40For I raise My hand to heaven to swear, and say, “As surely as I live forever, so do I swear |
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מכִּֽי־אֶשָּׂ֥א אֶל־שָׁמַ֖יִם יָדִ֑י וְאָמַ֕רְתִּי חַ֥י אָֽנֹכִ֖י לְעֹלָֽם: |
כִּֽי־אֶשָּׂא אֶל־שָׁמַיִם יָדִי - For I raise My hand to heaven - i.e., in My anger, I will raise My hand to Myself in an oath. |
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כִּֽי־אֶשָּׂא אֶל־שָׁמַיִם יָדִי.
כִּי בַחֲרוֹן אַפִּי אֶשָּׂא יָדִי אֶל עַצְמִי בִּשְׁבוּעָה:
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וְאָמַרְתִּי חַי אָֽנֹכִי - And say, ‘As I live.’. This expression denotes an oath; i.e., I swear that “as I live forever, so too….” |
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וְאָמַרְתִּי חַי אָֽנֹכִי.
לְשׁוֹן שְׁבוּעָה הוּא, אֲנִי נִשְׁבָּע חי אנכי:
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41that I will sharpen the blade of My sword so it glistens like lightning, and My hand will take hold of My attribute of judgment! I will execute vengeance on My adversaries, and repay those nations who cause others to hate Me by denying Me. |
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מאאִם־שַׁנּוֹתִי֙ בְּרַ֣ק חַרְבִּ֔י וְתֹאחֵ֥ז בְּמִשְׁפָּ֖ט יָדִ֑י אָשִׁ֤יב נָקָם֙ לְצָרָ֔י וְלִמְשַׂנְאַ֖י אֲשַׁלֵּֽם: |
אִם־שַׁנּוֹתִי בְּרַק חַרְבִּי - means: that I will sharpen the blade of my sword, similar to: “so that it will have a glint (בָּרָק)”; “plandur” in Old French. |
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אִם־שַׁנּוֹתִי בְּרַק חַרְבִּי.
אִם אֲשַׁנֵּן אֶת לַהַב חַרְבִּי לְמַעַן הֱיוֹת לָהּ בָּרָק, שפלנ"דור:
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וְתֹאחֵז בְּמִשְׁפָּט יָדִי - And My hand will take hold of judgment - by dismissing My attribute of mercy, which I employed until now toward My enemies who harmed you – “for I had been only a little angry with you, but they intensified your persecution, adding evil beyond what I required.” Another explanation: My hand will take hold of the attribute of judgment, holding fast to it in order to take vengeance. |
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וְתֹאחֵז בְּמִשְׁפָּט יָדִי.
לְהַנִּיחַ מִדַּת רַחֲמִים מֵאוֹיְבַי שֶׁהֵרֵעוּ לָכֶם "אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי קָצַפְתִּי מְעָט וְהֵמָּה עָזְרוּ לְרָעָה" (זכריה א טו), וְתֹאחֵז יָדִי אֶת מִדַּת הַמִּשְׁפָּט לְהַחֲזִיק בָּהּ וְלִנְקֹם נָקָם:
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אָשִׁיב נָקָם וגו' - I will execute vengeance… In the Aggadah, our rabbis learned the following from the wording of the verse, i.e., from the fact that it says וְתֹאחֵז בְּמִשְׁפָּט יָדִי: The qualities of the Holy One, blessed be He, are not like those of human beings. When a human being fires an arrow, he is unable to retrieve it, but when the Holy One, blessed be He, fires His arrows, He is able to retrieve them as if He were still holding them in His hand, for His arrow is lightning, and it says here: בְּרַק חַרְבִּי וְתֹאחֵז בְּמִשְׁפָּט יָדִי (lit.) “the lightning of My sword, and My hand will hold judgment.” In this case, “judgment” denotes punishment; “justice” in Old French. |
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אָשִׁיב נָקָם וגו'.
לָמְדוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ בָּאַגָּדָה מִתּוֹךְ לְשׁוֹן הַמִּקְרָא שֶׁאָמַר ותאחז במשפט ידי — לֹא כְמִדַּת בָּשָׂר וָדָם מִדַּת הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, מִדַּת בָּשָׂר וָדָם זוֹרֵק חֵץ וְאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַהֲשִׁיבוֹ, וְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא זוֹרֵק חִצָּיו וְיֵשׁ בְּיָדוֹ לַהֲשִׁיבָם כְּאִלּוּ אוֹחֲזָן בְּיָדוֹ, שֶׁהֲרֵי בָרָק הוּא חִצּוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כָּאן ברק חרבי ותאחז במשפט ידי, וְהַמִּשְׁפָּט הַזֶּה לְשׁוֹן פֻּרְעָנוּת הוּא, בְלַעַז יושטיצ"א:
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42I will make My arrows drunk with the blood of the enemy; My sword will devour their flesh, in order to avenge the blood of the slain and captive of Israel, beginning from the first breach that the enemy made in your security.”’ |
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מבאַשְׁכִּ֤יר חִצַּי֙ מִדָּ֔ם וְחַרְבִּ֖י תֹּאכַ֣ל בָּשָׂ֑ר מִדַּ֤ם חָלָל֙ וְשִׁבְיָ֔ה מֵרֹ֖אשׁ פַּרְע֥וֹת אוֹיֵֽב: |
אַשְׁכִּיר חִצַּי מִדָּם - I will make My arrows drunk with blood - of the enemy. |
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אַשְׁכִּיר חִצַּי מִדָּם.
הָאוֹיֵב:
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וְחַרְבִּי תֹּאכַל - My sword will devour flesh - i.e., their flesh. |
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וְחַרְבִּי תֹּאכַל.
בְּשָׂרָם:
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מִדָּם חָלָל וְשִׁבְיָה - (lit.) From the blood of the slain and captive. This punishment will befall them for the sin of shedding the blood of the slain of Israel and taking the captives whom they captured from them. |
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מִדָּם חָלָל וְשִׁבְיָה.
זֹאת תִּהְיֶה לָהֶם מֵעֲוֹן דַּם חַלְלֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְשִׁבְיָה שֶׁשָּׁבוּ מֵהֶם:
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מֵרֹאשׁ פַּרְעוֹת אוֹיֵֽב - (lit.) From the first breaches of the enemy - i.e., from the crime of the initial enemy attacks, for when the Holy One, blessed be He, exacts punishment from the nations, He takes account of their sins and the sins of their ancestors from the time they began to attack the Jewish people and thereby make Israel vulnerable to further attack. |
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מֵרֹאשׁ פַּרְעוֹת אוֹיֵֽב.
מִפֶּשַׁע תְּחִלַּת פִּרְצוֹת הָאוֹיֵב, כִּי כְּשֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא נִפְרָע מִן הָאֻמּוֹת פּוֹקֵד עֲלֵיהֶם עֲוֹנָם וַעֲוֹנוֹת אֲבוֹתֵיהֶם מֵרֵאשִׁית פִּרְצָה שֶׁפָּרְצוּ בְיִשְׂרָאֵל:
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43Nations! Praise God regarding His people, for He will avenge the blood of His servants. He will take vengeance on His adversaries, and appease His land by appeasing His people for their suffering.” |
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מגהַרְנִ֤ינוּ גוֹיִם֙ עַמּ֔וֹ כִּ֥י דַם־עֲבָדָ֖יו יִקּ֑וֹם וְנָקָם֙ יָשִׁ֣יב לְצָרָ֔יו וְכִפֶּ֥ר אַדְמָת֖וֹ עַמּֽוֹ: |
הַרְנִינוּ גוֹיִם עַמּוֹ - Nations! Praise His people. At that time, the nations will praise Israel, saying: “See how great is the praise of this nation, who have clung to the Holy One, blessed be He, throughout the hardships that have befallen them, not forsaking Him, for they recognized His goodness and His praise” – |
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הַרְנִינוּ גוֹיִם עַמּוֹ.
לְאוֹתוֹ הַזְּמַן יְשַׁבְּחוּ הָאֻמּוֹת אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, רְאוּ מַה שִּׁבְחָהּ שֶׁל אֻמָּה זוֹ, שֶׁדָּבְקוּ בְּהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בְּכָל הַתְּלָאוֹת שֶׁעָבְרוּ עֲלֵיהֶם וְלֹא עֲזָבוּהוּ, יוֹדְעִים הָיוּ בְּטוּבוֹ וּבְשִׁבְחוֹ:
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כִּי דַם־עֲבָדָיו יִקּוֹם - For He will avenge the blood of His servants - i.e., the shedding of their blood, as its literal sense implies. |
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כִּי דַם־עֲבָדָיו יִקּוֹם.
