1God spoke to Moses and to Aaron, that he in turn say to Eleazar and Itamar: |
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אוַיְדַבֵּ֧ר יְהֹוָ֛ה אֶל־משֶׁ֥ה וְאֶל־אַֽהֲרֹ֖ן לֵאמֹ֥ר אֲלֵהֶֽם: |
אֶל־משֶׁה וְאֶל־אַֽהֲרֹן - To Moses and to Aaron - i.e., He said it to Moses for him to convey to Aaron. |
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אֶל־משֶׁה וְאֶל־אַֽהֲרֹן.
לְמֹשֶׁה אָמַר שֶׁיֹּאמַר לְאַהֲרֹן:
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לֵאמֹר אֲלֵהֶֽם - (lit.) To say to them - i.e., He said that Aaron must say it to Eleazar and Itamar. Or perhaps it means nothing other than: “to say to the Israelites”? Since it says in the next verse: “Speak to the Israelites,” speaking to the Israelites is already mentioned. How then do I explain: “to say to them”? It means: to his sons, Eleazar and Itamar. |
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לֵאמֹר אֲלֵהֶֽם.
אָמַר שֶׁיֹּאמַר לְאֶלְעָזָר וּלְאִיתָמָר; אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא לֵאמֹר לְיִשְֹרָאֵל? כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר דַּבְּרוּ אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְֹרָאֵל הֲרֵי דִּבּוּר אָמוּר לְיִשְֹרָאֵל, הָא מָה אֲנִי מְקַיֵּם לֵאמֹר אֲלֵהֶם? לַבָּנִים — לְאֶלְעָזָר וּלְאִיתָמָר (ספרא):
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2“Speak to the Israelites, saying: ‘The following are the creatures that you may eat. Among all the land-animals: |
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בדַּבְּר֛וּ אֶל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל לֵאמֹ֑ר זֹ֤את הַֽחַיָּה֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תֹּֽאכְל֔וּ מִכָּל־הַבְּהֵמָ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֥ר עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ: |
דַּבְּרוּ אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל - Speak to the Israelites. He described equally the role of Moses, Aaron, Eleazar, and Itamar in relaying this communication to the Israelites, as a reward for their equal silent and loving acceptance of the Omnipresent’s decree regarding Nadav and Avihu. |
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דַּבְּרוּ אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.
אֶת כֻּלָּם הִשְׁוָה לִהְיוֹת שְׁלוּחִים בְּדִבּוּר זֶה, לְפִי שֶׁהֻשְׁווּ בַּדְּמִימָה וְקִבְּלוּ עֲלֵיהֶם גְּזֵרַת הַמָּקוֹם מֵאַהֲבָה:
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זֹאת הַֽחַיָּה - The following are the creatures. חַיָּה is related to חַיִּים “life,” and it is used here because the Israelites are attached to the Omnipresent and fit to be living. He therefore restricted them from what causes spiritual defilement and imposed commandments upon them, whereas to the nations of the world he imposed no restrictions, as they would be meaningless and ineffectual for them. This is comparable to a doctor who comes to examine a sick person…, as is stated in Midrash Rabbi Tanchuma. |
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זֹאת הַֽחַיָּה.
לְשׁוֹן חַיִּים, לְפִי שֶׁיִּשְֹרָאֵל דְּבוּקִים בַּמָּקוֹם וּרְאוּיִין לִהְיוֹת חַיִּים, לְפִיכָךְ הִבְדִּילָם מִן הַטֻּמְאָה וְגָזַר עֲלֵיהֶם מִצְוֹת, וְלָאֻמּוֹת לֹא אָסַר כְּלוּם, מָשָׁל לְרוֹפֵא שֶׁנִּכְנַס לְבַקֵּר אֶת הַחוֹלֶה כּוּ' כִּדְאִיתָא בְּמִדְרַשׁ רַבִּי תַנְחוּמָא:
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זֹאת הַֽחַיָּה - The following are the creatures. The word זֹאת (lit., “this”) indicates that Moses took each creature and showed it to Israel: “This you may eat, and this you may not eat.” Similarly, the verse אֶת זֶה תֹּאכְלוּ וגו׳ “These you may eat…” implies that also with water creatures, he took of each species and showed it to them. Similarly with fowl: וְאֶת אֵלֶּה תְּשַׁקְּצוּ מִן הָעוֹף (lit.) “these you must consider loathsome among fowl,” and similarly with crawling creatures: וְזֶה לָכֶם הַטָּמֵא (lit.) “this you must consider ritually defiled.” |
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זֹאת הַֽחַיָּה.
מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָיָה מֹשֶׁה אוֹחֵז בַּחַיָּה וּמַרְאֶה אוֹתָהּ לְיִשְֹרָאֵל זֹאת תֹּאכְלוּ וְזֹאת לֹא תֹאכְלוּ (חולין מ"ב), אֶת זֶה תֹּאכְלוּ וְגוֹ' (פסוק ט'), אַף בְּשִׁרְצֵי הַמַּיִם אָחַז מִכָּל מִין וָמִין וְהֶרְאָה לָהֶם, וְכֵן בָּעוֹף וְאֶת אֵלֶּה תְּשַׁקְּצוּ מִן הָעוֹף (פסוק י"ג), וְכֵן בַּשְּׁרָצִים וְזֶה לָכֶם הַטָּמֵא (פסוק כ"ט):
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זֹאת הַֽחַיָּה … מִכָּל־הַבְּהֵמָה - The following are the creatures…among all the [land-]animals. This teaches us that animals are included in the term חַיָּה. |
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זֹאת הַֽחַיָּה … מִכָּל־הַבְּהֵמָה.
מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהַבְּהֵמָה בִּכְלַל חַיָּה (ספרא; חולין ע'):
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3Any whose feet are cloven and completely split into two sub-feet, and that regurgitates its cud. You must only eat such animals. |
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גכֹּ֣ל | מַפְרֶ֣סֶת פַּרְסָ֗ה וְשֹׁסַ֤עַת שֶׁ֨סַע֙ פְּרָסֹ֔ת מַֽעֲלַ֥ת גֵּרָ֖ה בַּבְּהֵמָ֑ה אֹתָ֖הּ תֹּאכֵֽלוּ: |
מַפְרֶסֶת - means as Onkelos translates it: split. |
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מַפְרֶסֶת.
כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ סְדִיקָא:
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פַּרְסָה - means “plante” in Old French (“sole of the foot”). |
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פַּרְסָה.
פלנט"א בְּלַעַז:
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וְשֹׁסַעַת שֶׁסַע - Completely split - i.e., it is split above and below into two nails, as Onkelos translates it: וּמַטְלְפָא טִלְפִין “forming two sub-feet”; for some feet are split above but are not split into completely separate sections, as they remain connected below. |
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וְשֹׁסַעַת שֶׁסַע.
שֶׁמֻּבְדֶּלֶת מִלְּמַעְלָה וּמִלְּמַטָּה בִּשְׁתֵּי צִפָּרְנִַין, כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ וּמַטִּלְּפָן טִלְפִין, שֶׁיֵּשׁ שֶׁפַּרְסוֹתָיו סְדוּקוֹת מִלְּמַעְלָה וְאֵין שְׁסוּעוֹת וּמֻבְדָּלוֹת לְגַמְרֵי, שֶׁמִּלְּמַטָּה מְחֻבָּרוֹת:
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מַֽעֲלַת גֵּרָה - Regurgitates its cud - i.e., it brings up and spews the food from its stomach back into its mouth to crush it and finely grind it. |
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מַֽעֲלַת גֵּרָה.
מַעֲלָה וּמְקִיאָה הָאֹכֶל מִמֵּעֶיהָ וּמַחֲזֶרֶת אוֹתוֹ לְתוֹךְ פִּיהָ לְכָתְשׁוֹ וּלְטָחֳנוֹ הָדֵק:
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גֵּרָה - This is the name of the regurgitated food. It may possibly be from the same root as in וְכַמַּיִם הַנִּגָּרִים “like water spilled upon the ground,” for the cud flows toward the mouth. Onkelos translates it as פִּשְׁרָא “dissolved,” for through rumination, the food dissolves and softens. |
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גֵּרָה.
כָּךְ שְׁמוֹ; וְיִתָּכֵן לִהְיוֹת מִגִּזְרַת מַיִם הַנִּגָּרִים (שמואל ב י"ד), שֶׁהוּא נִגְרָר אַחַר הַפֶּה; וְתַרְגּוּמוֹ פִשְׁרָא, שֶׁעַל יְדֵי הַגֵּרָה הָאֹכֶל נִפְשָׁר וְנִמּוֹחַ:
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בַּבְּהֵמָה - (lit.) Among animals. This word is additional, providing the derivation for the law that a fetus found in its mother’s womb is permitted. |
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בַּבְּהֵמָה.
תֵּיבָה יְתֵרָה הִיא לִדְרָשָׁה — לְהַתִּיר אֶת הַשְּׁלִיל הַנִּמְצָא בִמְעֵי אִמּוֹ (ספרא; חולין ס"ט):
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אֹתָהּ תֹּאכֵֽלוּ - (lit.) Those you may eat - but not a spiritually defiled animal. But is this not already stated as a prohibition? Rather this wording indicates that one who eats such an animal transgresses an active as well as a passive commandment. |
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אֹתָהּ תֹּאכֵֽלוּ.
