| 22If a man commits a sin for which he is sentenced to death, and he is put to death, you must suspend him on a gibbet of wood. |
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כבוְכִי־יִֽהְיֶ֣ה בְאִ֗ישׁ חֵ֛טְא מִשְׁפַּט־מָ֖וֶת וְהוּמָ֑ת וְתָלִ֥יתָ אֹת֖וֹ עַל־עֵֽץ: |
| וְכִי־יִֽהְיֶה בְאִישׁ חֵטְא מִשְׁפַּט־מָוֶת - If a man commits a sin for which he is sentenced to death. The juxtaposition of the passages tells us that if his father and mother take pity on him, he will eventually fall into more degenerate behavior and commit sins, for which the court will sentence him to death. |
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וְכִי־יִֽהְיֶה בְאִישׁ חֵטְא מִשְׁפַּט־מָוֶת.
סְמִיכוּת הַפָּרָשִׁיּוֹת מַגִּיד שֶׁאִם חָסִים עָלָיו אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ, סוֹף שֶׁיֵּצֵא לְתַרְבּוּת רָעָה וְיַעֲבֹר עֲבֵרוֹת וְיִתְחַיֵּב מִיתָה בְּבֵית דִּין (עי' תנחומא):
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| וְתָלִיתָ אֹתוֹ עַל־עֵֽץ - You must suspend him on wood. Our rabbis said: All who are put to death by stoning are then hanged, as it says: כִּי קִלְלַת אֱלֹהִים תָּלוּי (lit.) “for one who cursed God is hanged,” and one who blasphemes God is put to death by stoning. |
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וְתָלִיתָ אֹתוֹ עַל־עֵֽץ.
רַבּוֹתֵינוּ אָמְרוּ, כָּל הַנִּסְקָלִין נִתְלִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "כִּי קִלְלַת אֱלֹהִים תָּלוּי", וְהַמְבָרֵךְ ה' בִּסְקִילָה (סנהדרין מ"ה):
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| 23But you must not leave his body on the wooden gibbet overnight. Rather, you must bury him on that day, for a hanged person is an affront to God. You must not defile your land, which God, your God, is giving you as an inheritance. |
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כגלֹֽא־תָלִ֨ין נִבְלָת֜וֹ עַל־הָעֵ֗ץ כִּֽי־קָב֤וֹר תִּקְבְּרֶ֨נּוּ֙ בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֔וּא כִּֽי־קִלְלַ֥ת אֱלֹהִ֖ים תָּל֑וּי וְלֹ֤א תְטַמֵּא֙ אֶת־אַדְמָ֣תְךָ֔ אֲשֶׁר֙ יְהֹוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֶ֔יךָ נֹתֵ֥ן לְךָ֖ נַֽחֲלָֽה: |
| כִּֽי־קִלְלַת אֱלֹהִים תָּלוּי - For a hanged person is an affront to God. קִלְלַת here means it is disrespectful to God, the King, for man is made in His image and the Israelites are His children. This can be compared to twin brothers who looked alike. One became a king, and the other degenerated into a robber and was hanged. All who saw him hanging said, “The king was hanged!” Every instance of קְלָלָה in Scripture denotes belittling and disrespect, as in: וְהוּא קִלְלַנִי קְלָלָה נִמְרֶצֶת “he insulted me with an explicit insult.” |
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כִּֽי־קִלְלַת אֱלֹהִים תָּלוּי.
זִלְזוּלוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ הוּא, שֶׁאָדָם עָשׂוּי בִּדְמוּת דְּיוֹקָנוֹ, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל הֵם בָּנָיו; מָשָׁל לִשְׁנֵי אַחִים תְּאוֹמִים שֶׁהָיוּ דּוֹמִים זֶה לָזֶה, אֶחָד נַעֲשָׂה מֶלֶךְ וְאֶחָד נִתְפַּס לְלִסְטִיּוּת וְנִתְלָה, כָּל הָרוֹאֶה אוֹתוֹ אוֹמֵר הַמֶּלֶךְ תָּלוּי. כָּל קְלָלָה שֶׁבַּמִּקְרָא לְשׁוֹן הָקֵל וְזִלְזוּל, כְּמוֹ (מלכים א ב') "וְהוּא קִלְלַנִי קְלָלָה נִמְרֶצֶת":
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| 1You must not see your brother’s work-bull or sheep straying and ignore it. You must return it to your brother. |
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אלֹֽא־תִרְאֶה֩ אֶת־שׁ֨וֹר אָחִ֜יךָ א֤וֹ אֶת־שֵׂיוֹ֙ נִדָּחִ֔ים וְהִתְעַלַּמְתָּ֖ מֵהֶ֑ם הָשֵׁ֥ב תְּשִׁיבֵ֖ם לְאָחִֽיךָ: |
| וְהִתְעַלַּמְתָּ - And (lit.) conceal yourself - i.e., he shuts his eyes, as if he does not see it. |
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וְהִתְעַלַּמְתָּ.
