| 33God spoke to Moses, saying, |
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לגוַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶל־משֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר: |
| 34“Speak to the Israelites, saying: ‘On the 15th day of this seventh month is the Festival of Sukot, a seven-day period devoted to God. |
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לדדַּבֵּ֛ר אֶל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵאמֹ֑ר בַּֽחֲמִשָּׁ֨ה עָשָׂ֜ר י֗וֹם לַחֹ֤דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִי֙ הַזֶּ֔ה חַ֧ג הַסֻּכּ֛וֹת שִׁבְעַ֥ת יָמִ֖ים לַֽיהֹוָֽה: |
| 35The first day is a holy occasion on which you must not perform any mundane work. |
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להבַּיּ֥וֹם הָֽרִאשׁ֖וֹן מִקְרָא־קֹ֑דֶשׁ כָּל־מְלֶ֥אכֶת עֲבֹדָ֖ה לֹ֥א תַֽעֲשֽׂוּ: |
| מִקְרָא־קדשׁ - A holy occasion - On Yom Kippur, these words indicate: sanctify it with fine clothing and appropriate prayer; and on other festivals – with special food and drink, fine clothing, and appropriate prayer. |
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מִקְרָא־קדשׁ.
קַדְּשֵׁהוּ בִכְסוּת נְקִיָּה וּבִתְפִלָּה, וּבִשְׁאָר יָמִים טוֹבִים בְּמַאֲכָל וּבְמִשְׁתֶּה וּבִכְסוּת נְקִיָּה וּבִתְפִלָּה (עי' ספרא):
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| 36For a seven-day period, you must bring a fire-offering to God. You must celebrate the eighth day as a holy occasion, and you must bring a fire-offering to God. It is a day of restriction; you must not perform any mundane work on it. |
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לושִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִ֔ים תַּקְרִ֥יבוּ אִשֶּׁ֖ה לַֽיהֹוָ֑ה בַּיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁמִינִ֡י מִקְרָא־קֹ֩דֶשׁ֩ יִֽהְיֶ֨ה לָכֶ֜ם וְהִקְרַבְתֶּ֨ם אִשֶּׁ֤ה לַֽיהֹוָה֙ עֲצֶ֣רֶת הִ֔וא כָּל־מְלֶ֥אכֶת עֲבֹדָ֖ה לֹ֥א תַֽעֲשֽׂוּ: |
| עֲצֶרֶת הִוא - This term is used to indicate: I have retained (עָצַרְתִּי) you with Me. This may be compared to a king who invited his children to a banquet for a specific number of days. When the time came for them to take leave, he said: “My children! Please remain with me one more day, for your departure is difficult for me.” |
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עֲצֶרֶת הִוא.
עָצַרְתִּי אֶתְכֶם אֶצְלִי; כְּמֶלֶךְ שֶׁזִּמֵּן אֶת בָּנָיו לִסְעוּדָה לְכָךְ וְכָךְ יָמִים, כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ זְמַנָּן לִפָּטֵר, אָמַר, בָּנַי בְּבַקָּשָׁה מִכֶּם עַכְּבוּ עִמִּי עוֹד יוֹם אֶחָד, קָשָׁה עָלַי פְּרֵדַתְכֶם:
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| כָּל־מְלֶאכֶת עֲבֹדָה - means even such action that is essential work for you, in that if you do not do it, the matter will result in monetary loss. |
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כָּל־מְלֶאכֶת עֲבֹדָה.
אֲפִלּוּ מְלָאכָה שֶׁהִיא עֲבוֹדָה לָכֶם, שֶׁאִם לֹא תַעֲשׂוּהָ יֵשׁ חֶסְרוֹן כִּיס בַּדָּבָר.
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| לֹא תַֽעֲשֽׂוּ - you must not perform. I might think that even on Chol HaMo’ed it is also prohibited to carry out such essential actions of work; Scripture therefore states: הִוא “it,” implying “on it, but not on Chol HaMo’ed.” |
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לֹא תַֽעֲשֽׂוּ.
יָכוֹל אַף חֻלּוֹ שֶׁל מוֹעֵד יְהֵא אָסוּר בִּמְלֶאכֶת עֲבוֹדָה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר "הִוא" (שם):
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| 37These are God’s appointed holy days that you must designate as holy occasions, on which to offer up fire-offerings to God—ascent-offerings, grain-offerings, and feast-offerings—as well as wine libations, each day’s requirement on its day. |
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לזאֵ֚לֶּה מֽוֹעֲדֵ֣י יְהֹוָ֔ה אֲשֶׁר־תִּקְרְא֥וּ אֹתָ֖ם מִקְרָאֵ֣י קֹ֑דֶשׁ לְהַקְרִ֨יב אִשֶּׁ֜ה לַֽיהֹוָ֗ה עֹלָ֧ה וּמִנְחָ֛ה זֶ֥בַח וּנְסָכִ֖ים דְּבַר־י֥וֹם בְּיוֹמֽוֹ: |
| עֹלָה וּמִנְחָה - Ascent-offerings, grain-offerings - i.e., the grain-offering that requires libations, which is brought together with the ascent-offering. |
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עֹלָה וּמִנְחָה.
