| 11The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: |
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יאוַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶל־משֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר: |
| 12"When you take the sum of the children of Israel according to their numbers, let each one give to the Lord an atonement for his soul when they are counted; then there will be no plague among them when they are counted. |
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יבכִּ֣י תִשָּׂ֞א אֶת־רֹ֥אשׁ בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֘ לִפְקֻֽדֵיהֶם֒ וְנָ֨תְנ֜וּ אִ֣ישׁ כֹּ֧פֶר נַפְשׁ֛וֹ לַֽיהֹוָ֖ה בִּפְקֹ֣ד אֹתָ֑ם וְלֹא־יִֽהְיֶ֥ה בָהֶ֛ם נֶ֖גֶף בִּפְקֹ֥ד אֹתָֽם: |
| When you take Heb. כִּי תִשָׂא. [This is] an expression of taking, as the Targum [Onkelos] renders. [I.e.,] when you wish to take the sum [total] of their numbers to know how many they are, do not count them by the head, but each one shall give a half-shekel, and you shall count the shekels. [Thereby] you will know their number. |
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כִּי תִשָּׂא
לְשׁוֹן קַבָּלָה, כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ; כְּשֶׁתַּחְפֹּץ לְקַבֵּל סְכוּם מִנְיָנָם לָדַעַת כַּמָּה הֵם, אַל תִּמְנֵם לַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת, אֶלָּא יִתְּנוּ כָּל אֶחָד מַחֲצִית הַשֶּׁקֶל וְתִמְנֶה אֶת הַשְּׁקָלִים וְתֵדַע מִנְיָנָם:
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| then there will be no plague among them for the evil eye has power over numbered things, and pestilence comes upon them, as we find in David’s time (II Sam. 24). |
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וְלֹא־יִֽהְיֶה בָהֶם נֶגֶף
שֶׁהַמִּנְיָן שׁוֹלֵט בּוֹ עַיִן הָרָע, וְהַדֶּבֶר בָּא עֲלֵיהֶם, כְּמוֹ שֶׁמָּצִינוּ בִימֵי דָּוִד (שמואל ב כ"ד):
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| 13This they shall give, everyone who goes through the counting: half a shekel according to the holy shekel. Twenty gerahs equal one shekel; half of [such] a shekel shall be an offering to the Lord. |
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יגזֶ֣ה | יִתְּנ֗וּ כָּל־הָֽעֹבֵר֙ עַל־הַפְּקֻדִ֔ים מַֽחֲצִ֥ית הַשֶּׁ֖קֶל בְּשֶׁ֣קֶל הַקֹּ֑דֶשׁ עֶשְׂרִ֤ים גֵּרָה֙ הַשֶּׁ֔קֶל מַֽחֲצִ֣ית הַשֶּׁ֔קֶל תְּרוּמָ֖ה לַֽיהֹוָֽה: |
| This they shall give He [God] showed him [Moses] a sort of coin of fire weighing half a shekel, and He said to him, “Like this one they shall give.” -[from Tanchuma 9; Tanchuma Buber, Naso p. 35; Pesikta d’Rav Kahana 19a; Midrash Psalms 91:1; Yerushalmi, Shekalim 1:4] |
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זֶה יִתְּנוּ
הֶרְאָה לוֹ כְּמִין מַטְבֵּעַ שֶׁל אֵשׁ וּמִשְׁקָלָהּ מַחֲצִית הַשֶּׁקֶל וְאוֹמֵר לוֹ כָּזֶה יִתְּנוּ (תלמוד ירושלמי שק' א'):
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| who goes through the counting Heb. הָעֹבֵר עַל-הַפְקֻדִים. It is customary for those who count to pass the ones who have been counted one following another, and so [too the word יַעִבֹר in] “each one that passes under the rod” (Lev. 27:32), and so [the word תַּעִבֹרְנָה in] “flocks will again pass under the hands of one who counts them” (Jer. 33:13). |
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הָֽעֹבֵר עַל־הַפְּקֻדִים
דֶּרֶךְ הַמּוֹנִין מַעֲבִירִין אֶת הַנִּמְנִין זֶה אַחַר זֶה, וְכֵן כֹּל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲבֹר תַּחַת הַשָּׁבֶט (ויקרא כ"ז), וְכֵן תַּעֲבֹרְנָה הַצֹּאן עַל יְדֵי מוֹנֶה (ירמיהו ל"ג):