כּוֹבֵשׁ עַיִן כְּאִלּוּ אֵינוֹ רוֹאֵהוּ:
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| לֹֽא־תִרְאֶה … וְהִתְעַלַּמְתָּ - You must not see…and ignore. You must not see it in such a way that you ignore it. This is its contextual meaning, but our rabbis said: The wording implies that there are cases in which you may ignore it…. |
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לֹֽא־תִרְאֶה … וְהִתְעַלַּמְתָּ.
לֹא תִרְאֶה אוֹתוֹ שֶׁתִּתְעַלֵּם מִמֶּנּוּ, זֶהוּ פְּשׁוּטוֹ. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ אָמְרוּ פְּעָמִים שֶׁאַתָּה מִתְעַלֵּם וְכוּ' (ספרי; בבא מציעא ל'):
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| 2But if your brother is not near you, or if you do not know who he is, you must bring it into your house. It must remain with you until your brother seeks it out, whereupon you must return it to him. |
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בוְאִם־לֹ֨א קָר֥וֹב אָחִ֛יךָ אֵלֶ֖יךָ וְלֹ֣א יְדַעְתּ֑וֹ וַֽאֲסַפְתּוֹ֙ אֶל־תּ֣וֹךְ בֵּיתֶ֔ךָ וְהָיָ֣ה עִמְּךָ֗ עַ֣ד דְּר֤שׁ אָחִ֨יךָ֙ אֹת֔וֹ וַֽהֲשֵֽׁבֹת֖וֹ לֽוֹ: |
| עַד דְּרשׁ אָחִיךָ - Until your brother seeks. Could it enter your mind that it can be given to him before he seeks it? Rather, the verse implies: Investigate him (דָּרְשֵׁהוּ) in order to be sure that he is not a swindler. |
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עַד דְּרשׁ אָחִיךָ.
וְכִי תַעֲלֶה עַל דַּעְתְּךָ שֶׁיִּתְּנֵהוּ לוֹ קֹדֶם שֶׁיִּדְרְשֵׁהוּ? אֶלָּא דָּרְשֵׁהוּ שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא רַמַּאי (בבא מציעא כ"ז; עי' ספרי):
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| וַֽהֲשֵֽׁבֹתוֹ לֽוֹ - You must return it to him - i.e., ensure that there be something to return, that it not use up its own full value while in your house before being claimed by the owner, and you then reclaim its value from him. Based on this, our sages said: Anything that works enough to cover what it eats, should work to offset the cost of what it eats, but whatever does not work as well as eat may be sold and the proceeds given to the owner when he claims his lost item. |
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וַֽהֲשֵֽׁבֹתוֹ לֽוֹ.
שֶׁתְּהֵא בוֹ הֲשָׁבָה, שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכַל בְּבֵיתְךָ כְּדֵי דָּמָיו וְתִתְבָּעֵם מִמֶּנּוּ. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ, כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה וְאוֹכֵל יַעֲשֶׂה וְיֹאכַל וְשֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה וְאוֹכֵל יִמָּכֵר (בבא מציעא כ"ח):
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| 3So must you do with his donkey, and so must you do with his garment, and so must you do with any lost article of your brother that he has lost and that you have found. You cannot ignore it. |
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גוְכֵ֧ן תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֣ה לַֽחֲמֹר֗וֹ וְכֵ֣ן תַּֽעֲשֶׂה֘ לְשִׂמְלָתוֹ֒ וְכֵ֨ן תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֜ה לְכָל־אֲבֵדַ֥ת אָחִ֛יךָ אֲשֶׁר־תֹּאבַ֥ד מִמֶּ֖נּוּ וּמְצָאתָ֑הּ לֹ֥א תוּכַ֖ל לְהִתְעַלֵּֽם: |
| לֹא תוּכַל לְהִתְעַלֵּֽם - You cannot (lit.) conceal yourself - by shutting your eyes as if you do not see it. |
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לֹא תוּכַל לְהִתְעַלֵּֽם.
לִכְבֹּשׁ עֵינְךָ כְּאִלּוּ אֵינְךָ רוֹאֶה אוֹתוֹ:
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| 4You must not see your brother’s donkey or his work-bull fallen under its load on the road and ignore it. You must pick up the load with him. |
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דלֹֽא־תִרְאֶה֩ אֶת־חֲמ֨וֹר אָחִ֜יךָ א֤וֹ שׁוֹרוֹ֙ נֹֽפְלִ֣ים בַּדֶּ֔רֶךְ וְהִתְעַלַּמְתָּ֖ מֵהֶ֑ם הָקֵ֥ם תָּקִ֖ים עִמּֽוֹ: |
| הָקֵם תָּקִים - You must pick up. This refers to loading, i.e., to put back a load that fell off the animal. |
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הָקֵם תָּקִים.
זוֹ טְעִינָה – לְהַטְעִין מַשּׂאוֹי שֶׁנָּפַל מֵעָלָיו:
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| עִמּֽוֹ - With him - i.e., together with the owner, but if the owner goes off and sits down – saying to him, “Since an obligation is incumbent upon you, if you wish to reload, reload it yourself!” – he is exempt from doing so. |
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עִמּֽוֹ.
