10The Israelites journeyed, and camped in Ovot. |
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יוַיִּסְע֖וּ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל וַיַּֽחֲנ֖וּ בְּאֹבֹֽת: |
11They journeyed from Ovot and camped by The Ruins of the Passes, in the desert east of Moab. |
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יאוַיִּסְע֖וּ מֵֽאֹבֹ֑ת וַיַּֽחֲנ֞וּ בְּעִיֵּ֣י הָֽעֲבָרִ֗ים בַּמִּדְבָּר֙ אֲשֶׁר֙ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י מוֹאָ֔ב מִמִּזְרַ֖ח הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ: |
בְּעִיֵּי הָֽעֲבָרִים - By the Ruins of the Passes. I do not know why the place is named for the ruins. The word עִי means a ruin, something swept away with a broom – the ע being its only root-letter – related to יָעִים “scoops,” and וְיָעָה בָרָד “the hail will sweep away.” |
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בְּעִיֵּי הָֽעֲבָרִים.
לֹא יָדַעְתִּי לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָם עִיִּים, וְעִי לְשׁוֹן חָרְבָּה הִיא — דָּבָר הַטָּאוּט בְּמַטְאֲטֵא, וְהָעַיִ"ן בּוֹ יְסוֹד לְבַדָּהּ, וְהוּא מִלְּשׁוֹן "יָעִים" (שמות כ"ז), "וְיָעָה בָרָד" (ישעיהו כ"ח):
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הָֽעֲבָרִים - means: the pass leading from Mount Nebo to Canaan, Mount Nebo dividing between Moab and the Amorites. |
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הָֽעֲבָרִים.
דֶּרֶךְ מַעֲבַר הָעוֹבְרִים שָׁם אֶת הַר נְבוֹ אֶל אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן, שֶׁהוּא מַפְסִיק בֵּין אֶרֶץ מוֹאָב לְאֶרֶץ אֱמוֹרִי:
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עַל־פְּנֵי מוֹאָב מִמִּזְרַח הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ - (lit.) Facing Moab from the rising of the sun - means: on the eastern side of Moab. |
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עַל־פְּנֵי מוֹאָב מִמִּזְרַח הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ.
בְּמִזְרָחָהּ שֶׁל אֶרֶץ מוֹאָב:
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12They journeyed from there, and camped in the valley of the Zered River. |
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יבמִשָּׁ֖ם נָסָ֑עוּ וַיַּֽחֲנ֖וּ בְּנַ֥חַל זָֽרֶד: |
13They journeyed from there and camped on the side of the Arnon River that was in the desert and extended from the Amorite border, for the Arnon River was the Moabite border, between Moab and the Amorites. |
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יגמִשָּׁם֘ נָסָ֒עוּ֒ וַיַּֽחֲנ֞וּ מֵעֵ֤בֶר אַרְנוֹן֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר בַּמִּדְבָּ֔ר הַיֹּצֵ֖א מִגְּבֻ֣ל הָֽאֱמֹרִ֑י כִּ֤י אַרְנוֹן֙ גְּב֣וּל מוֹאָ֔ב בֵּ֥ין מוֹאָ֖ב וּבֵ֥ין הָֽאֱמֹרִֽי: |
מִגְּבֻל הָֽאֱמֹרִי - From the Amorite border - i.e., the boundary marking the end of their border, the same meaning applying to גְּבוּל מוֹאָב. גְּבוּל here is a term denoting edge or end. |
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מִגְּבֻל הָֽאֱמֹרִי.
תְּחוּם סוֹף מֶצֶר שֶׁלָּהֶם, וְכֵן גְּבוּל מוֹאָב — לְשׁוֹן קָצֶה וָסוֹף:
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מֵעֵבֶר אַרְנוֹן - On the side of the Arnon River - i.e., they traveled along the entire south and east border of Moab until they came to the other side of the Arnon River within Amorite territory, north of Moab. |
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מֵעֵבֶר אַרְנוֹן.
