SECTION 36 Laws Relating to the Precise Shape of the Scribal Letters. (1–6)
סימן לו דִּין דִּקְדּוּק כְּתִיבָתָן, וּבוֹ ו סְעִיפִים:
1 By1 initial preference, one should write in a script that perfectly and faithfully follows2 the shapes of the letters that were derived from the Talmud, the Midrashim, and the [Oral] Tradition received from the sages of the early generations. Nevertheless, deviating [from this] does not invalidate the script unless one marred the shape of a letter entirely, as will be explained.
א לְכַתְּחִלָּה1 צָרִיךְ לִכְתֹּב כְּתִיבָה תַּמָּהא,2 וּשְׁלֵמָהב בִּתְמוּנַת הָאוֹתִיּוֹת, שֶׁלְּמָדוּהָ מִדִּבְרֵי הַתַּלְמוּד וּמִדְרָשִׁים וְקַבָּלָה מֵהָרִאשׁוֹנִים. אֲבָל אִם שִׁנָּה – לֹא פָּסַל,ג אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הִפְסִיד צוּרַת הָאוֹת לְגַמְרֵיד כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר:
Alter Rebbe's Shulchan Aruch (Kehot Publication Society)
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2 These are the shapes of the letters:3
The initial preference is that the front [i.e., left] edge of this yud and its upper projections should be slightly slanted upward.
According to a tradition received from [R. Yehudah] the Chassid, it is initially preferable that the foot of this yud should touch the middle of the shaft of the alef, not its [lower] end. It is also initially preferable that the tip projecting from the right upper edge [of this yud] curve slightly upward, though not excessively.
According to the mystical tradition, the lower [leg at the left] should at times be shaped like a small, inverted dalet. According to the Kabbalistic tradition of the AriZal, it should be [written] in this manner in tefillin. At other times it should resemble a yud, hanging by its [projection] from the [shaft] of the alef. The initial preference, therefore, is that it should have a small projection at the lower right. According to the mystical tradition, this projection should be aligned directly under the upper projection of the upper yud.
Initially, it is preferable that [the beis] have a small crownlet11 on the left edge of its upper line.
According to the Kabbalah, it should have a thick heel at its base, for it should resemble a dalet [wedged] in the throat of a vav [lying flat]. The [right] upper corner [of the beis] should therefore be right-angled so that it resemble a dalet, and it should have a [distinctive] heel [at the right] below, in place of the head of the vav.
There is an authority who has received the tradition that the body of the gimmel should resemble a zayin, i.e., the right leg should extend from the middle [of the lower edge] of the head and not from its [right] side like a vav. Similarly, [this tradition maintains] that the left heads of the letters שע"ט נ"ז ג"ץ should all resemble zayinin. It is for this reason that the crownlets [of these letters] are called zayinin. The Kabbalistic tradition of the AriZal differs, however, as will be explained.
The left leg should be low so that [another] letter can be written close to the head of the gimmel,13 for this is the tradition received from [R. Yehudah] the Chassid. [For this reason, too,] when one writes a vav immediately after a curved14 nun, one should write it in the midst of the curve of the nun, so that their heads will be next to each other. [Similarly,] when one writes a final15 chaf immediately after a curved14 tzaddik, it is desirable to curve the neck of the tzaddik slightly to the right, in order to bring [the upper right edge of] the final chaf a little closer to the heads of the tzaddik. One should not write any letter at an angle without reason, however, for the tradition received from the early generations is that the letters should stand straight, slanting neither to right or left.
The initial preference is that its leg should be straight and slanted slightly to the right, and that it should have a small crownlet atop the left end of its upper line. One should be careful to make the [protrusion] at its [upper right corner] square, so that the letter not resemble a resh and be invalid if a young child [did not] read it [as a dalet].
There are those who have received the tradition that it is not sufficient that it have a distinct angle at the [upper right corner]; rather, the initial preference is that it have a distinct heel there. For its shape resembles two vavin connected [at a right angle], and the heel takes the place of the head of one vav. One should also make a small projection atop the right end of its upper edge. This projection corresponds to the head of the other vav.
