזֶק, וּמִן הַשָּׁוִין תִּלְמֹד לְשֶׁאֵינָן שָׁוִין, שֶׁהַמִּשְׁתַּלֵּם חֲצִי נִזְקוֹ שָׁמִין לוֹ אֶת הַנְּבֵלָה, וּמַה שֶׁפָּחֲתוּ דָּמָיו בִּשְׁבִיל הַמִּיתָה, נוֹטֵל חֲצִי הַפְּחָת וְהוֹלֵךְ. וְלָמָה אָמַר הַכָּתוּב בַּלָּשׁוֹן הַזֶּה וְלֹא אָמַר יְשַׁלֵּם חֶצְיוֹ? לְלַמֵּד, שֶׁאֵין הַתָּם מְשַׁלֵּם אֶלָּא מִגּוּפוֹ, וְאִם נָגַח וּמֵת, אֵין נִּזָּק נוֹטֵל אֶלָּא הַנְּבֵלָה, וְאִם אֵינָהּ מַגַּעַת לַחֲצִי נִזְקוֹ יַפְסִיד; אוֹ שׁוֹר שָׁוֶה מָנֶה, שֶׁנָּגַח שׁוֹר שָׁוֶה חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת זוּז, אֵינוֹ נוֹטֵל אֶלָּא אֶת הַשּׁוֹר, שֶׁלֹּא נִתְחַיֵּב הַתָּם לְחַיֵּב אֶת בְּעָלָיו לְשַׁלֵּם מִן הָעֲלִיָּה (בבא קמא ל"ג):
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| 36Or if it was known that it was a [habitually] goring bull since yesterday and the day before yesterday, and its owner does not watch it, he shall surely pay a bull for a bull, and the dead body shall be his. |
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לוא֣וֹ נוֹדַ֗ע כִּ֠י שׁ֣וֹר נַגָּ֥ח הוּא֙ מִתְּמ֣וֹל שִׁלְשֹׁ֔ם וְלֹ֥א יִשְׁמְרֶ֖נּוּ בְּעָלָ֑יו שַׁלֵּ֨ם יְשַׁלֵּ֥ם שׁוֹר֙ תַּ֣חַת הַשּׁ֔וֹר וְהַמֵּ֖ת יִֽהְיֶה־לּֽוֹ: |
| Or if it was known Or if it was not tame, but it was known that it was a [habitually] goring bull today and from yesterday and the day before yesterday, totaling three gorings. -[From Mechilta, B.K. 23b] |
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אוֹ נוֹדַע
אוֹ לֹא הָיָה תָם, אֶלָּא נוֹדַע כִּי שׁוֹר נַגָּח הוּא, הַיּוֹם וּמִתְּמוֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם הֲרֵי שָׁלֹשׁ נְגִיחוֹת:
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| he shall surely pay a bull The complete damage. [Midrash Hagadol from Mechilta d’Rabbi Shimon ben Yochai] |
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שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם שׁוֹר
נֶזֶק שָׁלֵם:
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| and the dead body shall be his [I.e.,] the victim’s, and in addition to that, the damager must complete it until the victim is paid his entire damage [due to him]. -[From B.K. 10b. 53b] |
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וְהַמֵּת יִֽהְיֶה־לּֽוֹ
לַנִּזָּק; וְעָלָיו יַשְׁלִים הַמַּזִּיק עַד שֶׁיִּשְׁתַּלֵּם נִזָּק כָּל נִזְקוֹ:
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| 37If a man steals a bull or a lamb and slaughters it or sells it, he shall pay five cattle for the bull or four sheep for the lamb. |
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לזכִּ֤י יִגְנֹֽב־אִישׁ֙ שׁ֣וֹר אוֹ־שֶׂ֔ה וּטְבָח֖וֹ א֣וֹ מְכָר֑וֹ חֲמִשָּׁ֣ה בָקָ֗ר יְשַׁלֵּם֙ תַּ֣חַת הַשּׁ֔וֹר וְאַרְבַּע־צֹ֖אן תַּ֥חַת הַשֶּֽׂה: |
| five cattle, etc. Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai said: The Omnipresent was considerate of people’s honor. [For] a bull, which walks with its [own] feet, and the thief was not disgraced by carrying it on his shoulder, he pays fivefold. [For] a lamb, which he [the thief] carries on his shoulder, he pays [only] fourfold because he was disgraced by it. Rabbi Meir said: Come and see how great the power of work is. [For the theft of] a bull, which caused [the owner] to stop working, he [the thief] pays five. [For the theft of] a lamb, which did not cause [the owner] to stop working, [the thief pays] four. -[From Mechilta, B.K. 79b, Tosefta B.K. 7:3] |
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חֲמִשָּׁה בָקָר וגו'
אָמַר רַ' יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי חָס הַמָּקוֹם עַל כְּבוֹדָן שֶׁל בְּרִיּוֹת – שׁוֹר שֶׁהוֹלֵךְ בְּרַגְלָיו וְלֹא נִתְבַּזָּה בּוֹ הַגַּנָּב לְנָשְׂאוֹ עַל כְּתֵפוֹ, מְשַׁלֵּם חֲמִשָּׁה, שֶׂה שֶׁנּוֹשְֹׁאוֹ עַל כְּתֵפוֹ, מְשַׁלֵּם אַרְבָּעָה הוֹאִיל וְנִתְבַּזָּה בוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר בֹּא וּרְאֵה כַּמָּה גָדוֹל כֹּחָהּ שֶׁל מְלָאכָה – שׁוֹר שֶׁבִּטְּלוֹ מִמְּלַאכְתּוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה, שֶׂה שֶׁלֹּא בִטְּלוֹ מִמְּלַאכְתּוֹ אַרְבָּעָה (מכילתא, בבא קמא ע"ט):
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| for the bull…for the lamb Scripture repeated them [i.e., the mentioning of the bull and the lamb] to tell [you] that the rule of fourfold and fivefold payments applies only to a bull and a lamb. [From B.K. 67b] |
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תַּחַת הַשּׁוֹר תַּחַת הַשֶּֽׂה
שְׁנָאָן הַכָּתוּב, לוֹמַר שֶׁאֵין מִדַּת תַּשְׁלוּמֵי אַרְבָּעָה וַחֲמִשָּׁה נוֹהֶגֶת אֶלָּא בְּשׁוֹר וְשֶׂה בִּלְבַד (בבא קמא ס"ז):
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