עִם בְּעָלָיו, אֲבָל אִם הָלַךְ וְיָשַׁב לוֹ וְאָמַר לוֹ הוֹאִיל וְעָלֶיךָ מִצְוָה אִם רָצִיתָ לִטְעֹן טְעֹן, פָּטוּר (שם ל"ב):
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| 5A man’s attire must not be worn by a woman, and a man may not wear a woman’s garment, for whoever does these things is an abomination to God, your God. |
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הלֹא־יִֽהְיֶ֤ה כְלִי־גֶ֨בֶר֙ עַל־אִשָּׁ֔ה וְלֹֽא־יִלְבַּ֥שׁ גֶּ֖בֶר שִׂמְלַ֣ת אִשָּׁ֑ה כִּ֧י תֽוֹעֲבַ֛ת יְהֹוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶי֖ךָ כָּל־עֹ֥שֵׂה אֵֽלֶּה: |
| לֹא־יִֽהְיֶה כְלִי־גֶבֶר עַל־אִשָּׁה - A man’s attire must not be worn by a woman - so that she can look like a man in order to circulate among men, for such an act can only be for adulterous purposes. |
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לֹא־יִֽהְיֶה כְלִי־גֶבֶר עַל־אִשָּׁה.
שֶׁתְּהֵא דּוֹמָה לְאִישׁ, כְּדֵי שֶׁתֵּלֵךְ בֵּין הָאֲנָשִׁים, שֶׁאֵין זוֹ אֶלָּא לְשֵׁם נִאוּף (עי' ספרי):
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| וְלֹֽא־יִלְבַּשׁ גֶבֶר שִׂמְלַת אִשָּׁה - And a man may not wear a woman’s garment - in order to be able to sit among women. Another explanation: It teaches us that a man may not remove pubic or armpit hair. |
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וְלֹֽא־יִלְבַּשׁ גֶבֶר שִׂמְלַת אִשָּׁה.
לֵילֵךְ לֵישֵׁב בֵּין הַנָּשִׁים. דָּבָר אַחֵר — שֶׁלֹּא יַשִּׁיר שְׂעַר הָעֶרְוָה וְשֵׂעָר שֶׁל בֵּית הַשֶּׁחִי (נזיר נ"ט):
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| כִּי תֽוֹעֲבַת - For…an abomination. The Torah forbade only clothing that leads to abominable behavior. |
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כִּי תֽוֹעֲבַת.
לֹא אָסְרָה תוֹרָה אֶלָּא לְבוּשׁ הַמֵּבִיא לִידֵי תוֹעֵבָה (עי' ספרי):
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| 6If you happen upon a bird’s nest on the road, on any tree, or on the ground, and inside it are chicks or eggs, and the mother is brooding upon the chicks or upon the eggs, you must not take the mother while she is sitting upon the young. |
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וכִּ֣י יִקָּרֵ֣א קַן־צִפּ֣וֹר | לְפָנֶ֡יךָ בַּדֶּ֜רֶךְ בְּכָל־עֵ֣ץ | א֣וֹ עַל־הָאָ֗רֶץ אֶפְרֹחִים֙ א֣וֹ בֵיצִ֔ים וְהָאֵ֤ם רֹבֶ֨צֶת֙ עַל־הָֽאֶפְרֹחִ֔ים א֖וֹ עַל־הַבֵּיצִ֑ים לֹֽא־תִקַּ֥ח הָאֵ֖ם עַל־הַבָּנִֽים: |
| כִּי יִקָּרֵא - If you happen. This excludes the case of a readily available nest. |
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כִּי יִקָּרֵא.
פְּרָט לִמְזֻמָּן (חולין קל"ט):
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| לֹֽא־תִקַּח הָאֵם - You must not take the mother - while she is still upon her young. |
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לֹֽא־תִקַּח הָאֵם.
בְּעוֹדָהּ עַל בָּנֶיהָ:
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| 7You must send away the mother, and then you may take the young for yourself, in order that it go well for you and that you live long. |
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זשַׁלֵּ֤חַ תְּשַׁלַּח֙ אֶת־הָאֵ֔ם וְאֶת־הַבָּנִ֖ים תִּקַּח־לָ֑ךְ לְמַ֨עַן֙ יִ֣יטַב לָ֔ךְ וְהַֽאֲרַכְתָּ֖ יָמִֽים: |
| לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ וגו' - In order that it go well with you… If regarding an easy commandment that involves no monetary loss, the Torah says: “in order that it go well with you and that you live long,” all the more is such reward given for keeping more serious commandments. |
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לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ וגו'.
אִם מִצְוָה קַלָּה שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ חֶסְרוֹן כִּיס אָמְרָה תוֹרָה "לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ וְהַאֲרַכְתָּ יָמִים", קַל וָחֹמֶר לְמַתַּן שְׂכָרָן שֶׁל מִצְווֹת חֲמוּרוֹת (שם קמ"ב):
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