The [left leg that stands] within [the space of the hei] should not come close to the upper line. Instead, there should be enough space between them so that an average person will easily be able to identify the letter when reading a Torah scroll on the reader’s platform. If it actually touches the upper line, even as slightly as a hairsbreadth, the letter is invalid.16
This [left leg] should not be positioned [below] the middle of the upper line, but [below] its left end. If it was placed in the middle, the letter is invalid and must be corrected.17 If, however, it is impossible to correct it,18 it may be regarded as valid even as an initial and preferred option, as stated in sec. 32[:37].
There is an authority who has received the tradition that this [left leg] should be thin at the top and slightly thicker below, resembling a yud, for the shape of a hei consists of a dalet and a yud. (This applies to all letters hei except those in the Divine name י-ה-ו-ה, concerning which there is a different tradition, as will be explained.)19 This [leg] should be slanted downward to the right and not to the left, so that it not resemble a taf.20
It is desirable that its head be rounded on the right so that it not resemble a zayin. Though the head of the zayin protrudes on both sides [of the shaft, while the head of the vav protrudes only to the left], we should take the precaution [of rounding the upper right corner of the vav] lest the letter be rendered invalid if [mis]read as a zayin by a young child who is neither bright nor slow.
According to the mystical tradition, the leg [of the vav] should be extended evenly,21 gradually narrowing until it is pointed at its lower end.
According to the [Kabbalistic] tradition of the AriZal, there should be a small protrusion on the left of the head of every vav in the [passages of] tefillin, but not in Torah scrolls.
Its head should protrude [from the leg] on both sides, so that the letter not resemble a vav. According to the mystical tradition, [the head] should be square.
As the initially preferred option, each of the legs should resemble the letter zayin. According to the Kabbalistic tradition of the AriZal, however, the right leg [of the ches] in tefillin should resemble a vav. In addition, the [diagonal] line of the hump that rises from the right leg should be thick, while the [diagonal line of the hump] that rises from the left leg should be thin.
If [the top of] the ches was lengthened22 so much that the shape of its [two component] letters zayin was entirely distorted, or even if one wrote a dalet and a zayin with a hump straddling them, the letter is invalid. And for tefillin there is no way to correct the matter, for then the letters would not be written in their proper order. If, however, one did not make a hump at all, [but instead gave the ches an unbroken horizontal roof,] the letter is acceptable after the fact, even if that line was extended considerably.
The right head, by contrast, should preferably be rounded like a vav, [so that] it not provide a suitable base for the placing of crownlets. For if [the upper edge of] the first [i.e., right] head would be flat and suitable for [the placing of] crownlets like the second [i.e., left] head, one would not bypass it and place them on the second head — in the spirit of the principle that “one does not bypass the performance of mitzvos.”24
It is for this reason that all the letters yud at the right of the letters ayin, tzaddik and shin in a Torah scroll are written with their face25 tilted upwards, in a manner that makes them unsuitable as a base for the placing of crownlets.
Its right leg should preferably curve slightly [to the left] to make its shape more distinct. This leg should be small, not large, lest [the letter] resemble a resh, and short, not long, lest it resemble a vav, and thus be rendered invalid if [mis]read by a young child.
[The letter] is invalid if it lacks the projection on the [lower] left. Needless to say, this applies if [it lacks] the leg on the right. [If the projection] on the left [is lacking], correction is effective even in tefillin, but not [if the right leg is lacking], as stated in sec. 32[:30].
Initially, it is preferable that each of the [long final] letters extend downward to the degree that if [the vertical leg were] bent [to the left], the [final form of the] letter would [resemble] the curved form [of the same letter]. It is for this reason that the upper [right] corner of the [final] chaf should not be angular, but should be rounded like a resh. Thus, if one would bend [the leg of the final chaf to the left], a curved chaf would be formed, for there [should be] no difference between [the curved chaf and the final chaf] except that one is curved [to the left], and the other extends straight [downward].
If the upper [right] corner of a [final] chaf is made angular like a dalet,28 the letter is invalid and cannot be corrected in tefillin and mezuzos. For the law treats it as a resh that was written like a dalet, which must be scraped away entirely, as explained in sec. 32[:23, 25].
For this reason, its tail should be thick and curved well forward, and its back should be rounded to the right as is a curved chaf. But at the left [of the lamed], where its body joins its neck, an angle should be formed by the thin lower end of the vav that descends to join the shape of the chaf. All of this applies [only] as the initial and preferred option.