מִנְחַת נְסָכִים הַקְּרֵבָה עִם הָעוֹלָה:
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| דְּבַר־יוֹם בְּיוֹמֽוֹ - Each day’s requirement on its day - the amount set in the Book of Numbers. |
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דְּבַר־יוֹם בְּיוֹמֽוֹ.
חֹק הַקָּצוּב בְּחֻמַּשׁ הַפְּקוּדִים:
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| דְּבַר־יוֹם בְּיוֹמֽוֹ - Each day’s requirement on its day - from which we infer that if the day has passed, its offering is cancelled and cannot be made up later. |
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דְּבַר־יוֹם בְּיוֹמֽוֹ.
הָא אִם עָבַר יוֹמוֹ בָּטֵל קָרְבָּנוֹ (עי' ספרא):
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| 38All this is apart from God’s Sabbaths, and apart from your sacrificial gifts, all your sacrificial vows, and all your sacrificial dedications that you must give to God. |
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לחמִלְּבַ֖ד שַׁבְּתֹ֣ת יְהֹוָ֑ה וּמִלְּבַ֣ד מַתְּנֽוֹתֵיכֶ֗ם וּמִלְּבַ֤ד כָּל־נִדְרֵיכֶם֙ וּמִלְּבַד֙ כָּל־נִדְבֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּתְּנ֖וּ לַֽיהֹוָֽה: |
| 39However, you must offer up a festival peace-offering to God on the 15th day of the seventh month—when you gather in the produce of the land—for a seven-day period. The first day must be a day of rest and the eighth day must be a day of rest. |
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לטאַ֡ךְ בַּֽחֲמִשָּׁה֩ עָשָׂ֨ר י֜וֹם לַחֹ֣דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֗י בְּאָסְפְּכֶם֙ אֶת־תְּבוּאַ֣ת הָאָ֔רֶץ תָּחֹ֥גּוּ אֶת־חַג־יְהֹוָ֖ה שִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִ֑ים בַּיּ֤וֹם הָֽרִאשׁוֹן֙ שַׁבָּת֔וֹן וּבַיּ֥וֹם הַשְּׁמִינִ֖י שַׁבָּתֽוֹן: |
| אַךְ בַּֽחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר יוֹם תָּחֹגּוּ - (lit.) However, you must celebrate…on the 15th day. this refers to bringing a peace-offering as the festival sacrifice (חֲגִיגָה). I might think that it overrides the Sabbath, when personal offerings are otherwise not brought. Scripture therefore states: אַךְ (lit.) “only,” indicating a limitation. This is because it can be made up any time during the seven days. |
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אַךְ בַּֽחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר יוֹם תָּחֹגּוּ.
קָרְבַּן שְׁלָמִים לַחֲגִיגָה, יָכוֹל תִּדְחֶה אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר אַךְ, הוֹאִיל וְיֵשׁ לָהּ תַּשְׁלוּמִין כָּל שִׁבְעָה:
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| בְּאָסְפְּכֶם אֶת־תְּבוּאַת הָאָרֶץ - When you gather in the produce of the land - i.e., this seventh month must fall in the season of ingathering. From here we learn that they were commanded to establish leap years when necessary, for were there no intercalation, sometimes the seventh month would fall in the middle of summer or winter. |
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בְּאָסְפְּכֶם אֶת־תְּבוּאַת הָאָרֶץ.
שֶׁיְּהֵא חֹדֶשׁ שְׁבִיעִי זֶה בָּא בִּזְמַן אֲסִיפָה, מִכָּאן שֶׁנִּצְטַוּוּ לְעַבֵּר אֶת הַשָּׁנִים, שֶׁאִם אֵין הָעִבּוּר, פְּעָמִים שֶׁהוּא בְאֶמְצַע הַקַּיִץ אוֹ הַחֹרֶף:
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| תָּחֹגּוּ - (lit.) You must celebrate - this refers to bringing peace-offerings as a festival sacrifice (חֲגִיגָה). |
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תָּחֹגּוּ.
שַׁלְמֵי חֲגִיגָה:
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| שִׁבְעַת יָמִים - for a seven-day period - i.e., if he did not bring them on one day, he should bring them on another day. I might think that one must bring them on each of the seven days; Scripture therefore states: וְחַגֹּתֶם אֹתוֹ “You must celebrate it,” which implies one day and no more. For what purpose, then, are “seven days” stated? For making up the missed offerings, indicating that this can be done any time within the seven days. |
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שִׁבְעַת יָמִים.
