Shemot (Exodus) Chapter 23

6You shall not pervert the judgment of your poor man in his lawsuit.   ולֹ֥א תַטֶּ֛ה מִשְׁפַּ֥ט אֶבְיֹֽנְךָ֖ בְּרִיבֽוֹ:
your poor man Heb. אֶבְיֹנְךָ, an expression of desiring אוֹבֶה, [meaning] one who is impoverished and desires all good things. -[From Mechilta]   אֶבְיֹֽנְךָ  לְשׁוֹן אוֹבֶה, שֶׁהוּא מְדֻלְדָּל וְתָאֵב לְכָל טוֹבָה:
7Distance yourself from a false matter; and do not kill a truly innocent person or one who has been declared innocent, for I will not vindicate a guilty person.   זמִדְּבַר־שֶׁ֖קֶר תִּרְחָ֑ק וְנָקִ֤י וְצַדִּיק֙ אַל־תַּֽהֲרֹ֔ג כִּ֥י לֹֽא־אַצְדִּ֖יק רָשָֽׁע:
and do not kill a truly innocent person or one who has been declared innocent How do we know that if one emerges from the court guilty [and is given the death sentence], and one [of the judges] says, “I have a way to prove his innocence,” we must bring him back [to the court and retry him]? Because the Torah states: “and do not kill a truly innocent person.” Although he was not declared innocent-for he was not vindicated by the court-he is, nevertheless, free from the death penalty, because you have reason to acquit him. And how do we know that if one emerges from the court innocent, and one [of the judges] says, “I have a way to prove his guilt,” we do not bring him back to the court [to retry him]? Because the Torah states: “and do not kill… one who is declared innocent.” And this one is innocent because he was vindicated by the court. -[From Mechilta, Sanh. 33b]   וְנָקִי וְצַדִּיק אַל־תַּֽהֲרֹג  מִנַּיִן לַיּוֹצֵא מִבֵּית דִּין חַיָּב וְאָמַר אֶחָד יֵשׁ לִי לְלַמֵּד עָלָיו זְכוּת שֶׁמַּחֲזִירִין אוֹתוֹ? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר וְנָקִי אַל תַּהֲרֹג, וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ צַדִּיק, שֶׁלֹּא נִצְטַדֵּק בְּבֵית דִּין, מִכָּל מָקוֹם נָקִי הוּא מִדִּין מִיתָה שֶׁהֲרֵי יֵשׁ לְךָ לְזַכּוֹתוֹ. וּמִנַּיִן לַיּוֹצֵא מִבֵּית דִּין זַכַּאי וְאָמַר אֶחָד יֵשׁ לִי לְלַמֵּד עָלָיו חוֹבָה שֶׁאֵין מַחֲזִירִין אוֹתוֹ לְבֵית דִּין? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר וְצַדִּיק אַל תַּהֲרֹג, וְזֶה צַדִּיק הוּא שֶׁנִּצְטַדֵּק בְּבֵית דִּין (סנהדרין ל"ג):
for I will not vindicate a guilty person It is not incumbent upon you to return him [to court] for I will not vindicate him in My law. If he emerges innocent from your hand [i.e., from the courts], I have many agents to put him to death-with the death penalty he deserves. -[From Mechilta, Sanh. 33b]   כִּי לֹֽא־אַצְדִּיק רָשָֽׁע  אֵין עָלֶיךָ לְהַחֲזִירוֹ, כִּי אֲנִי לֹא אַצְדִּיקֶנּוּ בְדִינִי, אִם יָצָא מִיָּדְךָ זַכַּאי יֵשׁ לִי שְׁלוּחִים הַרְבֵּה לַהֲמִיתוֹ בַמִּיתָה שֶׁנִּתְחַיֵּב בָּהּ (מכילתא):
8You shall not accept a bribe, for a bribe will blind the clear sighted and corrupt words that are right.   חוְשֹׁ֖חַד לֹ֣א תִקָּ֑ח כִּ֤י הַשֹּׁ֨חַד֙ יְעַוֵּ֣ר פִּקְחִ֔ים וִֽיסַלֵּ֖ף דִּבְרֵ֥י צַדִּיקִֽים:
You shall not accept a bribe Even [in order] to judge fairly, and surely [not] to pervert the judgment, for [in fact, taking a bribe] in order to pervert the judgment is already mentioned: “You shall not pervert judgment” (Deut. 16:19). -[From Keth. 105a]   וְשֹׁחַד לֹא תִקָּח  אֲפִלּוּ לִשְׁפֹּט אֱמֶת, וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן כְּדֵי לְהַטּוֹת אֶת הַדִּין, שֶׁהֲרֵי לְהַטּוֹת אֶת הַדִּין נֶאֱמַר כְּבָר (דברים ט"ז) לֹא תַטֶּה מִשְׁפָּט (כתובות ק"ה):
for a bribe will blind the clear-sighted Even if one is wise in Torah, and he accepts a bribe, he will eventually become deranged, forget his studies, and lose his eyesight. -[From Keth. 105a, Mechilta]   יְעַוֵּר פִּקְחִים  אֲפִלּוּ חָכָם בַּתּוֹרָה וְנוֹטֵל שֹׁחַד סוֹף שֶׁתִּטָּרֵף דַּעְתּוֹ עָלָיו וְיִשְׁתַּכַּח תַּלְמוּדוֹ וְיִכְהֶה מְאוֹר עֵינָיו (שם):
and corrupt Heb. וִיסַלֵף, as the Targum [Onkelos and Jonathan] renders: וּמְקַלְקֵל, [meaning] and spoils.   וִֽיסַלֵּף  כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ וּמְקַלְקֵל:
words that are right Heb. דִבְרֵי צַדִּיקִים, words that are just, true judgments, and so is its Aramaic translation: פִּתְגָמִין תְּרִיצִין, [meaning words that are] straight.   דִּבְרֵי צַדִּיקִֽים  דְּבָרִים הַמְצֻדָּקִים, מִשְׁפְּטֵי אֱמֶת, וְכֵן תַּרְגּוּמוֹ פִּתְגָמִין תְּרִיצִין – יְשָׁרִים:
9And you shall not oppress a stranger, for you know the feelings of the stranger, since you were strangers in the land of Egypt.   טוְגֵ֖ר לֹ֣א תִלְחָ֑ץ וְאַתֶּ֗ם יְדַעְתֶּם֙ אֶת־נֶ֣פֶשׁ הַגֵּ֔ר כִּֽי־גֵרִ֥ים הֱיִיתֶ֖ם בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם:
And you shall not oppress a stranger - In many places the Torah warns about the stranger [convert] because he has a strong temptation [to return to his former bad ways]. -[From B.M. 59b]   וְגֵר לֹא תִלְחָץ  בְּהַרְבֵּה מְקוֹמוֹת הִזְהִירָה תּוֹרָה עַל הַגֵּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁסּוּרוֹ רָע (בבא מציעא נ"ט):
the feelings of the stranger How hard it is for him when people oppress him.   אֶת־נֶפֶשׁ הַגֵּר  כַּמָּה קָשֶׁה לוֹ כְּשֶׁלּוֹחֲצִים אוֹתוֹ:
10Six years you may sow your land and gather in its produce.   יוְשֵׁ֥שׁ שָׁנִ֖ים תִּזְרַ֣ע אֶת־אַרְצֶ֑ךָ וְאָֽסַפְתָּ֖ אֶת־תְּבֽוּאָתָֽהּ:
and gather in its produce Heb. וְאָסַפְתָּ, an expression of bringing into the house, like “And you shall bring it (וַאִסַפְתּוֹ) into your house” (Deut. 22:2).   וְאָֽסַפְתָּ אֶת־תְּבֽוּאָתָֽהּ  לְשׁוֹן הַכְנָסָה לַבַּיִת, כְּמוֹ וַאֲסַפְתּוֹ אֶל תּוֹךְ בֵּיתֶךָ (דברים כ"ב):
11But in the seventh [year] you shall release it and abandon it; the poor of your people shall eat [it], and what they leave over, the beasts of the field shall eat. So shall you do to your vineyard [and] to your olive tree[s].   יאוְהַשְּׁבִיעִ֞ת תִּשְׁמְטֶ֣נָּה וּנְטַשְׁתָּ֗הּ וְאָֽכְלוּ֙ אֶבְיֹנֵ֣י עַמֶּ֔ךָ וְיִתְרָ֕ם תֹּאכַ֖ל חַיַּ֣ת הַשָּׂדֶ֑ה כֵּֽן־תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֥ה לְכַרְמְךָ֖ לְזֵיתֶֽךָ:
you shall release it from work.   תִּשְׁמְטֶנָּה  מֵעֲבוֹדָה:
and abandon it from eating it after the time of the removal (see Mechilta). Another interpretation: from real work, such as plowing and sowing, and abandon it from fertilizing and hoeing.   וּנְטַשְׁתָּהּ  מֵאֲכִילָה אַחַר זְמַן הַבִּעוּר. דָּבָר אַחֵר, תִּשְׁמְטֶנָּה – מֵעֲבוֹדָה גְמוּרָה, כְּגוֹן חֲרִישָׁה וּזְרִיעָה, וּנְטַשְׁתָּהּ – מִלְּזַבֵּל וּמִלְּקַשְׁקֵשׁ (סוכה מ"ד):
and what they leave over, the beasts of the field shall eat [This is written in order] to liken the food of the poor to the food of the beast. Just as the beast eats without tithing, so do the poor eat without tithing. From here [we derive] that there are no tithes in the seventh year. -[From Mechilta]   וְיִתְרָם תֹּאכַל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה  לְהַקִּישׁ מַאֲכַל אֶבְיוֹן לְמַאֲכַל חַיָּה, מַה חַיָּה אוֹכֶלֶת בְּלֹא מַעֲשֵׂר, אַף אֶבְיוֹנִים אוֹכְלִים בְלֹא מַעֲשֵׂר; מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ אֵין מַעֲשֵׂר בַּשְּׁבִיעִית (מכילתא):
So shall you do to your vineyard And the beginning of the verse is speaking of a grain field, as is stated above [verse 10]: “You may sow your land.”   כֵּֽן־תַּֽעֲשֶׂה לְכַרְמְךָ  וּתְחִלַּת הַמִּקְרָא מְדַבֵּר בִּשְׂדֵה הַלָּבָן, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמוּר לְמַעְלָה הֵימֶנּוּ תִּזְרַע אֶת אַרְצֶךָ:
12Six days you may do your work, but on the seventh day you shall rest, in order that your ox and your donkey shall rest, and your maidservant's son and the stranger shall be refreshed.   יבשֵׁ֤שֶׁת יָמִים֙ תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֣ה מַֽעֲשֶׂ֔יךָ וּבַיּ֥וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֖י תִּשְׁבֹּ֑ת לְמַ֣עַן יָנ֗וּחַ שֽׁוֹרְךָ֙ וַֽחֲמֹרֶ֔ךָ וְיִנָּפֵ֥שׁ בֶּן־אֲמָֽתְךָ֖ וְהַגֵּֽר:
but on the seventh day you shall rest Even in the seventh year, the weekly Sabbath, commemorating the Creation, shall not be uprooted, [so] that you shall not say that since the entire year is referred to as “Sabbath,” the weekly Sabbath need not be observed in it [the Sabbatical Year]. -[From Mechilta]   וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי תִּשְׁבֹּת  אַף בַּשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁבִיעִית לֹא תֵעָקֵר שַׁבַּת בְּרֵאשִׁית מִמְּקוֹמָהּ, שֶׁלֹּא תֹאמַר, הוֹאִיל וְכָל הַשָּׁנָה קְרוּיָה שַׁבָּת לֹא תִנְהַג בָּהּ שַׁבַּת בְּרֵאשִׁית (שם):
in order that your ox and your donkey shall rest Give it rest, to permit it to tear up and eat grass from the earth. Or perhaps it [this verse] means that one must confine it indoors? [But] you must say that this [confining them indoors] would not be rest but discomfort. -[From Mechilta]   לְמַעַן יָנוּחַ שֽׁוֹרְךָ וַֽחֲמֹרֶךָ  תֵּן לוֹ נִיחַ, לְהַתִּיר שֶׁיְּהֵא תוֹלֵשׁ וְאוֹכֵל עֲשָׂבִים מִן הַקַּרְקַע; אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא יַחְבְּשֶׁנּוּ בְּתוֹךְ הַבַּיִת? אָמַרְתָּ אֵין זֶה נִיחַ אֶלָּא צַעַר:
your maidservant’s son The text is speaking of an uncircumcised slave. [From Mechilta]   בֶּן־אֲמָֽתְךָ  בְּעֶבֶד עָרֵל הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר:
and the stranger This refers to a resident alien. -[From Mechilta]   וְהַגֵּֽר  גֵּר תּוֹשָׁב:
13Concerning all that I have said to you you shall beware, and the name of the gods of others you shall not mention; it shall not be heard through your mouth.   יגוּבְכֹ֛ל אֲשֶׁר־אָמַ֥רְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶ֖ם תִּשָּׁמֵ֑רוּ וְשֵׁ֨ם אֱלֹהִ֤ים אֲחֵרִים֙ לֹ֣א תַזְכִּ֔ירוּ לֹ֥א יִשָּׁמַ֖ע עַל־פִּֽיךָ:
Concerning all that I have said to you you shall beware Heb. תִּשָׁמֵרוּ. [This verse comes] to give every positive commandment the stringency of a prohibition [i.e., negative commandment], for every exhortation to beware (שְׁמִירָה) in the Torah is a prohibition, [and it appears] instead of a negative expression.   וּבְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־אָמַרְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶם תִּשָּׁמֵרוּ  לַעֲשׂוֹת כָּל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה בְּאַזְהָרָה, שֶׁכָּל שְׁמִירָה שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה אַזְהָרָה הִיא בִּמְקוֹם לָאו (מנחות ל"ו):
you shall not mention That one should not say to another, “Wait for me beside such-and-such an idol,” or “Meet me on the day [dedicated to] such-and-such an idol” (Mechilta, Sanh. 63b). Another explanation: Concerning all that I have said to you, you shall beware, and the name of the gods of strangers you shall not mention -[this comes] to teach you that idolatry is tantamount to all the commandments [combined], and whoever is careful with it is considered as if he has observed them all. -[see Kid. 40a, Ned. 25a, Shev. 29a, Chul. 5a, Rashi on Num. 15:23, Deut. 12:28, Er. 69b]   לֹא תַזְכִּירוּ  שֶׁלֹּא יֹאמַר לוֹ שְׁמֹר לִי בְּצַד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה פְּלוֹנִית, אוֹ תַעֲמֹד עִמִּי בְּיוֹם עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה פְּלוֹנִית; דָּבָר אַחֵר — וּבְכֹל אֲשֶׁר אָמַרְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶם תִּשָּׁמֵרוּ וְשֵׁם אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים לֹא תַזְכִּירוּ, לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁשְּׁקוּלָה עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה כְּנֶגֶד כָּל הַמִּצְווֹת כֻּלָּן (הוריות ח'), וְהַנִּזְהָר בָּהּ כְּשׁוֹמֵר אֶת כֻּלָּן:
it shall not be heard from the gentile.   לֹא יִשָּׁמַע  מִן הַגוֹי:
through your mouth [Meaning] that you shall not enter a partnership with a gentile, so that he would swear to you by his pagan deity. The result [if he does swear] will be that you will indirectly cause it [the deity] to be mentioned through yourself [i.e., through a claim you made against him]. -[From Sanh. 63b] I.e., the occasion may arise that the gentile partner is required to swear something to his Jewish partner, and he will swear by his deity. [From Sanh. 63b]   עַל־פִּיךָ  שֶׁלֹּא תַעֲשֶׂה שֻׁתָּפוּת עִם גוֹי וְיִשָּׁבַע לְךָ בְּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה שֶׁלּוֹ נִמְצֵאתָ שֶׁאַתָּה גּוֹרֵם שֶׁיִּזָּכֵר עַל יָדְךָ (סנהדרין ס"ז):
14Three times you shall slaughter sacrifices to Me during the year.   ידשָׁל֣שׁ רְגָלִ֔ים תָּחֹ֥ג לִ֖י בַּשָּׁנָֽה:
times Heb. רְגָלִים, [synonymous with] פְּעָמִים, times, and similarly, “that you have struck me already three times (רְגָלִים) ” (Num. 22:28).   רְגָלִים  פְּעָמִים; וְכֵן כִּי הִכִּיתַנִי זֶה שָׁלֹשׁ רְגָלִים (במדבר כ"ב):
15You shall observe the festival of unleavened bread; for seven days you shall eat unleavened bread as I have commanded you, at the appointed time of the month of springtime, for then you left Egypt, and they shall not appear before Me empty handed.   טואֶת־חַ֣ג הַמַּצּוֹת֘ תִּשְׁמֹר֒ שִׁבְעַ֣ת יָמִים֩ תֹּאכַ֨ל מַצּ֜וֹת כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֣ר צִוִּיתִ֗ךָ לְמוֹעֵד֙ חֹ֣דֶשׁ הָֽאָבִ֔יב כִּי־ב֖וֹ יָצָ֣אתָ מִמִּצְרָ֑יִם וְלֹא־יֵֽרָא֥וּ פָנַ֖י רֵיקָֽם:
the month of springtime Heb. חֹדֶשׁ הָאָבִיב, [the month] in which the grain fills out in its greenness (בְּאִבֶּיהָ). [Alternatively,] אָבִיב is an expression [related to the word for] a father אָב, the firstborn and the earliest [month] to ripen fruits.   חֹדֶשׁ הָֽאָבִיב  שֶׁהַתְּבוּאָה מִתְמַלֵּאת בּוֹ בְּאִבֶּיהָ. אָבִיב לְשׁוֹן אָב, בְּכוֹר וְרִאשׁוֹן לְבַשֵּׁל פֵּרוֹת:
and they shall not appear before Me empty-handed When you come to appear before Me on the festivals, bring Me burnt offerings. -[From Mechilta, Chag. 7a]   וְלֹא־יֵֽרָאוּ פָנַי רֵיקָֽם  כְּשֶׁתָּבֹאוּ לִרְאוֹת פָּנַי בָּרְגָלִים, הָבִיאוּ לִי עוֹלוֹת (מכילתא):
16And the festival of the harvest, the first fruits of your labors, which you will sow in the field, and the festival of the ingathering at the departure of the year, when you gather in [the products of] your labors from the field.   טזוְחַ֤ג הַקָּצִיר֙ בִּכּוּרֵ֣י מַֽעֲשֶׂ֔יךָ אֲשֶׁ֥ר תִּזְרַ֖ע בַּשָּׂדֶ֑ה וְחַ֤ג הָֽאָסִף֙ בְּצֵ֣את הַשָּׁנָ֔ה בְּאָסְפְּךָ֥ אֶת־מַֽעֲשֶׂ֖יךָ מִן־הַשָּׂדֶֽה:
And the festival of the harvest That is the feast of Shavuoth.   וְחַג הַקָּצִיר  הוּא חַג שָׁבוּעוֹת:
the first fruits of your labors which is the time of the bringing of the first fruits for the two breads, which are brought on Shavuoth [and serve to] permit the new grain [to be used] for meal offerings and [also] to bring the first fruits to the Sanctuary, as it is said: “And on the day of the first fruits, etc.” (Num. 28:26).   בִּכּוּרֵי מַֽעֲשֶׂיךָ  שֶׁהוּא זְמַן הֲבָאַת בִּכּוּרִים, שֶׁשְּׁתֵי הַלֶּחֶם הַבָּאִין בַּעֲצֶרֶת הָיוּ מַתִּירִין הֶחָדָשׁ לַמְּנָחוֹת וּלְהָבִיא בִכּוּרִים לַמִּקְדָּשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וּבְיוֹם הַבִּכּוּרִים וְגוֹ' (במדבר כ"ח):