הִקִּיפוּ אֶרֶץ מוֹאָב כָּל דְּרוֹמָהּ וּמִזְרָחָהּ עַד שֶׁבָּאוּ מֵעֵבֶר הַשֵּׁנִי לְאַרְנוֹן בְּתוֹךְ אֶרֶץ הָאֱמוֹרִי בִּצְפוֹנָהּ שֶׁל אֶרֶץ מוֹאָב:
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הַיֹּצֵא מִגְּבֻל הָֽאֱמֹרִי - That extended from the Amorite border. A strip of land controlled by the Amorites extends from the Amorite border into Moabite territory as far as the Arnon River, which is the Moabite border. Israel encamped within this strip, not entering the border of Moab, “for Arnon is the border of Moab,” and they had not given them permission to pass through their land. And even though Moses did not state this explicitly, Yiftach did state it explicitly, as Yiftach said: “and he also sent messengers to the king of Moab, but he did not want.” Moses did, however, allude to it in the verse: “Just as the descendants of Esau – who dwell on Mount Se’ir – and the Moabites – who dwell in Ar – did for me,” implying that just as Edom did not let them pass through their land and they therefore had to circle it, the same happened with Moab. |
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הַיֹּצֵא מִגְּבֻל הָֽאֱמֹרִי.
רְצוּעָה יוֹצְאָה מִגְּבוּל הָאֱמוֹרִי וְהִיא שֶׁל אֱמוֹרִיִּים, וְנִכְנֶסֶת לִגְבוּל מוֹאָב עַד אַרְנוֹן שֶׁהוּא גְּבוּל מוֹאָב, וְשָׁם חָנוּ יִשְֹרָאֵל וְלֹא בָאוּ לִגְבוּל מוֹאָב, כי ארנון גבול מואב, וְהֵם לֹא נָתְנוּ לָהֶם רְשׁוּת לַעֲבֹר בְּאַרְצָם, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא פֵרְשָׁהּ מֹשֶׁה, פֵּרְשָׁהּ יִפְתָּח, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַר יִפְתָּח (שופטים י"א) "וְגַם אֶל מֶלֶךְ מוֹאָב שָׁלַח וְלֹא אָבָה", וּמֹשֶׁה רְמָזָהּ (דברים ב'), "כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ לִי בְּנֵי עֵשָׂו הַיֹּשְׁבִים בְּשֵׂעִיר וְהַמּוֹאָבִים הַיֹּשְׁבִים בְּעָר" — מָה אֵלּוּ לֹא נְתָנוּם לַעֲבֹר בְּתוֹךְ אַרְצָם אֶלָּא הִקִּיפוּם סָבִיב, אַף מוֹאָב כֵּן:
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14Concerning this it is said whenever people recount the wars of God, “What He gave at the Sea of Reeds, and the valleys of the Arnon River. |
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ידעַל־כֵּן֙ יֵֽאָמַ֔ר בְּסֵ֖פֶר מִלְחֲמֹ֣ת יְהֹוָ֑ה אֶת־וָהֵ֣ב בְּסוּפָ֔ה וְאֶת־הַנְּחָלִ֖ים אַרְנֽוֹן: |
עַל־כֵּן יֵֽאָמַר - (lit.) About this – i.e., about this encampment and the miracles that occurred there - it is said whenever people recount the wars of God - i.e., when they relate the miracles performed for our ancestors, they will say: “What He gave….” |
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עַל־כֵּן יֵֽאָמַר.
עַל חֲנִיָּה זוֹ וְנִסִּים שֶׁנַּעֲשׂוּ בָהּ יאמר בספר מלחמת ה' — כְּשֶׁמְּסַפְּרִים נִסִּים שֶׁנַּעֲשׂוּ לַאֲבוֹתֵינוּ יְסַפְּרוּ אֶת וָהֵב וגו':
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אֶת־וָהֵב - is the equivalent of אֶת יָהֵב (“What He gave”). Just as one says וָעֵד from the root יעד, so too one says וָהֵב from the root יהב, the ו being a root letter. In other words, it is saying: “That He gave them many miracles at the Sea of Reeds.” |
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אֶת־וָהֵב.