וְלֹא בְהֵמָה טְמֵאָה, וַהֲלֹא בְאַזְהָרָה הִיא? אֶלָּא לַעֲבֹר עָלֶיהָ בַּעֲשֵׂה וְלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה (ספרא; זבחים ל"ד):
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4But of those that regurgitate the cud or have split feet, you must not eat: the camel, because it regurgitates its cud but does not have completely cloven feet, eating it renders you spiritually defiled; |
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דאַ֤ךְ אֶת־זֶה֙ לֹ֣א תֹֽאכְל֔וּ מִמַּֽעֲלֵי֙ הַגֵּרָ֔ה וּמִמַּפְרִסֵ֖י הַפַּרְסָ֑ה אֶת־הַ֠גָּמָ֠ל כִּי־מַֽעֲלֵ֨ה גֵרָ֜ה ה֗וּא וּפַרְסָה֙ אֵינֶ֣נּוּ מַפְרִ֔יס טָמֵ֥א ה֖וּא לָכֶֽם: |
5the hyrax, because it regurgitates its cud but does not have completely cloven feet, eating it renders you spiritually defiled; |
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הוְאֶת־הַשָּׁפָ֗ן כִּי־מַֽעֲלֵ֤ה גֵרָה֙ ה֔וּא וּפַרְסָ֖ה לֹ֣א יַפְרִ֑יס טָמֵ֥א ה֖וּא לָכֶֽם: |
6the hare, because it regurgitates its cud but does not have completely cloven feet, eating it renders you spiritually defiled; |
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ווְאֶת־הָֽאַרְנֶ֗בֶת כִּֽי־מַֽעֲלַ֤ת גֵּרָה֙ הִ֔וא וּפַרְסָ֖ה לֹ֣א הִפְרִ֑יסָה טְמֵאָ֥ה הִ֖וא לָכֶֽם: |
7and the pig, because it has cloven feet that are completely split but does not regurgitate its cud, eating it renders you spiritually defiled. |
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זוְאֶת־הַֽ֠חֲזִ֠יר כִּֽי־מַפְרִ֨יס פַּרְסָ֜ה ה֗וּא וְשֹׁסַ֥ע שֶׁ֨סַע֙ פַּרְסָ֔ה וְה֖וּא גֵּרָ֣ה לֹֽא־יִגָּ֑ר טָמֵ֥א ה֖וּא לָכֶֽם: |
8You must not eat of their flesh. During the pilgrim festivals, you must not touch their carcasses, because doing so renders you ritually defiled. |
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חמִבְּשָׂרָם֙ לֹ֣א תֹאכֵ֔לוּ וּבְנִבְלָתָ֖ם לֹ֣א תִגָּ֑עוּ טְמֵאִ֥ים הֵ֖ם לָכֶֽם: |
מִבְּשָׂרָם לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ - You must not eat of their flesh. From here I only know that these aforementioned animals are forbidden. From where do I know that any other spiritually defiled animal that has neither sign of permitted animals is also forbidden? You may apply an a fortiori argument: If these that do have some sign of spiritual purity are forbidden, certainly those that have no sign at all are forbidden. |
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מִבְּשָׂרָם לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ.
אֵין לִי אֶלָּא אֵלּוּ, שְׁאָר בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה שֶׁאֵין לָהּ שׁוּם סִימָן טָהֳרָה מִנַּיִן? אָמַרְתָּ קַל וָחֹמֶר, וּמָה אֵלּוּ שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן קְצָת סִימָנֵי טָהֳרָה אֲסוּרוֹת וְכוּ' (ספרא):
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מִבְּשָׂרָם - Of their flesh. Against eating their flesh there is a prohibition, but not against their bones, sinews, horns, or hooves. |
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מִבְּשָׂרָם.
עַל בְּשָׂרָם בְּאַזְהָרָה וְלֹא עַל עֲצָמוֹת וְגִידִין וְקַרְנַיִם וּטְלָפַיִם (שם):
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וּבְנִבְלָתָם לֹא תִגָּעוּ - You must not touch their carcasses. I might think that this means that Israelites are restricted from touching a carcass. Scripture therefore states: “Say to the priests…,” where it says that priests are restricted from contact with corpses, from which we can infer that Israelites are not. Thus, we may apply an a fortiori argument from this: If regarding ritual defilement by a corpse, which is a stringent form of ritual defilement, Scripture only prohibited priests, how much more so is this true regarding ritual defilement by a carcass, which is a more lenient form. What, then, is meant by what Scripture states: “you must not touch”? It applies during the pilgrim festivals. This is the source for what the sages stated: “Everyone is obliged to rid himself of ritual defilement for the pilgrim festivals.” |
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וּבְנִבְלָתָם לֹא תִגָּעוּ.
יָכוֹל יְהוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל מֻזְהָרִים עַל מַגַּע נְבֵלָה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר אֱמֹר אֶל הַכֹּהֲנִים וְגוֹ' — כֹּהֲנִים מֻזְהָרִין וְאֵין יִשְׂרָאֵל מֻזְהָרִין — קַל וָחֹמֶר מֵעַתָּה: וּמַה טֻּמְאַת מֵת חֲמוּרָה לֹא הִזְהִיר בָּהּ אֶלָּא כֹּהֲנִים, טֻמְאַת נְבֵלָה קַלָּה לֹא כָל שֶׁכֵּן, וּמַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר לֹא תִגָּעוּ? בָּרֶגֶל (שם; ראש השנה ט"ז):
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9Among all creatures that live in the water, you may eat these: Any creature in the water that has fins and scales. Among the creatures that live in the seas and rivers, you may eat only these. |
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טאֶת־זֶה֙ תֹּֽאכְל֔וּ מִכֹּ֖ל אֲשֶׁ֣ר בַּמָּ֑יִם כֹּ֣ל אֲשֶׁר־לוֹ֩ סְנַפִּ֨יר וְקַשְׂקֶ֜שֶׂת בַּמַּ֗יִם בַּיַּמִּ֛ים וּבַנְּחָלִ֖ים אֹתָ֥ם תֹּאכֵֽלוּ: |
סְנַפִּיר - Fins. These are what it swims with. |
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סְנַפִּיר.
אֵלּוּ שֶׁשָּׁט בָּהֶם (חולין נ"ט):
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קַשְׂקֶשֶׂת - Scales. These are shells fixed to its body, as it says: “and he was wearing a coat of mail (קַשְׂקַשִּׂים).” |
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קַשְׂקֶשֶׂת.