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| half a shekel according to the holy shekel By the weight of the shekel that I fixed for you [against which] to weigh the holy shekels, such as the shekels mentioned in the section dealing with personal evaluations (Lev. 27:1-8) and [in the section concerning] inherited fields (Lev. 27:16-21). |
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מַֽחֲצִית הַשֶּׁקֶל בְּשֶׁקֶל הַקֹּדֶשׁ
בְּמִשְׁקַל הַשֶּׁקֶל שֶׁקָּצַבְתִּי לְךָ לִשְׁקֹל בּוֹ שִׁקְלֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ, כְּגוֹן שְׁקָלִים הָאֲמוּרִין בְּפָרָשַׁת עֲרָכִין וּשְׂדֵה אֲחֻזָּה:
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| Twenty gerahs equal one shekel Now He explains to you how much it is. |
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עֶשְׂרִים גֵּרָה הַשֶּׁקֶל
עַכְשָׁו פֵּרֵשׁ לְךָ כַּמָּה הוּא:
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| gerahs Heb. גֵרָה, a word meaning a ma’ah [a small coin]. Likewise, “will come to prostrate himself before him for a silver piece (אִגוֹרַת כֶּסֶף) and a morsel of bread” (I Sam. 2:36). |
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גֵּרָה
לְשׁוֹן מָעָה; וְכֵן בִּשְׁמְוּאֵל (א' ב'), יָבוֹא לְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֹת לוֹ לַאֲגוֹרַת כֶּסֶף וְכִכַּר לָחֶם:
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| Twenty gerahs equal one shekel for a whole shekel equals four zuzim, and the zuz was originally five ma’oth, but they came and added a sixth to it and raised it to six ma’oth of silver, and half of this shekel [of] which I have spoken to you [here in this verse], they shall give as an offering to the Lord. |
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עֶשְׂרִים גֵּרָה הַשֶּׁקֶל
שֶׁהַשֶּׁקֶל הַשָּׁלֵם אַרְבָּעָה זוּזִים, וְהַזּוּז מִתְּחִלָּתוֹ חָמֵשׁ מָעוֹת, אֶלָּא בָאוּ וְהוֹסִיפוּ עָלָיו שְׁתוּת וְהֶעֱלוּהוּ לְשֵׁשׁ מָעָה כֶסֶף, וּמַחֲצִית הַשֶּׁקֶל הַזֶּה שֶׁאָמַרְתִּי לְךָ יִתְּנוּ תְּרוּמָה לַה' (בכורות ה'):
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| 14Everyone who goes through the counting, from the age of twenty and upward, shall give an offering to the Lord. |
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ידכֹּ֗ל הָֽעֹבֵר֙ עַל־הַפְּקֻדִ֔ים מִבֶּ֛ן עֶשְׂרִ֥ים שָׁנָ֖ה וָמָ֑עְלָה יִתֵּ֖ן תְּרוּמַ֥ת יְהֹוָֽה: |
| from the age of twenty and upward [The Torah] teaches you here that no one under twenty years old goes out [to serve] in the army or is counted among men. |
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מִבֶּן עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה וָמָעְלָה
לִמֶּדְךָ כָּאן שֶׁאֵין פָּחוּת מִבֶּן עֶשְׂרִים יוֹצֵא לַצָּבָא וְנִמְנֶה בִּכְלַל אֲנָשִׁים:
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| 15The rich shall give no more, and the poor shall give no less than half a shekel, with which to give the offering to the Lord, to atone for your souls. |
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טוהֶֽעָשִׁ֣יר לֹֽא־יַרְבֶּ֗ה וְהַדַּל֙ לֹ֣א יַמְעִ֔יט מִמַּֽחֲצִ֖ית הַשָּׁ֑קֶל לָתֵת֙ אֶת־תְּרוּמַ֣ת יְהֹוָ֔ה לְכַפֵּ֖ר עַל־נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶֽם: |