According to the mystical tradition, [the lamed] should have two crownlets atop its neck.29 The right one should be large, the left one, small.
As to the upper [right corner], there are those whose initial choice is to make it rounded, so that the shape of an open mem resemble that of a curved chaf and a vav.32 For this reason, the upper line [of the mem] should not be rounded, but should be extended straight [towards the left] until it reaches [a point] opposite the [left] end of its bottom line, so that the bulk of the letter will resemble a curved chaf.
There are those who make [the upper right corner] right-angled, so that the open mem be shaped like two [attached] letters vav.33 The halachah follows the former view.
The [line which constitutes the lower part of the] “nose”34 must reach as far down as the base line, so that [if they were to touch] it would close off [the letter]. The “nose” should preferably resemble a standing vav [whose head is] inclined slightly, but only slightly, [to the right]. For this reason, the gap between the [left end of the] roof of the letter [mem] and the head of its “nose” should not be so wide that the head of the “nose” would have to be extended [to the right]35 on an angle, [and thereby lean over so far that the left wall of the letter] would not be a standing vav.
The head [of a regular nun] should be narrow, and its base should be extended to the left significantly more than its head, so that it not resemble a beis. Its neck should be long enough to enable another letter to be placed next to its head, as mentioned above [with regard to the gimmel].
Its lower right corner should also be rounded. Likewise, the base of all the curved letters should preferably be rounded, so that if they were to be straightened, they would each resemble the straight [i.e., final] form of the same letter.
The initial and preferred option is that its roof should continue [to the left] beyond the [vertical line] that closes off [the letter], to the extent of the thickness of a quill, for this is the width of the roof of the vav which [constitutes its left side].
The other head should resemble a zayin standing on it, for the reasons stated above [with regard to the letter tes and the letter gimmel]. According to the Kabbalistic tradition of the AriZal, however, the two lines of the ayin in tefillin should resemble two straight vavin.
[The letter] should preferably be long enough so that if [its leg] were to be bent [to the left], a curved pei would be formed.
Its neck should be long enough to enable another letter to be placed next to its head.49 Its base should be well extended to the left, for its shape resembles that of a curved nun with a yud attached to it [at its upper right]. Its lower right [corner] should preferably be rounded, as with all the curved letters.
According to the Kabbalistic tradition of the AriZal, the right head of every tzaddik in tefillin should resemble an inverse yud, and the left [side and the base of the letter should resemble] a curved nun.
The [line descending from the] middle head of the shin should be attached below to the left side [of the letter].
The base [of the shin] should not be wide; instead, the initially preferred option is that it be sharply pointed to the left. Thus [the lower end of] all of its three heads will be standing on one foot, like the kuf and the resh.
ב זוֹ תְּמוּנַת הָאוֹתִיּוֹת:ה,3
ויוּ"ד זוֹ צְרִיכָה לִהְיוֹת לְכַתְּחִלָּה שֶׁיִּהְיֶה פָּנֶיהָ עִם עֳקָצֶיהָ שֶׁלְּמַעְלָה הֲפוּכִים קְצָת כְּלַפֵּי מַעְלָה.יא
וְקַבָּלָה מֵהֶחָסִידיב שֶׁתְּהֵא רֶגֶל יוּ"ד זוֹ נוֹגַעַת בָּאָלֶ"ף לְכַתְּחִלָּה בְּאֶמְצַע גַּגָּהּ, וְלֹא בְּקָצֵהוּ. וְסוֹף הַגָּג שֶׁל צַד יָמִין צָרִיךְ לְכַתְּחִלָּה שֶׁיְּהֵא עָקֹם קְצָת כְּלַפֵּי מַעְלָה,יג וְלֹא יְהֵא עָקֹם הַרְבֵּה.