אֵלּוּ קְלִפִּין הַקְּבוּעִים בּוֹ (כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל א י"ז), וְשִׁרְיוֹן קַשְׂקַשִּׂים הוּא לָבוּשׁ):
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10But if it lives in a sea or river, then among all the crawling creatures in the water and among all the living creatures that live in the water, you must consider loathsome whatever does not have fins and scales. |
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יוְכֹל֩ אֲשֶׁ֨ר אֵין־ל֜וֹ סְנַפִּ֣יר וְקַשְׂקֶ֗שֶׂת בַּיַּמִּים֙ וּבַנְּחָלִ֔ים מִכֹּל֙ שֶׁ֣רֶץ הַמַּ֔יִם וּמִכֹּ֛ל נֶ֥פֶשׁ הַֽחַיָּ֖ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר בַּמָּ֑יִם שֶׁ֥קֶץ הֵ֖ם לָכֶֽם: |
שֶׁרֶץ - Crawling creatures. Wherever this word is mentioned, it denotes a low being that creeps and moves along on the earth. |
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שֶׁרֶץ.
בְּכָל מָקוֹם מַשְׁמָעוֹ דָּבָר נָמוּךְ שֶׁרוֹחֵשׁ וְנָד עַל הָאָרֶץ:
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11You must consider them loathsome. You may not eat of their flesh. You must consider their carcasses loathsome. |
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יאוְשֶׁ֖קֶץ יִֽהְי֣וּ לָכֶ֑ם מִבְּשָׂרָם֙ לֹ֣א תֹאכֵ֔לוּ וְאֶת־נִבְלָתָ֖ם תְּשַׁקֵּֽצוּ: |
וְשֶׁקֶץ יִֽהְיוּ - [You] must consider them loathsome. These words are added to forbid even food with which they were mixed, if their taste is imparted into the mixture. |
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וְשֶׁקֶץ יִֽהְיוּ.
לֶאֱסֹר אֶת עֵרוּבֵיהֶן אִם יֵשׁ בָּהֶם בְּנוֹתֵן טַעַם (ספרא):
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מִבְּשָׂרָם - Their flesh. One is not forbidden to eat the fins and bones. |
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מִבְּשָׂרָם.
אֵינוֹ מוּזְהָר עַל הַסְּנַפִּירִים וְעַל הָעֲצָמוֹת (שם):
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וְאֶת־נִבְלָתָם תְּשַׁקֵּֽצוּ - You must consider their carcasses loathsome. This added phrase includes midges (יַבְחוּשִׁין) strained from liquid; יַבְחוּשִׁין are “moscherons” in Old French. |
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וְאֶת־נִבְלָתָם תְּשַׁקֵּֽצוּ.
לְרַבּוֹת יַבְחוּשִׁין שֶׁסִּנְּנָן; יַבְחוּשִׁין מושיירונ"ש בלע"ז (חולין ס"ז):
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12You must consider loathsome any creature that does not have fins and scales while it is in the water. |
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יבכֹּ֣ל אֲשֶׁ֥ר אֵֽין־ל֛וֹ סְנַפִּ֥יר וְקַשְׂקֶ֖שֶׂת בַּמָּ֑יִם שֶׁ֥קֶץ ה֖וּא לָכֶֽם: |
כֹּל אֲשֶׁר אֵֽין־לוֹ וגו' - Any creature that does not have… Why does Scripture need to state this additional verse? For otherwise, I would only know that one that retains its signs of purity when brought up on dry land is permitted. How do I know that one that shed them in the water is also permitted? Scripture therefore states: “Any creature that does not have fins and scales in the water,” implying that if it had them in the water, even if it shed them upon leaving it, it remains permitted. |
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כֹּל אֲשֶׁר אֵֽין־לוֹ וגו'.
מַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר? שֶׁיָּכוֹל אֵין לִי שֶׁיְּהֵא מֻתָּר אֶלָּא הַמַּעֲלֶה סִימָנִין שֶׁלּוֹ לַיַּבָּשָׁה, הִשִּׁירָן בַּמַּיִם מִנַּיִן? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר כֹּל אֲשֶׁר אֵין לוֹ סְנַפִּיר וְקַשְׂקֶשֶׂת בַּמַּיִם, הָא אִם הָיוּ לוֹ בַּמַּיִם אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִשִּׁירָן בַּעֲלִיָּתוֹ מֻתָּר (ספרא):
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13Among fowl, you must consider the following loathsome—they must also not be eaten by others, for they are to be considered loathsome—the griffon vulture, the bearded vulture, the osprey, |
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יגוְאֶת־אֵ֨לֶּה֙ תְּשַׁקְּצ֣וּ מִן־הָע֔וֹף לֹ֥א יֵאָֽכְל֖וּ שֶׁ֣קֶץ הֵ֑ם אֶת־הַנֶּ֨שֶׁר֙ וְאֶת־הַפֶּ֔רֶס וְאֵ֖ת הָֽעָזְנִיָּֽה: |
לֹא יֵאָֽכְלוּ - They must not be eaten. The passive form indicates that one who feeds them to minors also transgresses a prohibition, for this is its meaning: “They must not be eaten through your agency.” Or perhaps the intent is nothing else than to forbid deriving benefit from them? Scripture therefore states: לֹא תֹאכְלוּ “you must not eat” – they are forbidden to be eaten, but it is permitted to derive benefit from them. Regarding every fowl about which it says לְמִינָהּ, לְמִינוֹ, or לְמִינֵהוּ, it is because those species each contain another type that resembles it neither in appearance nor in name, but they are nevertheless all one species. |
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לֹא יֵאָֽכְלוּ.