| to atone for your souls That they should not be struck by a plague because of the counting. Another explanation: [This was written] because [God] hinted to them [the Israelites] here [about] three offerings, because “an offering to the Lord” is written here three times. The first [represents] the offering [of silver] for the sockets [of the Mishkan], for he [Moses] counted them when they commenced with the donations for the Mishkan. Everyone gave a half-shekel, amounting to one hundred talents, as it is said: “And the silver of the community census was one hundred talents” (Exod. 38:25). The sockets were made from this, as it is said: “One hundred talents of the silver was [used to cast the sockets of the Mishkan and the sockets of the dividing curtain]” (Exod. 38:27). The second [offering mentioned here] was also [collected] through counting, for he [Moses] counted them after the Mishkan was erected. This is the counting mentioned in the beginning of the Book of Numbers: “on the first of the second month in the second year” (Num. 1:1). [For this offering] everyone gave a half-shekel, [the total of] which was [earmarked] for the purchase of communal sacrifices for every year. The rich and poor were equal in them [i.e., they gave equally in these two offerings]. Concerning that [second] offering, it is said: “to atone for your souls,” because the sacrifices are brought for the purpose of atonement. The third one [offering] is the offering for the Mishkan, as it is said: “Whoever set aside an offering of silver or copper” (Exod. 35:24). In this [offering] not everyone gave the same amount, but each one [gave] according to what his heart inspired him to give. -[from Shekalim 2b] |
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לְכַפֵּר עַל־נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶֽם
שֶׁלֹא תִנָּגְפוּ עַל יְדֵי מִנְיָן; דָּבָר אַחֵר לְכַפֵּר עַל נַפְשׁוֹתֵיכֶם, לְפִי שֶׁרָמַז לָהֶם כָּאן ג' תְּרוּמוֹת – שֶׁנִּכְתַּב כָּאן תְּרוּמַת ה' שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים, אַחַת תְּרוּמַת אֲדָנִים שֶׁמְּנָאָן כְּשֶׁהִתְחִילוּ בְנִדְבַת הַמִּשְׁכָּן, שֶׁנָּתְנוּ כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מַחֲצִית הַשֶּׁקֶל, וְעָלָה לִמְאַת הַכִּכָּר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְכֶסֶף פְּקוּדֵי הָעֵדָה מְאַת כִּכָּר (שמות ל"ח), וּמֵהֶם נַעֲשׂוּ הָאֲדָנִים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַיְהִי מְאַת כִּכַּר הַכֶּסֶף וְגוֹ' (שם); וְהַשֵּׁנִית אַף הִיא עַל יְדֵי מִנְיָן, שֶׁמְּנָאָן מִשֶּׁהוּקַם הַמִּשְׁכָּן, הוּא הַמִּנְיָן הָאָמוּר בִּתְחִלַּת חֻמַּשׁ הַפְּקוּדִים בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי בַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁנִית (במדבר א'), וְנָתְנוּ כָּל אֶחָד מַחֲצִית הַשֶּׁקֶל, וְהֵן לִקְנוֹת מֵהֶן קָרְבְּנוֹת צִבּוּר שֶׁל כָּל שָׁנָה וְשָׁנָה, וְהֻשְׁווּ בָהֶם עֲנִיִּים וַעֲשִׁירִים, וְעַל אוֹתָהּ תְּרוּמָה נֶאֱמַר לְכַפֵּר עַל נַפְשׁוֹתֵיכֶם, שֶׁהַקָּרְבָּנוֹת לְכַפָּרָה הֵם בָּאִים; וְהַשְּׁלִישִׁית הִיא תְרוּמַת הַמִּשְׁכָּן כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כָּל מֵרִים תְּרוּמַת כֶּסֶף וּנְחֹשֶׁת (שמות ל"ה), וְלֹא הָיְתָה יַד כֻּלָּם שָׁוָה בָהּ אֶלָּא אִישׁ מַה שֶּׁנְּדָבוֹ לִבּוֹ:
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| 16You shall take the silver of the atonements from the children of Israel and use it for the work of the Tent of Meeting; it shall be a remembrance for the children of Israel before the Lord, to atone for your souls." |
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טזוְלָֽקַחְתָּ֞ אֶת־כֶּ֣סֶף הַכִּפֻּרִ֗ים מֵאֵת֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל וְנָֽתַתָּ֣ אֹת֔וֹ עַל־עֲבֹדַ֖ת אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד וְהָיָה֩ לִבְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֤ל לְזִכָּרוֹן֙ לִפְנֵ֣י יְהֹוָ֔ה לְכַפֵּ֖ר עַל־נַפְשֹֽׁתֵיכֶֽם: |