וּנְקֻדָּה הַתַּחְתּוֹנָה, פְּעָמִים שֶתְּמוּנָתָהּ כְּדָלֶי"ת קְטַנָּה הֲפוּכָה עַל פִּי הַסּוֹד, וְכֵן צָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת בַּתְּפִלִּין עַל פִּי קַבָּלַת הָאֲרִ"י זַ"ל,יד וּפְעָמִים שֶׁתְּמוּנָתָהּ גַּם כֵּן כְּיוּ"ד תְּלוּיָה בְּתָגָהּ בְּגוּף הָאָלֶ"ף,טו וְלָכֵן לְכַתְּחִלָּה צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהֵא לָהּ עֹקֶץ קָטָן לְצַד יָמִין לְמַטָּה,טז וְעַל פִּי הַסּוֹד צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהֵא עֹקֶץ זֶה מְכֻוָּן כְּנֶגֶד עֹקֶץ הָעֶלְיוֹן שֶׁעַל הַיוּ"ד הָעֶלְיוֹנָה.יז
וְעַל פִּי הַקַּבָּלָה יְהֵא לָהּ עָקֵב עָב לְמַטָּה,כא כִּי תְּמוּנָתָהּ כְּמוֹ דָּלֶי"ת תּוֹךְ גָּרוֹן שֶׁל וָא"ו, עַל כֵּן צָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לָהּ זָוִית לְמַעְלָה שֶׁתְּהֵא כְּמוֹ דָּלֶי"ת, וְעָקֵב טוֹבכב לְמַטָּה שֶׁיְּהֵא בִּמְקוֹם רֹאשׁוֹ שֶׁל וָא"ו.כג
וְיֵשׁ מִי שֶׁקַּבָּלָה בְּיָדוֹ שֶׁגּוּף הָגִּימֶ"ל יִהְיֶה כְּמוֹ זַיִ"ן,כז שֶׁיִּמְשֹׁךְ רֶגֶל יָמִין מֵאֶמְצַע הָרֹאשׁ וְלֹא מִקָּצֵהוּ כְּמוֹ בְּוָי"ו, וְכֵן כָּל רָאשֵׁי שְׂמֹאלכח שֶׁבְּאוֹתִיּוֹת שע"ט נ"ז ג"ץ יִהְיוּ דּוֹמִין לְזַיִ"ן, וְעַל כֵּן הַתָּגִי"ן שֶׁעֲלֵיהֶן נִקְרְאוּ זַיִינִי"ן.כט אֲבָל קַבָּלַת הָאֲרִ"י זַ"ל אֵינוֹ כֵּן,ל כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר.לא
וְיֶרֶךְ שְׂמֹאל תְּהֵא נְמוּכָה,לב כְּדֵי לְהַמְשִׁיךְלג אוֹת אֵצֶל רֹאשׁ הַגִּימֶ"ל,13 כִּי כֵּן קַבָּלָה מֵהֶחָסִיד. וְלִכְשֶׁיִּכְתֹּב וָא"ו אֵצֶל נוּ"ן כְּפוּפָה14 – יִכְתְּבֶנָּה בְּתוֹךְ כְּפִיפַת הַנּוּ"ן, כְּדֵי לְהַסְמִיךְ רָאשֵׁיהֶן זֶה אֵצֶל זֶה. וּכְשֶׁיִּכְתֹּב ך' פְּשׁוּטָה15 אֵצֶל צָדִ"י כְּפוּפָה14 – טוֹב לְעַקֵּם צַוַּאר הַצָּדִ"י מְעַט לְצַד יָמִין, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּקְרַב קְצָת כָּ"ף הַפְּשׁוּטָה15 לְרָאשֵׁי הַצָּדִ"י, אֲבָל בְּלִי צֹרֶךְ לֹא יְעַקֵּם שׁוּם אוֹת, כִּי כֵּן קַבָּלָה מֵהָרִאשׁוֹנִיםלד שֶׁיְּהֵא כֻּלָּם בַּעֲמִידָה פְּשׁוּטִים, וְלֹא מֻטִּים לֹא לְיָמִין וְלֹא לִשְׂמֹאל.
וְיֵשׁ מִי שֶׁקַּבָּלָה בְּיָדוֹ שֶׁאֵינוֹ דַּי שֶׁיְּהֵא לָהּ זָוִיּוֹת חַדָּה מִלַּאֲחוֹרֶיהָ, אֶלָּא לְכַתְּחִלָּה יְהֵא לָהּ שָׁם עָקֵבלט טוֹב,מ כִּי תְּמוּנָתָהּ כְּמוֹ שְׁנֵי וָ"וִי"ן סְגוּרִים, וְהֶעָקֵב הוּא נֶגֶד רֹאשׁ הַוָּי"ו אֶחָד. וְיַעֲשֶׂה גַּם כֵּן עֹקֶץ קָטָן לְצַד יָמִיןמא בּוֹלֵט עַל פָּנֶיהָ לְמַעְלָה, וְעֹקֶץ זֶה הוּא כְּנֶגֶד רֹאשׁ הַוָּי"ו הַשֵּׁנִי.