and the festival of the ingathering That is the festival of Succoth.   וְחַג הָֽאָסִף  הוּא חַג הַסֻּכּוֹת:
when you gather in [the products of] your labors For during the entire summer, the grain dries out in the fields, and on the festival [of Succoth], they gather it into the house because of the rains [that are about to fall].   בְּאָסְפְּךָ אֶת־מַֽעֲשֶׂיךָ  שֶׁכָּל יְמוֹת הַחַמָּה הַתְּבוּאָה מִתְיַבֶּשֶׁת בַּשָּׂדוֹת, וּבֶחָג אוֹסְפִים אוֹתָהּ אֶל הַבַּיִת מִפְּנֵי הַגְּשָׁמִים:
17Three times during the year, all your males shall appear before the Master, the Lord.   יזשָׁל֥שׁ פְּעָמִ֖ים בַּשָּׁנָ֑ה יֵֽרָאֶה֙ כָּל־זְכ֣וּרְךָ֔ אֶל־פְּנֵ֖י הָֽאָדֹ֥ן | יְהֹוָֽה:
Three times, etc. Since the context deals with the seventh year, it was necessary to say that the three pilgrimage festivals would not be uprooted from their place. -[From Mechilta]   שָׁלשׁ פְּעָמִים וגו'  לְפִי שֶׁהָעִנְיָן מְדַבֵּר בַּשְּׁבִיעִית, הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר שֶׁלֹּא יִסְתָּרְסוּ רְגָלִים מִמְּקוֹמָן:
all your males Heb. כָּל-זְכוּרְךָ. All the males among you.   כָּל־זְכוּרְךָ  הַזְּכָרִים שֶׁבְּךָ:
18You shall not sacrifice the blood of My sacrifice with leaven, and the fat of My festive sacrifice shall not stay overnight until morning.   יחלֹֽא־תִזְבַּ֥ח עַל־חָמֵ֖ץ דַּם־זִבְחִ֑י וְלֹֽא־יָלִ֥ין חֵֽלֶב־חַגִּ֖י עַד־בֹּֽקֶר:
You shall not sacrifice the blood of My sacrifice with leaven You shall not slaughter the Passover sacrifice on the fourteenth of Nissan until you have done away with the leaven. -[From Mechilta, Pes. 63a]   לֹֽא־תִזְבַּח עַל־חָמֵץ וגו'  לֹא תִשְׁחַט אֶת הַפֶּסַח בְּי"ד בְּנִיסָן עַד שֶׁתְּבַעֵר הֶחָמֵץ (מכילתא):
and the fat of My festive sacrifice shall not stay overnight off the altar. -[From Mechilta]   וְלֹֽא־יָלִין חֵֽלֶב־חַגִּי  חוּץ לַמִּזְבֵּחַ:
until morning One may think that even on the altar pyre it would become disqualified. Therefore, the Torah states: “on its pyre on the altar all night” (Lev. 6:2).   עַד־בֹּֽקֶר  יָכוֹל אַף עַל הַמַּעֲרָכָה יִפָּסֵל בְּלִינָה, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר עַל מוֹקְדָה עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ כָּל הַלַּיְלָה (ויקרא ו'):
shall not stay overnight Only at dawn is it considered [as if the fat of the sacrifice had been] staying overnight, as it is said: “until morning,” but all night he may pick it [the fat] up from the floor [and return it] onto the altar. -[From Zev. 87a]   וְלֹֽא־יָלִין  אֵין לִינָה אֶלָּא בְעַמּוּד הַשַּׁחַר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר עַד בֹּקֶר, אֲבָל כָּל הַלַּיְלָה יָכוֹל לְהַעֲלוֹתוֹ מִן הָרִצְפָּה לַמִּזְבֵּחַ (מגילה כ'):