אִם לֹא הֵבִיא בָזֶה, יָבִיא בָזֶה, יָכוֹל יְהֵא מְבִיאָן כָּל שִׁבְעָה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר וחגתם אתו — יוֹם אֶחָד בְּמַשְׁמָע וְלֹא יוֹתֵר, וְלָמָּה נֶאֱמַר שִׁבְעָה? לְתַשְׁלוּמִין (חגיגה ט'):
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| 40On the first day, you must take hold for yourselves of a fruit of the citron tree, which stays on the tree more than one year; one date-palm frond; braided branches of a myrtle bush; and two branches of a willow tree that grows next to a brook. You must rejoice before God, your God, for a seven-day period. |
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מוּלְקַחְתֶּ֨ם לָכֶ֜ם בַּיּ֣וֹם הָֽרִאשׁ֗וֹן פְּרִ֨י עֵ֤ץ הָדָר֙ כַּפֹּ֣ת תְּמָרִ֔ים וַֽעֲנַ֥ף עֵֽץ־עָבֹ֖ת וְעַרְבֵי־נָ֑חַל וּשְׂמַחְתֶּ֗ם לִפְנֵ֛י יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶ֖ם שִׁבְעַ֥ת יָמִֽים: |
| פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר - A fruit of the [citron] tree - i.e., a tree that the flavor of its bark and fruit are alike. |
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פְּרִי עֵץ הָדָר.
עֵץ שֶׁטַּעַם עֵצוֹ וּפִרְיוֹ שָׁוֶה (סכה ל"ה):
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| הָדָר - means a fruit that dwells (הַדָּר) on its tree from one year to the next, and that is the citron. |
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הָדָר.
הַדָּר בְּאִילָנוֹ מִשָּׁנָה לְשָׁנָה, וְזֶהוּ אֶתְרוֹג (שם):
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| כַּפֹּת תְּמָרִים - A date-palm frond. The word כַּפֹּת is written without a ו, which teaches us that only one frond is indicated. |
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כַּפֹּת תְּמָרִים.
חָסֵר וי"ו, לִמֵּד שֶׁאֵינָהּ אֶלָּא אַחַת:
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| וַֽעֲנַף עֵץ עָבֹת - Braided branches of a bush - i.e., one whose branches are braided like ropes (עָבֹת) and cords, and this is the myrtle branch, whose structure resembles a braid, due to its overlapping leaves. |
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וַֽעֲנַף עֵץ עָבֹת.
שֶׁעֲנָפָיו קְלוּעִים כַּעֲבוֹתוֹת וְכַחֲבָלִים, וְזֶהוּ הֲדַס, הֶעָשׂוּי כְּמִין קְלִיעָה (שם ל"ב):
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| 41You must celebrate it as a festival to God for seven days in the year. It is an eternal rule, applicable throughout your generations, that you celebrate it in the seventh month. |
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מאוְחַגֹּתֶ֤ם אֹתוֹ֙ חַ֣ג לַֽיהֹוָ֔ה שִׁבְעַ֥ת יָמִ֖ים בַּשָּׁנָ֑ה חֻקַּ֤ת עוֹלָם֙ לְדֹרֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם בַּחֹ֥דֶשׁ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֖י תָּחֹ֥גּוּ אֹתֽוֹ: |
| 42You must live in huts for this seven-day period. Every native among the Israelites must live in huts, |
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מבבַּסֻּכֹּ֥ת תֵּֽשְׁב֖וּ שִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִ֑ים כָּל־הָֽאֶזְרָח֙ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל יֵֽשְׁב֖וּ בַּסֻּכֹּֽת: |
| הָֽאֶזְרָח - Native. This refers to a native Israelite. |
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הָֽאֶזְרָח.
זֶה אֶזְרָח:
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| בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל - Among the Israelites. This term is added to include converts. |
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בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל.
לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַגֵּרִים (ספרא):
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| 43in order that your ensuing generations know that I figuratively had the Israelites live in “huts”—i.e., the Clouds of Glory—when I took them out of Egypt; I am God, your God.’” |
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מגלְמַ֘עַן֘ יֵֽדְע֣וּ דֹרֹֽתֵיכֶם֒ כִּ֣י בַסֻּכּ֗וֹת הוֹשַׁ֨בְתִּי֙ אֶת־בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בְּהֽוֹצִיאִ֥י אוֹתָ֖ם מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם אֲנִ֖י יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶֽם: |
| כִּי בַסֻּכּוֹת הוֹשַׁבְתִּי - That I had [the Israelites] live in huts. This term here refers to the Clouds of Glory. |
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כִּי בַסֻּכּוֹת הוֹשַׁבְתִּי.
עַנְנֵי כָבוֹד (שם; מכילתא י"ב):
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| 44Moses told the Israelites the laws of God’s appointed holy days. |
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מדוַיְדַבֵּ֣ר משֶׁ֔ה אֶת־מֹֽעֲדֵ֖י יְהֹוָ֑ה אֶל־בְּנֵ֖י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל: |