כְּמוֹ אֶת יָהֵב, כְּמוֹ שֶׁיֵּאָמֵר מִן יעד וָעֵד, כֵּן יֵאָמֵר מִן יהב וָהֵב, וְהַוָּי"ו יְסוֹד הוּא, כְּלוֹמַר אֶת אֲשֶׁר יָהַב לָהֶם וְהִרְבָּה נִסִּים בְּיַם סוּף:
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וְאֶת־הַנְּחָלִים אַרְנֽוֹן - And the valleys of the Arnon. Just as we relate the miracles at the Sea of Reeds, so should we relate the miracles at the valleys of the Arnon River, where great miracles were also performed. And what were these miracles? |
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וְאֶת־הַנְּחָלִים אַרְנֽוֹן.
כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמְּסַפְּרִים בְּנִסֵּי יַם סוּף, כָּךְ יֵשׁ לְסַפֵּר בְּנִסֵּי נַחֲלֵי אַרְנוֹן, שֶׁאַף כָּאן נַעֲשׂוּ נִסִּים גְּדוֹלִים, וּמָה הֵם הַנִּסִּים?
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15The spillage of the valleys that moved toward the dwelling of Ar, and leaned toward the border of Moab. |
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טווְאֶ֨שֶׁד֙ הַנְּחָלִ֔ים אֲשֶׁ֥ר נָטָ֖ה לְשֶׁ֣בֶת עָ֑ר וְנִשְׁעַ֖ן לִגְב֥וּל מוֹאָֽב: |
וְאֶשֶׁד הַנְּחָלִים - The spillage of the valleys. The Aramaic translation of שֶׁפֶךְ is אֶשֶׁד. It thus means: The spilling at the valleys, for there the blood of the Amorites hiding there was spilled. Because the mountains were high and the valley below was deep and narrow, and the mountains were close to one another – a person standing on the mountain on one side could speak directly to his friend on the mountain on the other side – and the road passed through the valley, the Amorites said: “When Israel enters the valley to pass through, we will go out of the caves in the mountains above them and kill them with arrows and stone missiles.” These crevices were in the mountain on the Moabite side, and on the mountain on the Amorite side, opposite those crevices, projections like horns and breasts jutted out. When Israel came to pass through, the mountain of the land of Israel trembled like a maidservant going out to meet her mistress and moved toward the mountain of Moab, and the breast-like projections entered the crevices and killed the Amorites. This is the meaning of: “that moved toward the dwelling of Ar,” i.e., the mountain moved from its regular place and came over toward Moab and joined it, and this is the meaning of: “and leaned toward the border of Moab.” |
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וְאֶשֶׁד הַנְּחָלִים.