וְהַנְּקֻדָּה שֶׁבְּתוֹכָהּ לֹא תְּהֵא סְמוּכָה לְגַגָּהּ,מד אֶלָּא יְהֵא בֵּינֵיהֶם חָלָק כָּל כָּךְ בִּכְדֵי שֶׁאָדָם בֵּינוֹנִי יַכִּירֶנּוּ הֵיטֵב מֵעַל סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי הַבִּימָה כְּשֶׁקּוֹרֵא בּוֹ, וְאִם נָגְעָה מַמָּשׁ בְּגַגָּהּמה אֲפִלּוּ נְגִיעָה דַּקָּה כְּחוּט הַשַּׂעֲרָה – פְּסוּלָה.מו,16 וְלֹא תְּהֵא הַנְּקֻדָּה נֶגֶד אֶמְצַע הַגָּג אֶלָּא נֶגֶד סוֹפוֹמז בְּצַד שְׂמֹאל, וְאִם עֲשָׂאָהּ בָּאֶמְצַע – פְּסוּלָה, וְצָרִיךְ לְתַקְּנָהּ,17 אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן אֵין תִּקּוּן מוֹעִיל18 – אֲזַי יֵשׁ לְהַכְשִׁיר אֲפִלּוּ לְכַתְּחִלָּה כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר סִימָן לב.מח
וְיֵשׁ מִי שֶׁקַּבָּלָה בְּיָדוֹמט שֶׁהַנְּקֻדָּה תְּהֵא דַּקָּה לְמַעְלָה וְעָבָה קְצָת לְמַטָּה כְּעֵין יוּ"ד, כִּי תְּמוּנַת הַה' הוּא דָּלֶי"ת וְיוּ"ד (בְּכָל הַהֵ"יִין, חוּץ מֵהַהֵ"יִין שֶׁל שֵׁם הֲוָיָ"ה בָּרוּךְ הוּא, שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶם קַבָּלָה אַחֶרֶת כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר).נ,19 וְתִהְיֶה הַנְּקֻדָּה עֲקֻמָּה לְמַטָּה לְצַד יָמִין, וְלֹא לְצַד שְׂמֹאל, פֶּן תִּדְמֶה לְתָי"ו.20
וְעַל פִּי הַסּוֹד צָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת רַגְלָהּ פְּשׁוּטָה בְּשָׁוֶה,21 וְעָבְיָהּ מִתְמַעֵט וְהוֹלֵךְנד מְעַט מְעַט, עַד שֶׁתְּהֵא חַדָּה לְמַטָּה.
וְעַל פִּי קַבָּלַת הָאֲרִ"י זַ"לנה צָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת עֹקֶץ קָטָן מִצַּד שְׂמֹאל בְּרֹאשׁ כָּל הַוָּ"וִין שֶׁבַּתְּפִלִּין, וְלֹא בְּסֵפֶר תּוֹרָה.נו
וְעַל פִּי קַבָּלַת הָאֲרִ"י זַ"לסג צְרִיכָה לִהְיוֹת רֶגֶל הַיְמָנִית כְּמוֹ וָי"ו בַּתְּפִלִּין, וְקַו הַחֲטוֹטָרוֹת שֶׁעַל רֶגֶל הַיָּמִין יִהְיֶה עָב, וְשֶׁעַל רֶגֶל הַשְּׂמֹאל יִהְיֶה דַּק.
וְאִם הֶאֱרִיךְ הַחֵי"תסד,22 עַד שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּנָּה צוּרַת הַזַּיִי"נִין לְגַמְרֵי, אֲפִלּוּ עָשָׂה דָּלֶי"ת וְזַיִ"ן וַחֲטוֹטָרוֹת עַל גַּבּוֹ – פְּסוּלָה, וּבַתְּפִלִּין אֵין לָהּ תִּקּוּן,סה מִשּׁוּם שֶׁלֹּא כְּסִדְרָן. אֲבָל אִם לֹא עָשָׂה לָהּ חֲטוֹטָרוֹת כְּלָל,סו אֲפִלּוּ הֶאֱרִיכָהּ הַרְבֵּה – כְּשֵׁרָה בְּדִיעֲבַד.