שְׁפִיכוּת דְּמֵיהֶם, כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ:
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וְנָקָם יָשִׁיב לְצָרָיו - He will take vengeance on His adversaries - for their robbery and violence, as it says: “Egypt will become desolate, and Edom a desolate wilderness, for their violence against the descendants of Judah”; and it also says: “For your violence against your brother Jacob…you will be cut off forever.” |
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וְנָקָם יָשִׁיב לְצָרָיו.
עַל הַגָּזֵל וְעַל הֶחָמָס, כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יואל ד') "מִצְרַיִם לִשְׁמָמָה תִהְיֶה וֶאֱדוֹם לְמִדְבַּר שְׁמָמָה תִּהְיֶה מֵחֲמַס בְּנֵי יְהוּדָה", וְאוֹמֵר (עובדיה י') "מֵחֲמַס אָחִיךָ יַעֲקֹב וְגוֹ'" (עי' ספרי):
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וְכִפֶּר אַדְמָתוֹ עַמּוֹ - And appease His land, His people - i.e., He will appease His land and His people for the miseries that they underwent and for what the enemy did to them. |
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וְכִפֶּר אַדְמָתוֹ עַמּוֹ.
וִיפַיֵּס אַדְמָתוֹ וְעַמּוֹ עַל הַצָּרוֹת שֶׁעָבְרוּ עֲלֵיהֶם וְשֶׁעָשָׂה לָהֶם הָאוֹיֵב:
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וְכִפֶּר - Denotes reconciliation and appeasement, as in: אֲכַפְּרָה פָנָיו, which Onkelos translates as: אֲנִיחִנֵּהּ לְרֻגְזֵהּ “I will calm his anger.” |
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וְכִפֶּר.
לְשׁוֹן רִצּוּי וּפִיּוּס, כְּמוֹ (בראשית לב, כא) "אֲכַפְּרָה פָנָיו" — אַנְחִינֵיהּ לְרוּגְזֵיהּ:
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וְכִפֶּר אַדְמָתוֹ - And appease His land. And what is “His land”? His people, for when His people are comforted, His land is also comforted. Similarly, it says: “God, You have appeased Your land”; and how have You appeased Your land? “You have brought back the exiles of Jacob.” This passage is expounded in Sifrei with varying interpretations, with Rabbi Yehudah and Rabbi Nechemyah disputing regarding its meaning: Rabbi Yehudah expounds it as entirely referring to Israel, and Rabbi Nechemyah expounds it as entirely referring to the nations. Rabbi Yehudah expounds it as referring to Israel, as follows: “I would have said, ‘I will abandon them’” – as I explained above, until: “and it is not God who has done all this.” כִּי גוֹי אֹבַד עֵצוֹת הֵמָּה – (lit.) “For they are a nation bereft of counsel” – i.e., they have lost My Torah, which was fitting counsel for them. “And they possess no understanding” – to reflect “how could one” of the nations “pursue 1,000” of Israel – “were it not that their rock ‘sold’ them. For their rock is not like our rock…” From here, he explains all as I have already explained, until the end.Rabbi Nechemyah expounds it as referring to the nations, as follows: “For they are a bewildered nation…” – as I explained originally until “yet now our enemies judge us.” He then continues. |
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וְכִפֶּר אַדְמָתוֹ.
וּמַה הִיא אַדְמָתוֹ? עמו. כְּשֶׁעַמּוֹ מִתְנַחֲמִים אַרְצוֹ מִתְנַחֶמֶת, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר "רָצִיתָ ה' אַרְצֶךָ", בַּמֶּה רָצִיתָ אַרְצֶךָ? "שַׁבְתָּ שְׁבִית יַעֲקֹב" (תהילים פ"ה). בפנים אחרים היא נדרשת בספרי, ונחלקו בה רבי יהודה ורבי נחמי', רבי יהודה דורש כלה כנגד ישראל, ורבי נחמי' דורש כלה כנגד העובדי כוכבים, רבי יהודה דורשה כלפי ישראל: אמרתי אפאיהם כְּמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי, עַד (כז) ולא ה' פעל כל זאת. (כח) כי גוי אבד עצות המה. אָבְדוּ תוֹרָתִי שֶׁהִיא לָהֶם עֵצָה נְכוֹנָה, ואין בהם תבונה לְהִתְבּוֹנֵן (ל) איכה ירדף אחד מִן הָאֻמּוֹת אלף מֵהֶם, אם לא כי צורם מכרם. (לא) כי לא כצורנו צורם הַכֹּל כְּמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי עַד תַּכְלִית. וְרַ' נְחֶמְיָה דוֹרְשָׁהּ כְּלַפֵּי הָאֻמּוֹת, כי גוי אבד עצות המה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי תְחִלָּה עַד ואיבינו פלילים:
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כִּי מגפן סדם גפנם - “For their vine is the vine of Sodom”. i.e., the vine of the nations is the vine of Sodom. |
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כִּי מגפן סדם גפנם.
