SECTION 72 Laws Relating to Those who Carry a Bier, Comfort Mourners, or Attend a Funeral. (1–5)

סימן עב דִּין נוֹשְׂאֵי הַמִּטָּה וְהַמְנַחֲמִים וְהַמְלַוִּין וּבוֹ ה' סְעִיפִים:

1 Pallbearers, those who relieve them, and those who relieve their relievers — whether those preceding the bier or those following it — are all exempt from reciting the Shema1 (because they are preoccupied with a concern involving a mitzvah). [They are given this dispensation] because they are all needed for the task of carrying the bier. This applies, for example, in a town where there is a group designated for this function and all of its members take turns at carrying [it], because they desire the merit [of performing this mitzvah].

Other people accompanying [the bier], who are not needed [to carry it], are obligated to recite the Shema. (Though accompanying the deceased is considered an act of kindness,2 and performing [such] an act is a Scriptural obligation, [they are not exempt, because] they are not at all preoccupied and can recite the first verse with concentration, while standing.3 They may recite the remainder while proceeding.) They are, however, exempt from reciting Shemoneh Esreh, as stated in sec. 106[:1].

א נוֹשְׂאֵי הַמִּטָּה וְחִלּוּפֵיהֶם וְחִלּוּפֵי חִלּוּפֵיהֶם, בֵּין אוֹתָם שֶׁלִּפְנֵי הַמִּטָּה בֵּין אוֹתָם שֶׁלְּאַחֲרֶיהָ, מֵאַחַר שֶׁיֵּשׁ לַמִּטָּה צֹרֶךְ בָּהֶם לָשֵׂאת אוֹתָהּ,א כְּגוֹן בְּעִיר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ חֲבוּרָה הַמְזֻמֶּנֶת לְכָךְ, וְכָל בְּנֵי הַחֲבוּרָה מַחֲלִיפִין לָשֵׂאתב לְפִי שֶׁכֻּלָּם חֲפֵצִים לִזְכּוֹת בּוֹג – כֻּלָּם פְּטוּרִים מִקְּרִיאַת שְׁמַע1 (לְפִי שֶׁהֵם טְרוּדִים טִרְדַּת מִצְוָהד). אֲבָל שְׁאָר הַמְלַוִּין אֶת הַמֵּת שֶׁאֵין לַמִּטָּה צֹרֶךְ בָּהֶן – חַיָּבִים בִּקְרִיאַת שְׁמַעה (וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַלְוָיַת הַמֵּת הוּא בִּכְלַל גְּמִילוּת חֶסֶד,2 וּגְמִילוּת חֶסֶד הוּא מִן הַתּוֹרָה,ו מִכָּל מָקוֹם הֵם אֵינָם טְרוּדִים כְּלָל וִיכוֹלִין לִקְרוֹת פָּסוּק רִאשׁוֹן בְּכַוָּנָה וּבַעֲמִידָהז,3 וְהַשְּׁאָר כְּשֶׁהֵם מְהַלְּכִיןח), אֲבָל פְּטוּרִים מֵהַתְּפִלָּה כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִימָן ק"ו:ט

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2 The body may not be brought out [for burial] close to the beginning of the time for the recitation of Shema if there will not be time to bring it out and conduct the burial before the time for the recitation of the Shema arrives, lest the burial be prolonged until after the time [for the recitation of the Shema] passes. If, however, they already began to take out the body (even if the time for the recitation of the Shema already arrived), only those who are not needed for the task of carrying the bier should interrupt [their activity] in order to recite [the Shema].

To what does the above apply? To the morning recitation of the Shema. By contrast, [a body] may be taken out [for burial] close to the time for the recitation of the evening Shema even though there will not be time to conduct the burial before [the arrival of] the time for the recitation of the Shema. [The rationale is that] if [the burial] does not take place that day, they will transgress the prohibition,4 “Do not let his body remain overnight.” (Even if it is possible to bury the deceased that night,5 they will be violating the positive commandment,6 “You shall certainly bury him on that day,” if the burial does not take place before sunset.)

Nevertheless, if it is after plag haminchah,7 which according to certain authorities is [already] time for the recitation of the [evening] Shema, as explained in sec. 235,8 it is advisable to show deference to their view — first to recite the Shema, and then to conduct the burial. ([The rationale is] that most people follow this view even though the halachah follows the opposing views, as explained there.)

ב אֵין מוֹצִיאִין אֶת הַמֵּת סָמוּךְ לְהַתְחָלַת זְמַן קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע,י בָּעִנְיָן שֶׁאֵין שְׁהוּת לְהוֹצִיאוֹ וּלְקָבְרוֹ קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ זְמַן קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע,יא שֶׁמָּא יִתְעַכְּבוּ בִּקְבוּרָתוֹ עַד שֶׁיַּעֲבֹר זְמַנָּהּ. וְאִם הִתְחִילוּ לְהוֹצִיאוֹ (אֲפִלּוּ לְאַחַר שֶׁהִגִּיעַ זְמַן קְרִיאַת שְׁמַעיב) – אֵין מַפְסִיקִין כְּדֵי לִקְרוֹת, אֶלָּא אוֹתָם שֶׁאֵין לַמִּטָּה צֹרֶךְ בָּהֶם בִּלְבַד.יג