וּלְכַתְּחִלָּה צָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת כָּל הַפְּשׁוּטוֹת אֲרֻכּוֹת כְּשִׁעוּר שֶׁאִם נִכְפְּלוּ יִהְיוּ כְּפוּפוֹת.פח וּמִטַּעַם זֶה לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה לְכָ"ף פְּשׁוּטָה זָוִיּוֹת לְמַעְלָה, אֶלָּא תִּהְיֶה עֲגֻלָּה כְּמוֹ רֵי"שׁ,פט שֶׁאִם כּוֹפְפִין אוֹתָהּ שֶׁתֵּעָשֶׂה כָּ"ף כְּפוּפָה, שֶׁאֵין חִלּוּק בֵּינֵיהֶם, רַק שֶׁזּוֹ כְּפוּפָה וְזוֹ פְּשׁוּטָה. וְאִם עָשָׂה לָהּ זָוִיּוֹת לְמַעְלָה כְּמוֹ דָּלֶי"ת28 – פְּסוּלָה,צ וְאֵין לָהּ תִּקּוּן בִּתְפִלִּין וּמְזוּזוֹת, שֶׁדִּינָהּ כְּרֵי"שׁ שֶׁעֲשָׂאָהּ כְּמוֹ דָּלֶי"ת שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לִגְרֹר אֶת כֻּלָּהּ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִימָן לב.צא
וְעַל פִּי הַסּוֹד צָרִיךְ לִהְיוֹת לָהּ שְׁנֵי תָּגִין עַל רֹאשׁ צַוָּארָהּ,צח יְמִינָהּ – גָּדוֹל, וּשְׂמֹאלָהּ – קָטָן.צט
אֲבָל לְמַעְלָה – יֵשׁ שֶׁעוֹשִׂין שָׁם עֲגֻלּוֹתקב לְכַתְּחִלָּה, כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּהְיֶה תְּמוּנַת הַמֶ"ם פְּתוּחָה כְּכָ"ף כְּפוּפָה וּוָי"ו.קג,32 וּמִטַּעַם זֶה אֵין עוֹשִׂין גַּג עָגֹל, אֶלָּא מַאֲרִיכִים אוֹתָהּ בְּשָׁוֶה עַד כְּנֶגֶד קְצֵה מוֹשָׁב הַתַּחְתּוֹן,קד שֶׁעַל יְדֵי כֵן דּוֹמֶה גּוּפָהּ לְכָ"ף כְּפוּפָה. וְיֵשׁ שֶׁעוֹשִׂין אוֹתָהּ שָׁם מְרֻבַּעַת,קה וְנִמְצָא תְּמוּנַת הַמֶ"ם פְּתוּחָה הִיא שְׁנֵי וָ"וִין.קו,33 וְהָעִקָּר כַּסְּבָרָא הָרִאשׁוֹנָה.קז
וְהַחַרְטוֹם34 צָרִיךְ שֶׁיַּגִּיעַ עַד כְּנֶגֶד מוֹשָׁב הַתַּחְתּוֹן,קח כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה רָאוּי לִסְתֹּם, וּתְמוּנָתוֹ לְכַתְּחִלָּה הִיא כְּמוֹ וָי"ו עוֹמֶדֶת מֻטָּה קְצָת וְלֹא הַרְבֵּה,קט וְלָכֵן לֹא יִהְיֶה הַפְּגָם שֶׁבֵּין הַגָּג וּבֵין רֹאשׁ הַחַרְטוֹם גָּדוֹל כָּל־כָּךְ שֶׁיִּצְטָרֵךְ לִמְשֹׁךְ מִמֶּנָּה35 בְּעַקְמִימוּת, וְלֹא יִהְיֶה וָי"ו עוֹמֶדֶת.
וְכֵן כָּל הָאוֹתִיּוֹת הַכְּפוּפוֹת – צְרִיכִים לִהְיוֹת לְכַתְּחִלָּה עֲגֻלּוֹת לְמַטָּה,קיט שֶׁאִם תְּפַשֵּׁטְנָה תִּהְיֶה פְּשׁוּטָה.