תַּרְגּוּם שֶׁל שֶׁפֶךְ "אֶשֶׁד" — שֶׁפֶךְ הַנְּחָלִים שֶׁנִּשְׁפַּךְ שָׁם דַּם אֱמוֹרִיִּים, שֶׁהָיוּ נֶחְבָּאִים שָׁם, לְפִי שֶׁהָיוּ הֶהָרִים גְּבוֹהִים וְהַנַּחַל עָמֹק וְקָצָר וְהֶהָרִים סְמוּכִים זֶה לָזֶה — אָדָם עוֹמֵד עַל הָהָר מִזֶּה וּמְדַבֵּר עִם חֲבֵרוֹ בָּהָר הַזֶּה — וְהַדֶּרֶךְ עוֹבֵר בְּתוֹךְ הַנַּחַל, אָמְרוּ אֱמוֹרִיִּים, כְּשֶׁיִּכָּנְסוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאָרֶץ לְתוֹךְ הַנַּחַל לַעֲבֹר, נֵצֵא מִן הַמְּעָרוֹת שֶׁבֶּהָרִים שֶׁלְּמַעְלָה מֵהֶם, וְנַהַרְגֵם בְּחִצִּים וְאַבְנֵי בָּלִיסְטְרָאוֹת, וְהָיוּ אוֹתָן הַנְּקָעִים בָּהָר שֶׁל צַד מוֹאָב, וּבָהָר שֶׁל צַד אֱמוֹרִיִּים הָיוּ כְּנֶגֶד אוֹתָן נְקָעִים כְּמִין קְרָנוֹת וְשָׁדַיִם בּוֹלְטִין לַחוּץ, כֵּיוָן שֶׁבָּאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל לַעֲבֹר, נִזְדַּעְזַע הָהָר שֶׁל אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּשִׁפְחָה הַיּוֹצֵאת לְהַקְבִּיל פְּנֵי גְבִרְתָּהּ, וְנִתְקָרֵב לְצַד הָהָר שֶׁל מוֹאָב וְנִכְנְסוּ אוֹתָן הַשָּׁדַיִם לְתוֹךְ אוֹתָן נְקָעִים וַהֲרָגוּם, וְזֶהוּ אֲשֶׁר נָטָה לְשֶׁבֶת עָר — שֶׁהָהָר נָטָה מִמְּקוֹמוֹ וְנִתְקָרֵב לְצַד מוֹאָב וְנִדְבַּק בּוֹ, וְזֶהוּ וְנִשְׁעַן לִגְבוּל מוֹאָב (תנחומא; ברכות נ"ד):
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16From there, into the well; that is the well of which God said to Moses, ‘Gather the people, and I will give them water.’” |
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טזוּמִשָּׁ֖ם בְּאֵ֑רָה הִ֣וא הַבְּאֵ֗ר אֲשֶׁ֨ר אָמַ֤ר יְהֹוָה֙ לְמשֶׁ֔ה אֱסֹף֙ אֶת־הָעָ֔ם וְאֶתְּנָ֥ה לָהֶ֖ם מָֽיִם: |
וּמִשָּׁם בְּאֵרָה - From there, into the well - i.e., from there, this spillage came to the well. How so? The Holy One, blessed be He, said: “Who will inform My children of these miracles, for the parable states: If you have given bread to a child, inform his mother?” After they passed through, the mountains returned to their former place, and the well descended into the valley and drew up from there the blood of the slain, together with their muscular arms and other limbs, and carried them around the camp, so that Israel saw the miracle and recited this song in appreciation. |
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וּמִשָּׁם בְּאֵרָה.
מִשָּׁם בָּא הָאֶשֶׁד אֶל הַבְּאֵר; כֵּיצַד? אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מִי מוֹדִיעַ לְבָנַי הַנִּסִּים הַלָּלוּ? הַמָּשָׁל אוֹמֵר "נָתַתָּ פַּת לְתִינוֹק הוֹדִיעַ לְאִמּוֹ". לְאַחַר שֶׁעָבְרוּ חָזְרוּ הֶהָרִים לִמְקוֹמָם, וְהַבְּאֵר יָרְדָה לְתוֹךְ הַנַּחַל וְהֶעֶלְתָה מִשָּׁם דַּם הַהֲרוּגִים וּזְרוֹעוֹת וְאֵבָרִים וּמוֹלַכְתָּן סָבִיב הַמַּחֲנֶה, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל רָאוּ וְאָמְרוּ שִׁירָה:
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17Then Israel recited this poem: “Ascend, well! Recite this poem to it! |
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יזאָ֚ז יָשִׁ֣יר יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל אֶת־הַשִּׁירָ֖ה הַזֹּ֑את עֲלִ֥י בְאֵ֖ר עֱנוּ־לָֽהּ: |
עֲלִי בְאֵר - Ascend, well - from the valley, and bring up from it what you are bringing up. From where do we know that it was the well that informed them of these miracles? For it says: “From there, into the well.” Did the well come from there? Surely it was with them from the beginning of the 40 years in the desert. Rather, it means that it descended into the valley to publicize the miracles. We also derive this from: “Then Israel recited”; this song was said at the end of 40 years, but the well was given to them at the beginning of the 40 years, so why was it written here? Rather, the subject should be expounded as a continuation of what is stated above. |
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עֲלִי בְאֵר.