שֶׁל אֻמּוֹת:
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ומשדמת עמרה וגו' - and their deeds are “from the field of Gomorrah”. and because they are so debased, they are not careful to accredit the greatness to Me. |
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ומשדמת עמרה וגו'.
וְלֹא יָשִׂימוּ לִבָּם לִתְלוֹת הַגְּדֻלָּה בִּי:
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ענבמו ענבי רוש - “Their grapes are the grapes of bitterness”… refers back to the earlier statement: “were it not that the anger of the enemy is pent up” against Israel, to poison them and to embitter them. Therefore – “Their clusters deserve to be bitter” – to make them swallow them, measure for measure, for what they did to My children. |
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ענבמו ענבי רוש.
הוּא שֶׁאָמַר לולי כעס אויב אגור עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל לְהַרְעִילָם וּלְהַמְרִירָם, לְפִיכָךְ אשכלת מררת למו לְהַלְעִיט אוֹתָם עַל מַה שֶּׁעָשׂוּ לְבָנַי:
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חמת תנינם יינם - “Their wine is [like] the venom of dragons”. i.e., it is ready to be given to them to drink for what they do to Israel. |
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חמת תנינם יינם.
מוּכָן לְהַשְׁקוֹתָם עַל מַה שֶּׁעוֹשִׂין לָהֶם:
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כמס עמדי - “Stored away with Me”. This refers to that cup of wine, as it says: “For there is a cup in the hand of God….” . |
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כמס עמדי.
אוֹתוֹ הַכּוֹס, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהילים ע"ה) "כִּי כוֹס בְּיַד ה' וְגוֹ'":
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לעת תמוט רגלם - “When their foot falters” - The meaning of this is similar to that which it says: “the foot will trample it.” . |
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לעת תמוט רגלם.
כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "תִּרְמְסֶנָּה רֶגֶל" (ישעיהו כ"ו):
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כִּי ידין ה' עַמּוֹ - In this context, כִּי is used in the sense of “for.” Here, יָדִין does not denote chastisement, but means: “For He will plead their case against their oppressors.”, כִּי יִרְאֶה כִּי אָזְלַת יָד When the Holy One, blessed be He, sees that the hand of the nations is steadily bearing stronger upon Israel and no one among them is saved by a ruler or fortified, |
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כִּי ידין ה' עַמּוֹ.
בְּלָשוֹן זֶה מְשַׁמֵּשׁ כי ידין בִּלְשוֹן דְּהָא, וְאֵין יָדִין לְשוֹן יִסּוּרִין אֶלָּא כּמוֹ כִּי יָרִיב אֶת רִיבָם מִיַּד עוֹשְׁקֵיהֶם. כי יראה כי אזלת יד וגו':
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ואמר אי אלהימו - and He also sees that the enemy is saying. “Where is their God?” i.e., of Israel, as the wicked Titus said when he pierced the Curtain of the Holy of Holies, as it says: “My enemy will see and be covered in shame, who had said to me, ‘Where is God, your God?’” . |
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ואמר אי אלהימו.
הָאוֹיֵב יֹאמַר אֵי אֱלֹהֵימוֹ שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל? כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר טִיטוּס הָרָשָׁע כְּשֶׁגִּדֵּר אֶת הַפָּרֹכֶת (גיטין נ"ו), כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מיכה ז'): וְתֵרֶא אֹיַבְתִּי וּתְכַסֶּהָ בוּשָׁה הָאוֹמְרָה אֵלַי אַיּוֹ ה' אֱלֹהָיִךְ":
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ראו עתה כִּי אני וגו' - “See now that it is I, I…”. Then, the Holy One, blessed be He, will reveal His salvation and say to the nations: “See now that it is I, I” – meaning, it is from Me that the evil came upon Israel, and it is from Me that the good will come upon them. Why, then, do you ascribe the power to your worthless deities and yourselves? |
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ראו עתה כִּי אני וגו'.