אֲבָל עַל פִּי קַבָּלַת הָאֲרִ"י זַ"לקכט יִהְיֶה שְׁנֵי קַוִּין שֶׁל הָעַיִי"נִן שֶׁבַּתְּפִלִּין כִּשְׁתֵּי וָ"וִין יְשָׁרוֹת.
וְעַל פִּי קַבָּלַת הָאֲרִ"י זַ"לקמה כָּל הַצָּדִ"י שֶׁבִּתְפִלִּין יְהֵא רֹאשׁ יָמִין כְּמוֹ יוּ"ד הֲפוּכָה וּשְׂמֹאלָהּ נוּ"ן כְּפוּפָה.קמו
וּלְפִי קַבָּלַת הָאֲרִ"י זַ"לקנו כָּל הַשִּׁי"נִין שֶׁבַּתְּפִלִּין יִהְיוּ שְׁלֹשָׁה קַוִּין כְּשָׁלֹשׁ וָ"וִין יְשָׁרוֹת.
וְצָרִיךְ לְדַבֵּק רֹאשׁ הָאֶמְצָעִי לְצַד שְׂמֹאל לְמַטָּה,קנז וְלֹא יְהֵא מוֹשָׁב רָחָב לְמַטָּה אֶלָּא חַדקנח לְצַד שְׂמֹאל לְכַתְּחִלָּה, וְאָז יִהְיוּ כָּל הַשְּׁלֹשָׁה רָאשִׁים עוֹמְדִים לְמַטָּה עַל רֶגֶל אַחַת, כְּמוֹ הַקּוּ"ף וְהָרֵי"שׁ.
3 Every letter must be an undivided unit; thus, the yud in the letters alef, ayin, pei, tzaddik, and shin, and the leg of the taf, must touch the body of their respective letters. If one [component] does not touch [the body of the letter], the tefillin are invalid until they are corrected. [See fig. 38, sec. 32, footnote 130.] [The fact that] a child reads [the letter as intended] does not validate it, as was stated in sec. 32[:21].53
Similarly, [all sides of] the [final] mem and the samech must completely adhere and adjoin each other. A separation even as slight as a hairsbreadth disqualifies them.
The same principle applies to all the letters, with the exception of the leg of the hei and the kuf, which should not touch the body [of their respective letters]. If they do touch, the tefillin are invalid. Correcting them is not effective, as was explained in their place.54
ג כָּל הָאוֹתִיּוֹת צְרִיכִים לִהְיוֹת גֹּלֶם אֶחָד,קסד כְּגוֹן יוּ"די הָאָלֶ"ף, וְהָעַיִ"ן, וְהַפֵּ"א, וְהַצָּדִ"י, וְהַשִּׁי"ן, וְרַגְלֵי הַתָּי"ו – צְרִיכִים לִהְיוֹת נוֹגְעוֹת בָּאוֹת, וּבְאַחַת שֶׁאֵינָהּ נוֹגַעַת פְּסוּלִין הַתְּפִלִּין עַד שֶׁיְּתַקְּנוּ,קסה וְאֵין קְרִיאַת הַתִּינוֹק מוֹעֶלֶת בָּזֶה כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִימָן לב.קסו,53
וְכֵן מֶ"ם סְתוּמָה וְסָמֶ"ךְ צְרִיכִין לִהְיוֹת מֻדְבָּקוֹת וּסְמוּכוֹת לְגַמְרֵי, וַאֲפִלּוּ פֵּרוּד דַּק כְּחוּט הַשַּׂעֲרָה פּוֹסֵל בָּהֶם.
וְכֵן בִּשְׁאָר אוֹתִיּוֹת, חוּץ מֵרֶגֶל הַה' וְהַקּוּ"ף, שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם לִגַּע, וְאִם נָגְעוּ – פְּסוּלִין הַתְּפִלִּין,קסז וְאֵין תִּקּוּן מוֹעִיל בָּהֶן כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר שָׁם:קסח,54
4 Whenever there is a doubt as to whether a letter is not of the required size55 and thereby disqualified, or whether its shape is distorted to the extent that it is disqualified,56 [the letter] should be shown to a small child who is neither bright nor slow.57 If he reads it correctly, it is valid. If, however, we know that the letter is not written according to law, the fact that a young child reads it [as intended] does not validate it, as was explained in sec. 32[:21].