מִתּוֹךְ הַנַּחַל וְהַעֲלִי מַה שֶּׁאַתְּ מַעֲלָה; וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁהַבְּאֵר הוֹדִיעָה לָהֶם? שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "וּמִשָּׁם בְּאֵרָה", וְכִי מִשָּׁם הָיְתָה, וַהֲלֹא מִתְּחִלַּת אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה הָיְתָה עִמָּהֶם? אֶלָּא שֶׁיָּרְדָה לְפַרְסֵם אֶת הַנִּסִּים (תנחומא); וְכֵן אָז יָשִׁיר … הַשִּׁירָה הַזֹּאת נֶאֶמְרָה בְּסוֹף אַרְבָּעִים וְהַבְּאֵר נִתְּנָה לָהֶם מִתְּחִלַּת אַרְבָּעִים, מָה רָאָה לִכָּתֵב כָּאן? אֶלָּא הָעִנְיָן הַזֶּה נִדְרָשׁ לְמַעְלָה הֵימָנוּ:
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18It is a well dug by princes, carved out by nobles of the people, through the lawgiver with their staffs, and from the desert it was a gift. |
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יחבְּאֵ֞ר חֲפָר֣וּהָ שָׂרִ֗ים כָּר֨וּהָ֙ נְדִיבֵ֣י הָעָ֔ם בִּמְחֹקֵ֖ק בְּמִשְׁעֲנֹתָ֑ם וּמִמִּדְבָּ֖ר מַתָּנָֽה: |
בְּאֵר חֲפָרוּהָ - It is a well dug by [princes] - i.e., this is the well that the princes – Moses and Aaron – dug. |
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בְּאֵר חֲפָרוּהָ.
זֹאת הִיא הַבְּאֵר אֲשֶׁר חֲפָרוּהָ שָׂרִים — מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן:
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בְּמִשְׁעֲנֹתָם - means: with the staff. |
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בְּמִשְׁעֲנֹתָם.
בַּמַּטֶּה:
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וּמִמִּדְבָּר - And from the desert - it was given to them. |
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וּמִמִּדְבָּר.
נִתְּנָה לָהֶם:
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19After being a gift, it descended into the valleys; and from the valleys, it ascended to the heights. |
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יטוּמִמַּתָּנָ֖ה נַֽחֲלִיאֵ֑ל וּמִנַּֽחֲלִיאֵ֖ל בָּמֽוֹת: |
וּמִמַּתָּנָה נַֽחֲלִיאֵל - Its meaning is as Onkelos translates it: “And from when it was given to them, it would go down with them to the valleys, and from the valleys it would go up with them to the heights.” |
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וּמִמַּתָּנָה נַֽחֲלִיאֵל.
כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ:
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20From the heights, it will descend to the valley in the field of Moab. The top of the peak can be seen over the wastelands.” |
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כוּמִבָּמ֗וֹת הַגַּיְא֙ אֲשֶׁר֙ בִּשְׂדֵ֣ה מוֹאָ֔ב רֹ֖אשׁ הַפִּסְגָּ֑ה וְנִשְׁקָ֖פָה עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַיְשִׁימֹֽן: |
וּמִבָּמוֹת הַגַּיְא אֲשֶׁר בִּשְׂדֵה מוֹאָב - From the heights, to the valley in the field of Moab - for Moses died there, and there the well stopped flowing. Another explanation: “carved out by nobles of the people” – for whenever they encamped, each tribal prince would take his staff and draw a path to his banner and his division, and the water of the well flowed by way of that sign to each tribe’s location. |
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וּמִבָּמוֹת הַגַּיְא אֲשֶׁר בִּשְׂדֵה מוֹאָב.