אָז יְגַלֶּה הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יְשׁוּעָתוֹ וְיֹאמַר ראו עתה כי אני אני הוא, מֵאִתִּי בָּאת עֲלֵיהֶם הָרָעָה וּמֵאִתִּי תָבֹא עֲלֵיהֶם הַטּוֹבָה:
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ואין מידי מציל - “And no one can deliver from My hand” - means: There is no one who can save you from the evil that I will bring upon you. |
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ואין מידי מציל.
שֶׁיַּצִּיל אֶתְכֶם מִן הָרָעָה אֲשֶר אָבִיא עֲלֵיכֶם:
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כִּי אשא אל שמים ידי - כִּי אֶשָּׂא אֶל שָׁמַיִם יָדִי. This phrase is equivalent to כִּי נָשָׂאתִי “for I have raised,” i.e., I always rest My Divine Presence in heaven, as Onkelos translates it. Even when a weakling is above and a strong man below, the fear of the upper one is upon the lower one; all the more if a strong man is above and a weakling below. |
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כִּי אשא אל שמים ידי.
כְּמוֹ כִּי נָשָׂאתִי — תָּמִיד אֲנִי מַשְׁרֶה מְקוֹם שְׁכִינָתִי בַשָּׁמַיִם, כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ, אֲפִלּוּ חַלָּש לְמַעְלָה וְגִבּוֹר לְמַטָּה אֵימַת עֶלְיוֹן עַל הַתַּחְתּוֹן וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן שֶׁגִּבּוֹר לְמַעְלָה וְחַלָּשׁ מִלְּמַטָּה:
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ידי - יָדִי. here means “the location of My Divine Presence,” as in: אִישׁ עַל יָדוֹ “each man in his place.” Thus, the verse means: Since My Presence is above, I could have exacted punishment from you earlier, but I said: “I live forever”; I am not in a hurry to exact punishment, for I have time to do so, since I live forever. I will exact punishment from them in later generations, and it is within My power to exact punishment from the living and from the dead alike. A king of flesh and blood, who is going to die, is in a hurry to take revenge and punish during his lifetime, since perhaps he or his enemy will die, and thus he will never experience his vengeance toward him. But I live forever, and if they die and I did not exact punishment during their lifetime, I will exact it in their death. |
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ידי.
מְקוֹם שְׁכִינָתִי, כְּמוֹ "אִישׁ עַל יָדוֹ" (במדבר ב'), וְהָיָה בְיָדִי לְהִפָּרַע מִכֶּם, אֲבָל אָמַרְתִּי שֶׁחַי אָנֹכִי לְעוֹלָם, אֵינִי מְמַהֵר לִפָּרַע לְפִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי שָׁהוּת בַּדָּבָר, אֲנִי חַי לְעוֹלָם וּבְדוֹרוֹת אַחֲרוֹנִים אֲנִי נִפְרָע מֵהֶם וְהַיְכֹלֶת בְּיָדִי לִפָּרַע מִן הַמֵּתִים וּמִן הַחַיִּים; מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁהוּא הוֹלֵךְ לָמוּת מְמַהֵר נִקְמָתוֹ לְהִפָּרַע בְּחַיָּיו כִּי שֶׁמָּא יָמוּת הוּא אוֹ אוֹיְבוֹ וְנִמְצָא שֶׁלֹּא רָאָה נִקְמָתוֹ מִמֶּנּוּ אֲבָל אֲנִי חַי לְעוֹלָם, וְאִם יָמוּתוּ הֵם וְאֵינִי נִפְרָע בְּחַיֵּיהֶם, אֶפָּרַע בְּמוֹתָם:
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אם שנותי ברק חרבי - אִם שַׁנּוֹתִי בְּרַק חַרְבִּי. There are many instances where the word אִם is not conditional, meaning “if.” Here, it means: “When I sharpen My sword so it glistens, and My hand will take hold of judgment,” as I explained above. |
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אם שנותי ברק חרבי.
הַרְבֵּה אִם יֵשׁ שֶׁאֵינָם תְּלוּיִן, כְּשֶׁאֲשַׁנֵּן ברק חרבי ותאחז במשפט ידי, כֻּלּוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרַשְׁתִּי לְמַעְלָה:
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