לְחַיֵּב אֶת הַמַּאֲכִילָן לִקְטַנִּים, שֶׁכָּךְ מַשְׁמָעוֹ לֹא יְהוּ נֶאֱכָלִין עַל יָדְךָ, אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא לְאָסְרָן בַּהֲנָאָה? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר לֹא תֹאכְלוּם — בַּאֲכִילָה אֲסוּרִין בַּהֲנָאָה מֻתָּרִין; כָּל עוֹף שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ לְמִינָהּ, לְמִינוֹ, לְמִינֵהוּ, יֵשׁ בְּאוֹתוֹ הַמִּין שֶאֵין דּוֹמִין זֶה לָזֶה לֹא בְמַרְאֵיהֶם וְלֹא בִשְׁמוֹתָם וְכֻלָּן מִין אֶחָד:
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14the various other species of vulture, |
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ידוְאֶת־הַ֨דָּאָ֔ה וְאֶת־הָֽאַיָּ֖ה לְמִינָֽהּ: |
15any type of species of crow, |
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טואֵ֥ת כָּל־עֹרֵ֖ב לְמִינֽוֹ: |
16the ostrich, the cuckoo, the gull, the various species of sparrow hawk, |
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טזוְאֵת֙ בַּ֣ת הַיַּֽעֲנָ֔ה וְאֶת־הַתַּחְמָ֖ס וְאֶת־הַשָּׁ֑חַף וְאֶת־הַנֵּ֖ץ לְמִינֵֽהוּ: |
הַנֵּץ - “esparver” in Old French (“hawk”). |
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הַנֵּץ.
אשפר"ויר:
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17the screech owl, the cormorant, the barn owl, |
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יזוְאֶת־הַכּ֥וֹס וְאֶת־הַשָּׁלָ֖ךְ וְאֶת־הַיַּנְשֽׁוּף: |
שָּׁלָךְ - the cormorant. Our sages explained that this is the fowl that draws up (שׁוֹלֶה) fish from the sea, and this too is how Onkelos translates it: שָׁלֵינוּנָא “one that draws up (שָׁלֵי) fish (נוּנָא),” indicating that this trait is so characteristic of this fowl that it is named after it. |
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שָּׁלָךְ.
פֵּרְשׁוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זֶה הַשּׁוֹלֶה דָגִים מִן הַיָּם, וְזֶה שֶׁתִּרְגֵּם אֻנְקְלוֹס וְשָׁלֵי נוּנָא (חולין ס"ג):
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כּוֹס יַּנְשֽׁוּף - These are both types of “chouetes” (“owls”) that screech at night and have cheeks like those of humans. Alternatively, one of the names refers to another type resembling it in appearance called “hibou” (“owl”). |
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כּוֹס יַּנְשֽׁוּף.
הֵם צואי"טש הַצּוֹעֲקִים בַּלַּיְלָה, וְיֵשׁ לָהֶם לְסָתוֹת כְּאָדָם, וְעוֹד אַחֵר דּוֹמֶה לוֹ שֶׁקּוֹרִין יי"בו:
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18the bat, the pelican, the magpie, |
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יחוְאֶת־הַתִּנְשֶׁ֥מֶת וְאֶת־הַקָּאָ֖ת וְאֶת־הָֽרָחָֽם: |
תִּנְשֶׁמֶת - This is “calve-souriz” (“bat”), that is like a mouse and flies at night – as evidenced from the fact that the תִּנְשֶׁמֶת mentioned among the crawling creatures is similar to it – but it does not have eyes, and it is called “talpe” (“mole”). |
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תִּנְשֶׁמֶת.
הִיא קלב"א ש"וריץ, וְדוֹמָה לְעַכְבָּר הַפּוֹרַחַת בַּלַּיְלָה, וְתִנְשֶׁמֶת הָאֲמוּרָה בַּשְּׁרָצִים הִיא דוֹמָה לָהּ וְאֵין לָהּ עֵינַיִם, וְקוֹרִין לָהּ טלפ"א:
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19the stork, the various species of heron, the hoopoe, and the atalef. |
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יטוְאֵת֙ הַֽחֲסִידָ֔ה הָֽאֲנָפָ֖ה לְמִינָ֑הּ וְאֶת־הַדּֽוּכִיפַ֖ת וְאֶת־הָֽעֲטַלֵּֽף: |
הַֽחֲסִידָה - This is the white דַּיָּה; “zigogne” in Old French. And why is it called חֲסִידָה? Because it acts with kindness (חֲסִידוּת) toward its companions by sharing its food. |
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הַֽחֲסִידָה.
זוֹ דַיָּה לְבָנָה, ציגוני"א, וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ חֲסִידָה? שֶׁעוֹשָֹׁה חֲסִידוּת עִם חַבְרוֹתֶיהָ בִּמְזוֹנוֹת (שם):
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הָֽאֲנָפָה - This is the quarrelsome דַּיָּה. It seems to me that this is what is called “hayron” in Old French (“heron”). |
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הָֽאֲנָפָה.