כִּי שָׁם מֵת מֹשֶׁה וְשָׁם בָּטְלָה הַבְּאֵר; דָּבָר אַחֵר, כָּרוּהָ נְדִיבֵי הָעָם — כָּל נָשִׂיא וְנָשִׂיא כְּשֶׁהָיוּ חוֹנִים נוֹטֵל מַקְלוֹ וּמוֹשֵׁךְ אֵצֶל דִּגְלוֹ וּמַחֲנֵהוּ, וּמֵי הַבְּאֵר נִמְשָׁכִין דֶּרֶךְ אוֹתוֹ סִימָן וּבָאִין לִפְנֵי חֲנִיַּת כָּל שֵׁבֶט וָשֵׁבֶט (תנחומא):
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בִּמְחֹקֵק - Through the lawgiver - i.e., through Moses, who was called מְחֹקֵק “the lawgiver,” as it says: “because there the burial site of the lawgiver (מְחֹקֵק) is hidden.” And why is Moses not mentioned explicitly in this song? Because he was punished for striking the rock when attempting to restore the well. And since Moses’ name is not mentioned, the Name of the Holy One, blessed be He, is also not mentioned. This may be compared to a king who was invited to a banquet. He said: “If my friend is there I will be there, but if not, I will not go.” |
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בִּמְחֹקֵק.
עַל פִּי מֹשֶׁה שֶׁנִּקְרָא מְחוֹקֵק, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "כִּי שָׁם חֶלְקַת מְחֹקֵק סָפוּן" (דברים ל"ג); וְלָמָּה לֹא נִזְכַּר מֹשֶׁה בְּשִׁירָה זוֹ? לְפִי שֶׁלָּקָה עַל יְדֵי הַבְּאֵר, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁלֹּא נִזְכַּר שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל מֹשֶׁה לֹא נִזְכַּר שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ שֶׁהָיוּ מְזַמְּנִין אוֹתוֹ לִסְעוּדָה, אָמַר אִם אוֹהֲבִי שָׁם אֲנִי שָׁם, וְאִם לָאו אֵינִי הוֹלֵךְ (תנחומא):
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רֹאשׁ הַפִּסְגָּה - Its meaning is as Onkelos translates it: רֵישׁ רָמָתָא “the peak of the height”. |
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רֹאשׁ הַפִּסְגָּה.
כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ "רֵישׁ רָמָתָא":
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פסגה - denotes height, similar to: פַּסְּגוּ אַרְמְנוֹתֶיהָ, meaning “elevate its palaces.” |
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פסגה.
לְשׁוֹן גֹּבַהּ, וְכֵן "פַּסְּגוּ אַרְמְנוֹתֶיהָ" (תהילים מ"ח) — הַגְבִּיהוּ אַרְמְנוֹתֶיהָ:
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וְנִשְׁקָפָה - It can be seen - i.e., that height overlooks the place named יְשִׁימֹן, a term denoting a desert, which is desolate (שָׁמֵם). Another explanation: The well overlooks the wastelands, for the rock from which it flowed was concealed in the lake of Tiberias, and one standing in the wastelands can look and see something resembling a sieve in the lake, which previously was the well. So did Rabbi Tanchuma expound it. |
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וְנִשְׁקָפָה.
אוֹתָהּ הַפִּסְגָּה עַל פְּנֵי הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁשְּׁמוֹ יְשִׁימוֹן, וְהוּא לְשׁוֹן מִדְבָּר שֶׁהוּא שָׁמֵם; דָּבָר אַחֵר וְנִשְׁקָפָה הַבְּאֵר עַל פְּנֵי הַיְשִׁימוֹן, שֶׁנִּגְנְזָה בְּיַמָּהּ שֶׁל טְבֶרְיָא, וְהָעוֹמֵד עַל הַיְשִׁימוֹן מַבִּיט וְרוֹאֶה כְּמִין כְּבָרָה בַּיָּם, וְהִיא הַבְּאֵר, כָּךְ דָּרַשׁ רַבִּי תַנְחוּמָא:
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