19The choicest of the first fruits of your soil you shall bring to the house of the Lord, your God. You shall not cook a kid in its mother's milk.   יטרֵאשִׁ֗ית בִּכּוּרֵי֙ אַדְמָ֣תְךָ֔ תָּבִ֕יא בֵּ֖ית יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֑יךָ לֹֽא־תְבַשֵּׁ֥ל גְּדִ֖י בַּֽחֲלֵ֥ב אִמּֽוֹ:
The choicest of the first fruits of your soil Even in the seventh year, the offering of bikkurim is obligatory. Therefore, it is stated here, too: “the first fruits of your soil.” How are the bikkurim chosen? A person enters his field and sees a fig that has ripened. He winds a blade of grass around it as a sign and sanctifies it. Bikkurim are [brought as an offering] only from the seven species enumerated in Scripture: “A land of wheat and barley, and vines and figs and pomegranates, a land of oil-yielding olives and honey” (Deut. 8:8). -[From Bik. 3:1]   רֵאשִׁית בִּכּוּרֵי אַדְמָתְךָ  אַף הַשְּׁבִיעִית חַיֶּבֶת בְּבִכּוּרִים, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר אַף כָּאן בִּכּוּרֵי אַדְמָתְךָ. כֵּיצַד? אָדָם נִכְנָס לְתוֹךְ שָׂדֵהוּ, רוֹאֶה תְּאֵנָה שֶׁבִּכְּרָה, כּוֹרֵךְ עָלֶיהָ גְּמִי לְסִימָן וּמַקְדִּישָׁהּ, וְאֵין בִּכּוּרִים אֶלָּא בְּשִׁבְעַת הַמִּינִין הָאֲמוּרִין בַּמִּקְרָא – אֶרֶץ חִטָּה וּשְׂעֹרָה וְגוֹ' (בכורים פ"א):
You shall not cook a kid Heb. גְּדִי. A calf and a lamb are also included in [the term] גְּדִי, for גְּדִי is only an expression of a tender young animal. [This you know] from what you find in many places in the Torah where גְּדִי is written, and it was necessary to write after it עִזִים [to qualify it as a kid], for example, “I will send you a kid גְּדִי עִזִים ” (Gen. 38:17); “the kid גְּדִי הָעִזִים ” (Gen. 38:20); “two kids עִזִים גְּדָיֵי ” (Gen. 27:9); to teach you that wherever גְּדִי is mentioned unqualified, it also means a calf and a lamb. This [prohibition] is written in three places in the Torah, one for the prohibition of eating [meat with milk], one for the prohibition of deriving any benefit [from meat with milk], and one for the prohibition of cooking [meat with milk]. -[From Chul. 113b, 115b]   לֹֽא־תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי  אַף עֵגֶל וְכֶבֶשׂ בִּכְלַל גְּדִי, שֶׁאֵין גְּדִי אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן וָלָד רַךְ, מִמַּה שֶּׁאַתָּה מוֹצֵא בְּכַמָּה מְקוֹמוֹת בַּתּוֹרָה שֶׁכָּתוּב גְּדִי וְהֻצְרַךְ לְפָרֵשׁ אַחֲרָיו עִזִּים, כְּגוֹן אָנֹכִי אֲשַׁלַּח גְּדִי עִזִּים (בראשית ל"ח), אֶת גְּדִי הָעִזִּים (שם), שְׁנֵי גְּדָיֵי עִזִּים (שם כ"ז), לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁכָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר גְּדִי סְתָם אַף עֵגֶל וְכֶבֶשׂ בְּמַשְׁמָע. וּבְג' מְקוֹמוֹת נִכְתַּב בַּתּוֹרָה, אֶחָד לְאִסּוּר אֲכִילָה, וְאֶחָד לְאִסּוּר הֲנָאָה, וְאֶחָד לְאִסּוּר בִּשּׁוּל (מכילתא, חולין קט"ו):