הִיא דַיָּה רַגְזָנִית, וְנִרְאֶה לִי שֶׁקּוֹרִין אוֹתוֹ הי"רון:
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הַדּֽוּכִיפַת - This is the wild hen, whose comb (כַּרְבֹּלֶת) appears doubled over; and in Old French it is called “herupe” (“hoopoe”). Why is it called דּוּכִיפַת? Because its majesty (הוֹדוֹ) appears tied down (כָּפוּת), referring to its comb. In Aramaic, it is called נַגַּר טוּרָא “cutter of mountains” on account of its habits, as our rabbis explained in Tractate Gitin in Chapter Mi SheAchazo. |
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הַדּֽוּכִיפַת.
תַּרְנְגוֹל הַבָּר, וְכַרְבָּלְתּוֹ כְפוּלָה, וּבְלַעַז הרופ"א, וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ דּוּכִיפַת? שֶׁ"הוֹדוֹ כָפוּת" וְזוֹ הִיא כַּרְבָּלְתוֹ, וְנַגַּר טוּרָא נִקְרָא עַל שֵׁם מַעֲשָׂיו, כְּמוֹ שֶׁפֵּרְשׁוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ בְּמַסֶּכֶת גִּטִּין בְּפֶרֶק מִי שֶׁאֲחָזוֹ (גיטין דף ס"ח):
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20You must consider loathsome any crawling creature that also flies and walks on four legs. |
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ככֹּ֚ל שֶׁ֣רֶץ הָע֔וֹף הַֽהֹלֵ֖ךְ עַל־אַרְבַּ֑ע שֶׁ֥קֶץ ה֖וּא לָכֶֽם: |
שֶׁרֶץ הָעוֹף - Crawling creature that flies. This refers to thin, low creatures that move along the earth, such as flies, wasps, mosquitoes, and grasshoppers. |
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שֶׁרֶץ הָעוֹף.
הֵם הַדַּקִּים הַנְּמוּכִים הָרוֹחֲשִׁין עַל הָאָרֶץ, כְּגוֹן זְבוּבִים וּצְרָעִין וְיַתּוּשִׁין וַחֲגָבִים:
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21However, among all the flying crawling creatures that walk on four legs, you may eat those that have jointed leg-like extensions above their regular legs, with which they hop on the ground. |
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כאאַ֤ךְ אֶת־זֶה֙ תֹּֽאכְל֔וּ מִכֹּל֙ שֶׁ֣רֶץ הָע֔וֹף הַֽהֹלֵ֖ךְ עַל־אַרְבַּ֑ע אֲשֶׁר־ל֤וֹ (כתיב אשׁר־לא) כְרָעַ֨יִם֙ מִמַּ֣עַל לְרַגְלָ֔יו לְנַתֵּ֥ר בָּהֵ֖ן עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ: |
עַל־אַרְבַּע - On four - i.e., on four legs. |
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עַל־אַרְבַּע.
עַל אַרְבַּע רַגְלָיִם:
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מִמַּעַל לְרַגְלָיו - Above their legs. Close to its neck, it has something like two legs apart from its actual four legs, and when it wishes to fly or to spring off the ground, it presses down with those two extensions and flies. There are many of them among us in our locality, like those that are called “langouste” (“locusts”), but we are not expert in identifying them, for four signs are given to identify them as spiritually pure: four legs, four wings, קַרְסֻלַּיִן, meaning the extensions mentioned here, and that their wings cover the greater part of their bodies. While all these signs are present on those that are among us, they differ in that some have a long head and some have no tail, and it must also have the name חָגָב, and in this respect we do not know how to distinguish between them. |
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מִמַּעַל לְרַגְלָיו.
סָמוּךְ לְצַוָּארוֹ יֵשׁ לוֹ כְּמִין שְׁתֵּי רַגְלַיִם לְבַד אַרְבַּע רַגְלָיו, וּכְשֶׁרוֹצֶה לָעוּף וְלִקְפֹּץ מִן הָאָרֶץ מִתְחַזֵּק בְּאוֹתָן שְׁנֵי כְרָעַיִם וּפוֹרֵחַ, וְיֵשׁ הַרְבֵּה — כְּאוֹתָן שֶׁקּוֹרִין לנגו"שטא — אֲבָל אֵין אָנוּ בְקִיאִין בָּהֶן, שֶׁאַרְבָּעָה סִימָנֵי טָהֳרָה נֶאֶמְרוּ בָהֶם אַרְבַּע רַגְלַיִם וְאַרְבַּע כְּנָפַיִם וְקַרְסוּלִין — אֵלּוּ כְרָעַיִם הַכְּתוּבִים כָּאן — וּכְנָפָיו חוֹפִין אֶת רֻבּוֹ, וְכָל סִימָנִין הַלָּלוּ מְצוּיִים בְּאוֹתָן שֶׁבֵּינוֹתֵינוּ, אֲבָל יֵשׁ שֶׁרֹאשָׁן אָרֹךְ וְיֵשׁ שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם זָנָב, וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהֵא שְׁמוֹ חָגָב, וּבָזֶה אֵין אָנוּ יוֹדְעִים לְהַבְדִּיל בֵּינֵיהֶן:
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22From among those that satisfy these criteria, you may eat the following: the red locust and all varieties of its species, the yellow locust and all varieties of its species, the spotted gray locust and all varieties of its species, and the white locust and all varieties of its species. |
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כבאֶת־אֵ֤לֶּה מֵהֶם֙ תֹּאכֵ֔לוּ אֶת־הָֽאַרְבֶּ֣ה לְמִינ֔וֹ וְאֶת־הַסָּלְעָ֖ם לְמִינֵ֑הוּ וְאֶת־הַֽחַרְגֹּ֣ל לְמִינֵ֔הוּ וְאֶת־הֶֽחָגָ֖ב לְמִינֵֽהוּ: |
23Any four-legged flying crawling creature that does not satisfy these criteria you must consider loathsome. |
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כגוְכֹל֙ שֶׁ֣רֶץ הָע֔וֹף אֲשֶׁר־ל֖וֹ אַרְבַּ֣ע רַגְלָ֑יִם שֶׁ֥קֶץ ה֖וּא לָכֶֽם: |
וְכֹל שֶׁרֶץ הָעוֹף וגו' - Any [four-legged] flying crawling creature… This is written to teach us that if it has five legs, it is spiritually pure. |
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וְכֹל שֶׁרֶץ הָעוֹף וגו'.