ד כָּל אוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ סָפֵק: שֶׁמָּא אֵין בָּהּ כַּשִּׁעוּר הָרָאוּי בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁהִיא פְּסוּלָה,55 אוֹ שֶׁמָּא אֵין צוּרָתָהּ עָלֶיהָ בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁהִיא פְּסוּלָה56 – מַרְאִין לְתִינוֹק שֶׁאֵינוֹ חָכָם וְלֹא טִפֵּשׁ,57 וְאִם יוֹדֵעַ לִקְרוֹתָהּ כְּהִלְכָתָהּ – כְּשֵׁרָה.קסט אֲבָל אִם יָדוּעַ לָנוּ שֶׁאֵין הָאוֹת כְּהִלְכָתָהּ – אֵין קְרִיאַת הַתִּינוֹק מוֹעֶלֶתקע כְּמוֹ שֶׁנִּתְבָּאֵר בְּסִימָן לב:קעא
5 Whenever any of the letters שעטנ"ז ג"ץ and similarly, the [final] nun and the curved tzaddik, are written, they should be adorned with three small crownlets.58
These crownlets should touch the body of the letters themselves, and each crownlet should be distinct from the other. If they do not touch the body of the letter, or if they touch each other, they are invalid, and the initial and preferred option is that they should be corrected. After the fact, however, even if [these letters are written] without any crownlets at all, they are valid.
Certain authorities disqualify [passages] if the letters שעטנ"ז ג"ץ were written without crownlets. One should be mindful of their opinion and rule stringently [because a question of] Scriptural Law is involved, and correct such letters.59 Correction is acceptable even with regard to tefillin. This is not considered as if the letters had not been written in their correct order, for the body of the letter was written in its required shape.
ה אוֹתִיּוֹת שעטנ"ז ג"ץ,קעב וְהוּא הַדִּין נוּ"ן פְּשׁוּטָה וְצָדִ"י כְּפוּפָהקעג בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁהֵם – צָרִיךְ לְזַיְּנָן בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה תָּגִיןקעד קְטַנִּים,קעה,58 וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּהְיוּ הַתָּגִין נוֹגְעִים בְּגוּף הָאוֹתִיּוֹת,קעו וְכָל אֶחָד נִפְרָד מֵחֲבֵירוֹ, וְאִם אֵינָן נוֹגְעִין בְּגוּף הָאוֹת אוֹ שֶׁנּוֹגְעִין זֶה בָּזֶה – פְּסוּלִין,קעז וְצָרִיךְ לְתַקְּנָן לְכַתְּחִלָּה. אֲבָל בְּדִיעֲבַד אֲפִלּוּ לֹא עָשָׂה לָהֶן כְּלָל תָּגִין – כְּשֵׁרִין.קעח
וְיֵשׁ פּוֹסְלִיןקעט אִם לֹא תִּיֵּג שעטנ"ז ג"ץ. וְיֵשׁ לָחוּשׁ לְדִבְרֵיהֶם לְהַחְמִיר בְּשֶׁל תּוֹרָה וּלְתַקְּנָן.קפ,59 וַאֲפִלּוּ בִּתְפִלִּין מוֹעִיל תִּקּוּן,קפא וְאֵין בָּזֶה מִשּׁוּם שֶׁלֹּא כְּסִדְרָן, הוֹאִיל וְגוּף הָאוֹת צוּרָתוֹ עָלָיו:
6 It is the custom of scribes to add further crownlets in other places.60 This is not problematic, except that when they do this on a yud or a vav, they should take care to make the crownlets thin so that the shape of the vav or the yud will not be marred.
ו וְנָהֲגוּ הַסּוֹפְרִים לַעֲשׂוֹת עוֹד תָּגִין בְּכַמָּה מְקוֹמוֹת,קפב,60 וְאֵין חֲשָׁשׁ בָּזֶה.קפג רַק שֶׁיִּזָּהֲרוּ מְאֹד כְּשֶׁעוֹשִׂין עַל הַיּוּ"ד אוֹ עַל הַוָּא"ו שֶׁיַּעֲשׂוּ תָּגִין דַּקִּין,קפד שֶׁלֹּא תִּתְקַלְקֵל צוּרוֹת הַוָּא"ו אוֹ הַיּוּ"ד:
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