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אַמוּרִים? בִּקְרִיאַת שְׁמַע שֶׁל שַׁחֲרִית, אֲבָל סָמוּךְ לִזְמַן קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע שֶׁל עַרְבִית – מֻתָּר לְהוֹצִיאוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין שְׁהוּת לְקָבְרוֹ קֹדֶם זְמַן קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע, לְפִי שֶׁאִם לֹא יִקְבְּרֶנּוּ הַיּוֹם – יַעֲבֹר עַל4 "לֹא תָלִין"יד (וְאַף אִם יוּכַל בַּלַּיְלָה לְקָבְרוֹ5 – יַעֲבֹר עַל מִּצְוַת עֲשֵׂהטו,6 "כִּי קָבוֹר תִּקְבְּרֶנּוּ בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא"טז אִם לֹא יִקְבְּרֶנּוּ קֹדֶם שְׁקִיעַת הַחַמָּה). וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם אִם הוּא מִפְּלַג הַמִּנְחָה וּלְמַעְלָה7 שֶׁיֵּשׁ אוֹמְרִים שֶׁהוּא זְמַן קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִימָן רל"היז,8 – טוֹב לָחוּשׁ לְדִבְרֵיהֶם וְלִקְרוֹת קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע תְּחִלָּה וּלְקָבְרוֹ אַחַר כָּךְיח (כֵּיוָן שֶׁרֹב הָעוֹלָם נוֹהֲגִים כִּסְבָרָא זוֹ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָעִקָּר כְּדִבְרֵי הַחֹלקִים כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁם):

3 When the people involved in the eulogy are in the presence of the body, they should slip away one by one and recite [the Shema] and Shemoneh Esreh, for none of them may recite [the Shema] next to the body and thereby “mock the poor.”9 If the body is not in their presence, but in another house,10 they should recite the Shema and Shemoneh Esreh. The person in the state of acute mourning should sit in silence and make no response at all, for the reason explained in sec. 71[:1].

ג הָעָם הָעוֹסְקִים בְּהֶסְפֵּד בִּזְמַן שֶׁהַמֵּת מֻטָּל לִפְנֵיהֶם – נִשְׁמָטִין אֶחָד אֶחָד וְקוֹרִיןיט וּמִתְפַּלְלִים,כ שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיִּקְרְאוּ כֻּלָּם כָּאן אֵצֶל הַמֵּת מִשּׁוּם "לֹעֵג לָרָשׁ".כא,9 אֵין הַמֵּת מֻטָּל לִפְנֵיהֶם אֶלָּא בְּבַיִת אַחֵרכב,10 – הֵם קוֹרְאִין וּמִתְפַּלְלִין, וְהָאוֹנֵן יוֹשֵׁב וְדוֹמֵם וְאֵין עוֹנֶה אַחֲרֵיהֶם כְּלוּם, מִטַּעַם שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִימָן ע"א:כג

4 [The following laws apply] after the burial, when the mourners return [from the burial] to receive condolences and all the people follow them from the gravesite to the place where the mourners stand to form a line to receive condo­lences.11 If it is possible for the people to begin and complete even one passage or one verse until they reach [the place where the line will be formed], they should begin and read what they can. If not, they should not begin [reciting the Shema] if there is time for them to recite it afterwards. If, however, the time for the recitation of the Shema will pass, they should recite the Shema first, for they have not begun the mitzvah of giving condolences.

ד קָבְרוּ אֶת הַמֵּת וְחָזְרוּ הָאֲבֵלִים לְקַבֵּל תַּנְחוּמִין11 וְכָל הָעָם הוֹלְכִים אַחֲרֵיהֶם מִמְּקוֹם הַקֶּבֶר לַמָּקוֹם שֶׁעוֹמְדִים שָׁם הָאֲבֵלִים לַעֲשׂוֹת שׁוּרָה לְקַבֵּל תַּנְחוּמִין, אִם יְכוֹלִים הָעָם לְהַתְחִיל וְלִגְמֹרכד אֲפִלּוּ פֶּרֶק אֶחָד וַאֲפִלּוּ פָּסוּק אֶחָדכה עַד שֶׁלֹּא יַגִּיעוּ לַשּׁוּרָה – יַתְחִילוּ וְיִקְרְאוּ כָּל מַה שֶּׁיּוּכְלוּ.כו וְאִם לָאו – לֹא יַתְחִילוּ אִם יֵשׁ שְׁהוּת לִקְרֹא אַחַר כָּךְ.כז אֲבָל אִם יַעֲבֹר זְמַן קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע – יִקְרְאוּ קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע תְּחִלָּה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא הִתְחִילוּ בְּמִצְוַת תַּנְחוּמִין:כח

5 With regard to the people standing in the line to comfort [the mourner]: [Those standing] on the inner line and who see his face are exempt [from the recitation of the Shema]. Those on the outside who cannot see his face are obligated [to recite it].

ה הָעוֹמְדִים בַּשּׁוּרָה לְנַחֲמוֹ, הַפְּנִימִיִּם הָרוֹאִים פְּנֵי הָאָבֵל – פְּטוּרִים, וְהַחִיצוֹנִים שֶׁאֵינָן רוֹאִים פְּנֵי הָאָבֵל – חַיָּבִים:כט