בָּא וְלִמֵּד שֶׁאִם יֵשׁ לוֹ חָמֵשׁ טָהוֹר (ספרא):
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24You will become ritually defiled through contact with the carcasses of the following animals. Anyone who touches their carcass will be ritually defiled until nightfall, |
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כדוּלְאֵ֖לֶּה תִּטַּמָּ֑אוּ כָּל־הַנֹּגֵ֥עַ בְּנִבְלָתָ֖ם יִטְמָ֥א עַד־הָעָֽרֶב: |
וּלְאֵלֶּה - (lit.) With these - i.e., which will be mentioned further in this passage. |
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וּלְאֵלֶּה.
הָעֲתִידִין לֵאָמֵר בָּעִנְיָן לְמַטָּה.
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תִּטַּמָּאוּ - You will become ritually defiled - i.e., touching them causes ritual defilement. |
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תִּטַּמָּאוּ.
כְּלוֹמַר בִּנְגִיעָתָם יֵשׁ טֻמְאָה:
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25but anyone who carries their carcass must also immerse his garments in a mikveh, besides becoming ritually defiled himself until nightfall. |
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כהוְכָל־הַנֹּשֵׂ֖א מִנִּבְלָתָ֑ם יְכַבֵּ֥ס בְּגָדָ֖יו וְטָמֵ֥א עַד־הָעָֽרֶב: |
וְכָל־הַנֹּשֵׂא מִנִּבְלָתָם - But anyone who carries their carcass. Wherever ritual defilement due to carrying a ritually defiled object is stated, it is more stringent than ritual defilement due to touching it, in that it also necessitates immersing the garments worn while carrying the ritually defiled object. |
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וְכָל־הַנֹּשֵׂא מִנִּבְלָתָם.
כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֶמְרָה טֻמְאַת מַשָּׂא, חֲמוּרָה מִטֻּמְאַת מַגָּע, שֶׁהִיא טְעוּנָה כִבּוּס בְּגָדִים (ספרא):
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26You must consider the carcass of any animal whose feet are partially cloven but not completely split into two sub-feet, and that does not regurgitate its cud, to be ritually defiled, meaning that anyone who touches it will become ritually defiled. |
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כולְכָל־הַבְּהֵמָ֡ה אֲשֶׁ֣ר הִוא֩ מַפְרֶ֨סֶת פַּרְסָ֜ה וְשֶׁ֣סַע | אֵינֶ֣נָּה שֹׁסַ֗עַת וְגֵרָה֙ אֵינֶ֣נָּה מַֽעֲלָ֔ה טְמֵאִ֥ים הֵ֖ם לָכֶ֑ם כָּל־הַנֹּגֵ֥עַ בָּהֶ֖ם יִטְמָֽא: |
מַפְרֶסֶת פַּרְסָה וְשֶׁסַע אֵינֶנָּה שֹׁסַעַת - Whose feet are partially cloven but not completely split - such as the camel, whose hoof is split above but remains connected below. Here it teaches you that the carcass of a spiritually defiled animal causes ritual defilement, and in the passage at the end of this portion, it explains the law concerning the carcass of a spiritually undefiled animal (i.e., one permitted for consumption). |
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מַפְרֶסֶת פַּרְסָה וְשֶׁסַע אֵינֶנָּה שֹׁסַעַת.
כְּגוֹן גָּמָל, שֶׁפַּרְסָתוֹ סְדוּקָה לְמַעְלָה אֲבָל לְמַטָּה הִיא מְחֻבֶּרֶת, כָּאן לִמֶּדְךָ שֶׁנִּבְלַת בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה מְטַמְּאָה, וּבָעִנְיָן שֶׁבְּסוֹף הַפָּרָשָׁה פֵּרֵשׁ עַל בְּהֵמָה טְהוֹרָה:
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27Among all the animals that walk on four legs, you must consider the carcass of any animal that walks on its paws to be ritually defiled, meaning that anyone who touches their carcass will be ritually defiled until nightfall. |
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כזוְכֹ֣ל | הוֹלֵ֣ךְ עַל־כַּפָּ֗יו בְּכָל־הַֽחַיָּה֙ הַֽהֹלֶ֣כֶת עַל־אַרְבַּ֔ע טְמֵאִ֥ים הֵ֖ם לָכֶ֑ם כָּל־הַנֹּגֵ֥עַ בְּנִבְלָתָ֖ם יִטְמָ֥א עַד־הָעָֽרֶב: |
עַל־כַּפָּיו - On its paws - such as a dog, a bear, and a cat. |
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עַל־כַּפָּיו.
כְּגוֹן כֶּלֶב וְדֹב וְחָתוּל:
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טְמֵאִים הֵם לָכֶם - You must consider…ritually defiled. with respect to touching them. |
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טְמֵאִים הֵם לָכֶם.
לְמַגָּע:
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28Whoever carries their carcass must immerse his garments in the water of a mikveh, besides becoming ritually defiled himself until nightfall. You must consider these animals ritually defiled in this respect, as well. |
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כחוְהַנֹּשֵׂא֙ אֶת־נִבְלָתָ֔ם יְכַבֵּ֥ס בְּגָדָ֖יו וְטָמֵ֣א עַד־הָעָ֑רֶב טְמֵאִ֥ים הֵ֖מָּה לָכֶֽם: |
29You must consider the following ritually defiled among crawling creatures that crawl on the ground: the carcasses of the weasel, the mouse, the toad and all varieties of its species, |
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כטוְזֶ֤ה לָכֶם֙ הַטָּמֵ֔א בַּשֶּׁ֖רֶץ הַשֹּׁרֵ֣ץ עַל־הָאָ֑רֶץ הַחֹ֥לֶד וְהָֽעַכְבָּ֖ר וְהַצָּ֥ב לְמִינֵֽהוּ: |
וְזֶה לָכֶם הַטָּמֵא - You must consider the following ritually defiled. All these mentions of ritual defilement do not refer to the prohibition of eating them, but to the plain sense of ritual defilement, that one becomes ritually defiled by touching them, and forbidden to eat terumah and consecrated food and to enter the Sanctuary. |
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וְזֶה לָכֶם הַטָּמֵא.
כָּל טֻמְאוֹת הַלָּלוּ אֵינָן לְאִסּוּר אֲכִילָה אֶלָּא לְטֻמְאָה מַמָּשׁ — לִהְיוֹת טָמֵא בְּמַגָּעָן, וְנֶאֱסַר לֶאֱכֹל תְּרוּמָה וְקָדָשִׁים וְלִכָּנֵס בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ:
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הַחֹלֶד - “mostele” in Old French (“weasel”). |
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הַחֹלֶד.
מוש"טילא:
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וְהַצָּב - “froit” in Old French (“toad”), which is similar to a frog. |
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וְהַצָּב.
פויי"ט שֶׁדּוֹמֶה לִצְפַרְדֵּעַ:
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30the hedgehog, the chameleon, the lizard, the snail, and the mole. |
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לוְהָֽאֲנָקָ֥ה וְהַכֹּ֖חַ וְהַלְּטָאָ֑ה וְהַחֹ֖מֶט וְהַתִּנְשָֽׁמֶת: |
אֲנָקָה - “herisson” in Old French (“hedgehog”). |
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אֲנָקָה.
הרי"ון:
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לְּטָאָה - “laisarde” in Old French (“lizard”). |
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לְּטָאָה.
לישרד"ה:
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חֹמֶט - “limace” in Old French (“snail”). |
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חֹמֶט.
לימצ"א:
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תִּנְשָֽׁמֶת - “talpe” in Old French (“mole”). |
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תִּנְשָֽׁמֶת.
טל"פא:
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31The above-mentioned creatures are the ones among all crawling creatures whose carcasses you must consider ritually defiled, in that anyone who touches them when they are dead will be ritually defiled until nightfall. |
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לאאֵ֛לֶּה הַטְּמֵאִ֥ים לָכֶ֖ם בְּכָל־הַשָּׁ֑רֶץ כָּל־הַנֹּגֵ֧עַ בָּהֶ֛ם בְּמֹתָ֖ם יִטְמָ֥א עַד־הָעָֽרֶב: |
32If any of these dead creatures falls upon anything, it will also become ritually defiled, whether the object be any wooden vessel, garment, hide, or sack—in fact, any implement with which work is done. It must be immersed in the water of a mikveh, and will remain ritually defiled until nightfall, after which it will be rid of this defilement. |
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לבוְכֹ֣ל אֲשֶׁר־יִפֹּ֣ל־עָלָיו֩ מֵהֶ֨ם | בְּמֹתָ֜ם יִטְמָ֗א מִכָּל־כְּלִי־עֵץ֙ א֣וֹ בֶ֤גֶד אוֹ־עוֹר֙ א֣וֹ שָׂ֔ק כָּל־כְּלִ֕י אֲשֶׁר־יֵֽעָשֶׂ֥ה מְלָאכָ֖ה בָּהֶ֑ם בַּמַּ֧יִם יוּבָ֛א וְטָמֵ֥א עַד־הָעֶ֖רֶב וְטָהֵֽר: |
בַּמַּיִם יוּבָא - It must be immersed in the water - and even after its immersion, it remains ritually defiled with regard to terumah. |
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בַּמַּיִם יוּבָא.
וְאַף לְאַחַר טְבִילָתוֹ טָמֵא הוּא לִתְרוּמָה:
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עַד־הָעֶרֶב - “until nightfall”. and afterwards. |
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עַד־הָעֶרֶב.
וְאֲחַר כַּךְ:
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וְטָהֵר - “will be rid of ritual defilement”. at nightfall. |
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וְטָהֵר.
בְּהַעֲרֵב הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ:
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