| and use it for the work of the Tent of Meeting [From this] you learn that they were commanded to count them at the beginning of the donation for the Mishkan after the incident of the calf. [They were commanded then] because a plague had befallen them, as it is said: “And the Lord plagued the people” (Exod. 32:35). This can be compared to a flock of sheep, treasured by its owner, which was stricken with pestilence. When it [the pestilence] was over, he [the owner] said to the shepherd, “Please count my sheep to know how many are left,” in order to make it known that he treasured it [the flock] (Tanchuma, Ki Thissa 9). It is, however, impossible to say that this counting [mentioned here] was the [same] one mentioned in the Book of Numbers, for in that one [counting] it says: “on the first of the second month” (Num. 1:1), and the Mishkan was erected on the first [day] of the first month, as it is said: On the day of the first month, on the first of the month, you shall erect, etc. (Exod. 40:2). The sockets were made from shekels realized from that counting, as it is said: “One hundred talents of the silver were used to cast, etc.” (Exod. 38:27). Thus you learn that they [the countings] were two-one at the beginning of their donation [to the Mishkan] after Yom Kippur in the first year [after the Exodus], and one in the second year in Iyar after the Mishkan had been erected. Now if you ask, how is it possible that in both of these countings the Israelites equaled six hundred three thousand, five hundred fifty? In the case of the silver of the community census, it says this number, and also in the Book of Numbers it says the same: “And all the counted ones were six hundred three thousand, five hundred fifty” (Num. 1:46). Were they [the countings] not in two [separate] years? It is impossible that in the first census there were none who were nineteen years old and consequently not counted, and by the second counting became twenty years old [and were counted]. The answer to this matter is that in the context of the ages of people, they were counted in the same year, but in the context of the Exodus they [the two dates] were two [separate] years, since [to figure the time] from the Exodus, we count from [the month of] Nissan, as we learned in [tractate] Rosh Hashanah (2b). In this context, the Mishkan was built in the first year [after the Exodus] and erected in the second year, for the new year started on the first of Nissan. People’s ages, however, are counted according to the number of years of the world, beginning with [the month of] Tishri. Thus, the two countings were [taken] in the same year. The first counting was in Tishri after Yom Kippur, when the Omnipresent was placated toward Israel to forgive them, and they were commanded concerning [building] the Mishkan. The second one [counting] was on the first of Iyar. -[from Num. Rabbah 1:10] |
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וְנָֽתַתָּ אֹתוֹ עַל־עֲבֹדַת אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד
לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁנִּצְטַוּוּ לִמְנוֹתָם בִּתְחִלַּת נִדְבַת הַמִּשְׁכָּן, אַחַר מַעֲשֵׂה הָעֵגֶל, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּכְנַס בָּהֶם מַגֵּפָה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַיִּגֹּף ה' אֶת הָעָם; מָשָׁל לְצֹאן הַחֲבִיבָה עַל בְּעָלֶיהָ שֶׁנָּפַל בָּהּ דֶּבֶר וּמִשֶּׁפָּסַק אָמַר לוֹ לָרוֹעֶה בְּבַקָּשָׁה מִמְּךָ מְנֵה אֶת צֹאנִי וְדַע כַּמָּה נוֹתְרוּ בָהֶם, לְהוֹדִיעַ שֶׁהִיא חֲבִיבָה עָלָיו; וְאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר שֶׁהַמִּנְיָן הַזֶּה הוּא הָאָמוּר בְּחֻמַּשׁ הַפְּקוּדִים, שֶׁהֲרֵי נֶאֱמַר בּוֹ בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי וְהַמִּשְׁכָּן הוּקַם בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּיוֹם הַחֹדֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ תָּקִים וְגוֹ' (שמות מ'), וּמֵהַמִּנְיָן הַזֶּה נַעֲשׂוּ הָאֲדָנִים – מִשְּׁקָלִים שֶׁלּוֹ – שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וַיְהִי מְאַת כִּכַּר הַכֶּסֶף לָצֶקֶת וְגוֹ' (שם ל"ח), הָא לָמַדְתָּ שְׁתַּיִם הָיוּ, אֶחָד בִּתְחִלַּת נִדְבָתָן אַחַר יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים בְּשָׁנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה, וְאַחַת בְּשָׁנָה שְׁנִיָּה בְּאִיָּר מִשֶּׁהוּקַם הַמִּשְׁכָּן. וְאִם תֹּאמַר וְכִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁבִּשְׁנֵיהֶם הָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל שָׁוִים – ו' מֵאוֹת אֶלֶף וְג' אֲלָפִים וַחֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת וַחֲמִשִּׁים – שֶׁהֲרֵי בְכֶסֶף פְּקוּדֵי הָעֵדָה נֶאֱמַר כֵּן, וּבְחֻמַּשׁ הַפְּקוּדִים אַף בּוֹ נֶאֱמַר כֵּן וַיִּהְיוּ כָּל הַפְּקוּדִים שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת אֶלֶף וּשְׁלֹשֶׁת אֲלָפִים וַחֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת וַחֲמִשִּׁים (במדבר א'), וַהֲלֹא בִשְׁתֵּי שָׁנִים הָיוּ, וְאִי אֶפְשַָׁר שֶׁלֹא הָיוּ בִשְׁעַת מִנְיָן הָרִאשׁוֹן בְּנֵי י"ט שָׁנָה שֶׁלֹּא נִמְנוּ וּבַשְּׁנִיָּה נַעֲשׂוּ בְּנֵי כ'! תְּשׁוּבָה לַדָּבָר: אֵצֶל שְׁנוֹת הָאֲנָשִׁים בְּשָׁנָה אַחַת נִמְנוּ, אֲבָל לְמִנְיַן יְצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם הָיוּ שְׁתֵּי שָׁנִים, לְפִי שֶׁלִּיצִיאַת מִצְרַיִם מוֹנִין מִנִּיסָן, כְּמוֹ שֶׁשָּׁנִינוּ בְמַסֶּ' רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה (דף ב'), וְנִבְנָה הַמִּשְׁכָּן בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה וְהוּקַם בַּשְּׁנִיָּה, שֶׁנִּתְחַדְּשָׁה שָׁנָה בְּאֶחָד בְּנִיסָן, אֲבָל שְׁנוֹת הָאֲנָשִׁים מְנוּיִין לְמִנְיַן שְׁנוֹת עוֹלָם, הַמַּתְחִילִין מִתִּשְׁרֵי, נִמְצְאוּ שְׁנֵי הַמִּנְיָנִים בְּשָׁנָה אַחַת – הַמִּנְיָן הָרִאשׁוֹן הָיָה בְּתִשְׁרֵי לְאַחַר יוֹם הַכִּיפּוּרִים שֶׁנִּתְרַצָּה הַמָּקוֹם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל לִסְלֹחַ לָהֶם וְנִצְטַוּוּ עַל הַמִּשְׁכָּן, וְהַשֵּׁנִי בְּאֶחָד בְּאִיָּר:
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| for the work of the Tent of Meeting These are the sockets made from it [i.e., from the silver of the atonements]. |
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עַל־עֲבֹדַת אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד
הֵן הָאֲדָנִים שֶׁנַּעֲשׂוּ בוֹ:
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| 17The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: |
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יזוַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶל־משֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר: |
| 18"You shall make a washstand of copper and its base of copper for washing, and you shall place it between the Tent of Meeting and the altar, and you shall put water therein. |
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יחוְעָשִׂ֜יתָ כִּיּ֥וֹר נְח֛שֶׁת וְכַנּ֥וֹ נְח֖שֶׁת לְרָחְצָ֑ה וְנָֽתַתָּ֣ אֹת֗וֹ בֵּֽין־אֹ֤הֶל מוֹעֵד֙ וּבֵ֣ין הַמִּזְבֵּ֔חַ וְנָֽתַתָּ֥ שָׁ֖מָּה מָֽיִם: |
| a washstand Like a sort of large caldron, which has faucets allowing water to pour out through their openings. |
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כִּיּוֹר
כְּמִין דּוּד גְּדוֹלָה וְלָהּ דַּדִּים הַמְּרִיקִים בְּפִיהֶם מַיִם:
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| and its base Heb. וְכַנּוֹ, as the Targum [Onkelos] renders: וּבְסִיסֵיהּ, a seat prepared for the washstand. |
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וְכַנּוֹ
כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ בְּסִיסֵהּ, מוֹשָׁב מְתֻקָּן לַכִּיּוֹר:
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| for washing This refers back to the washstand. |
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לְרָחְצָה
מוּסָב עַל הַכִּיּוֹר:
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| between… the altar [This refers to] the altar for burnt offerings, about which it is written that it was in front of the entrance of the Mishkan of the Tent of Meeting. The washstand was drawn away slightly [from the entrance] and stood opposite the space between the altar and the Mishkan, but it did not intervene at all [between them], because it is said: “And he placed the altar for burnt offerings at the entrance of the Mishkan of the Tent of Meeting” (Exod. 40:29), implying that the altar was in front of the Tent of Meeting, but the washstand was not in front of the Tent of Meeting. How is that so? It [the washstand] was drawn away slightly to the south. So it is taught in Zev. (59a). |
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וּבֵין הַמִּזְבֵּחַ
מִזְבַּח הָעוֹלָה, שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ שֶׁהוּא לִפְנֵי פֶּתַח מִשְׁכַּן אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, וְהָיָה הַכִּיּוֹר מָשׁוּךְ קִמְעָא, וְעוֹמֵד כְּנֶגֶד אֲוִיר שֶׁבֵּין הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וְהַמִּשְׁכָּן, וְאֵינוֹ מַפְסִיק כְּלָל בֵּינְתַיִם, מִשּׁוּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְאֵת מִזְבַּח הָעֹלָה שָׂם פֶּתַח מִשְׁכַּן אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד (שמות מ'), – כְּלוֹמַר מִזְבֵּחַ לִפְנֵי אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וְאֵין כִּיּוֹר לִפְנֵי אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד, הָא כֵיצַד? מָשׁוּךְ קִמְעָא כְּלַפֵּי הַדָּרוֹם; כָּךְ שְׁנוּיָה בִזְבָחִים:
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| 19Aaron and his sons shall wash their hands and feet from it. |
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יטוְרָֽחֲצ֛וּ אַֽהֲרֹ֥ן וּבָנָ֖יו מִמֶּ֑נּוּ אֶת־יְדֵיהֶ֖ם וְאֶת־רַגְלֵיהֶֽם: |
| their hands and feet He [the kohen] would wash his hands and feet simultaneously. So we learned in Zev. (19b): How was the washing of the hands and the feet [performed]? [The kohen] would lay his right hand on his right foot and his left hand on his left foot and wash [in this manner]. |
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אֶת־יְדֵיהֶם וְאֶת־רַגְלֵיהֶֽם
בְּבַת אַחַת הָיָה מְקַדֵּשׁ יָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו; וְכָךְ שָׁנִינוּ בִזְבָחִים (דף י"ט); כֵּיצַד קִדּוּשׁ יָדַיִם וְרַגְלַיִם? מַנִּיחַ יָדוֹ הַיְמָנִית עַל גַּבֵּי רַגְלוֹ הַיְמָנִית וְיָדוֹ הַשְּׂמָאלִית עַל גַּבֵּי רַגְלוֹ הַשְּׂמָאלִית וּמְקַדֵּשׁ:
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| 20When they enter the Tent of Meeting, they shall wash with water so that they will not die; or when they approach the altar to serve, to make a fire offering rise up in smoke to the Lord, |
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כבְּבֹאָ֞ם אֶל־אֹ֧הֶל מוֹעֵ֛ד יִרְחֲצוּ־מַ֖יִם וְלֹ֣א יָמֻ֑תוּ א֣וֹ בְגִשְׁתָּ֤ם אֶל־הַמִּזְבֵּ֨חַ֙ לְשָׁרֵ֔ת לְהַקְטִ֥יר אִשֶּׁ֖ה לַֽיהֹוָֽה: |
| When they enter the Tent of Meeting to bring the incense up in smoke in the morning and in the afternoon, or to sprinkle some of the blood of the bull of the anointed Kohen [Gadol, who erred in his halachic decision and practiced according to that erroneous decision,] (Lev. 4:3-12) and the blood of the kids for [sin offerings for having engaged in] idolatry (Num. 15:22-26). |
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בְּבֹאָם אֶל־אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד
לְהַקְטִיר שַׁחֲרִית וּבֵין הָעַרְבַּיִם קְטֹרֶת, אוֹ לְהַזּוֹת מִדַּם פַּר כֹּהֵן הַמָּשִׁיחַ וּשְׂעִירֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה:
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| so that they will not die This implies that if they do not wash, they will die. For in the Torah [there] are stated implications, and from the negative implication you [can] understand the positive. |
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וְלֹא יָמֻתוּ
הָא אִם לֹא יִרְחֲצוּ יָמוּתוּ, שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה נֶאֶמְרוּ כְלָלוֹת, וּמִכְלַל לָאו אַתָּה שׁוֹמֵעַ הֵן:
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| the altar [I.e.,] the outer [altar], in which no entry to the Tent of Meeting is involved, only [entry] into the courtyard. |
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אֶל־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ
הַחִיצוֹן, שֶׁאֵין כָּאן בִּיאַת אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד אֶלָּא בֶּחָצֵר:
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| 21they shall wash their hands and feet so that they will not die; this shall be for them a perpetual statute, for him and for his descendants, for their generations." |
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כאוְרָֽחֲצ֛וּ יְדֵיהֶ֥ם וְרַגְלֵיהֶ֖ם וְלֹ֣א יָמֻ֑תוּ וְהָֽיְתָ֨ה לָהֶ֧ם חָק־עוֹלָ֛ם ל֥וֹ וּלְזַרְע֖וֹ לְדֹֽרֹתָֽם: |
| so that they will not die [This verse is written] to impose death upon one who serves on the altar when his hands and feet are not washed, for from the first death penalty (verse 20) we understand only [that death is imposed] upon one who enters the Temple. |
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וְלֹא יָמֻתוּ
לְחַיֵּב מִיתָה עַל הַמְשַׁמֵּשׁ בַּמִּזְבֵּחַ וְאֵינוֹ רְחוּץ יָדַיִם וְרַגְלַיִם, שֶׁהַמִּיתָה הָרִאשׁוֹנָה לֹא שָׁמַעְנוּ אֶלָּא עַל הַנִּכְנָס לַהֵיכָל:
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| 22The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: |
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כבוַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶל־משֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר: |
| 23"And you, take for yourself spices of the finest sort: of pure myrrh five hundred [shekel weights]; of fragrant cinnamon half of it two hundred and fifty [shekel weights]; of fragrant cane two hundred and fifty [shekel weights], |
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כגוְאַתָּ֣ה קַח־לְךָ֘ בְּשָׂמִ֣ים רֹאשׁ֒ מָר־דְּרוֹר֙ חֲמֵ֣שׁ מֵא֔וֹת וְקִנְּמָן־בֶּ֥שֶׂם מַֽחֲצִית֖וֹ חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים וּמָאתָ֑יִם וּקְנֵה־בֹ֖שֶׂם חֲמִשִּׁ֥ים וּמָאתָֽיִם: |
| spices of the finest sort Heb. בְּשָׂמִים רֹאשׁ, of high quality. |
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בְּשָׂמִים רֹאשׁ
חֲשׁוּבִים:
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| fragrant cinnamon Since cinnamon is the bark of a tree, and there is one good type [of cinnamon] that has a fragrant bouquet and a good taste, and there is another that is merely like wood, it was necessary to state “fragrant cinnamon,” [meaning that the incense was to be made] of the good species. |
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וְקִנְּמָן־בֶּשֶׂם
לְפִי שֶׁהַקִּנָּמוֹן קְלִפַּת עֵץ הוּא, יֵשׁ שֶׁהוּא טוֹב וְיֵשׁ בּוֹ רֵיחַ טוֹב וְטַעַם, וְיֵשׁ שֶׁאֵינוֹ אֶלָּא כְּעֵץ, לְכָךְ הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר קִנְּמָן בֶּשֶׂם – מִן הַטּוֹב:
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| half of it two hundred and fifty [shekel weights] Half of the amount to be brought shall be two hundred and fifty; thus altogether it is five hundred [shekel weights], like the amount of pure myrrh. If so, why was it stated in halves? This is a Scriptural decree to bring it in halves to add to it two overweights, because we do not weigh [the spices] exactly. So it was taught in Kereithoth (5a). |
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מַֽחֲצִיתוֹ חֲמִשִּׁים וּמָאתָיִם
מַחֲצִית הֲבָאָתוֹ תְּהֵא חֲמִשִּׁים וּמָאתַיִם, נִמְצָא כֻלּוֹ חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת, כְּמוֹ שִׁעוּר מָר דְּרוֹר, אִם כֵּן לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר בּוֹ חֲצָאִין, גְּזֵרַת הַכָּתוּב הִיא לַהֲבִיאוֹ לַחֲצָאִין, לְהַרְבּוֹת בּוֹ ב' הַכְרָעוֹת, שֶׁאֵין שׁוֹקְלִין עַיִן בְּעַיִן; וְכָךְ שְׁנוּיָה בְכָרֵתוֹת:
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| fragrant cane Heb. וּקְנֵה-בֹשֶׂם, cane of spice. Since there are canes that are not of spice, it is necessary to specify: בֹשֶׂם |
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וּקְנֵה־בֶּשֶׂם
קָנֶה שֶׁל בֹּשֶׂם; לְפִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ קָנִים שֶׁאֵינָן שֶׁל בֹּשֶׂם הֻצְרַךְ לוֹמַר קְנֵה בֹשֶׂם:
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| two hundred and fifty [shekel weights] [This is] its total sum. |
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חֲמִשִּׁים וּמָאתָיִם
סַךְ מִשְׁקַל כֻּלּוֹ:
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| 24and of cassia five hundred [shekel weights] according to the holy shekel, and one hin of olive oil. |
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כדוְקִדָּ֕ה חֲמֵ֥שׁ מֵא֖וֹת בְּשֶׁ֣קֶל הַקֹּ֑דֶשׁ וְשֶׁ֥מֶן זַ֖יִת הִֽין: |
| and of cassia Heb. וְקִדָּה, the name of the root of an herb, and in the language of the Sages: קְצִיעָה, cassia. -[from Ker. 6a] |
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וְקִדָּה
שֵׁם שֹׁרֶשׁ עֵשֶׂב, וּבִלְשׁוֹן חֲכָמִים קְצִיעָה:
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| hin [The equivalent of] twelve logs. The Sages of Israel differ concerning it [i.e., how the oil was made]. Rabbi Meir says: They [whoever made the anointing oil] boiled the roots in it [the oil of the anointment]. Rabbi Judah said to him: But is it not so that it [the anointment oil] did not even suffice to anoint the roots [and thus they certainly couldn’t boil the spices in the oil]? Rather, they soaked them [the spices] in water so that they would not absorb the oil, and then poured the oil on them until they were impregnated with the scent, and [then] they wiped the oil off the roots. -[from Ker. 5a] |
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הִֽין
י"ב לֻגִּין; וְנֶחְלְקוּ בוֹ חַכְמֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל — רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר בּוֹ שָׁלְקוּ אֶת הָעִקָּרִין, אָמַר לוֹ רַ' יְהוּדָה וַהֲלֹא לָסוּךְ אֶת הָעִקָּרִין אֵינוֹ סִפֵּק אֶלָּא שְׁרָאוּם בַּמַּיִם שֶׁלֹּא יִבְלְעוּ אֶת הַשֶּׁמֶן, וְאַחַר כָּךְ הֵצִיף עֲלֵיהֶם הַשֶּׁמֶן עַד שֶׁקָּלַט הָרֵיחַ, וְקִפְּחוֹ לַשֶּׁמֶן מֵעַל הָעִקָּרִין (הוריות י"א):
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| 25You shall make this into an oil of holy anointment, a perfumed compound according to the art of a perfumer; it shall be an oil of holy anointment. |
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כהוְעָשִׂ֣יתָ אֹת֗וֹ שֶׁ֚מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֔דֶשׁ רֹ֥קַח מִרְקַ֖חַת מַֽעֲשֵׂ֣ה רֹקֵ֑חַ שֶׁ֥מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִֽהְיֶֽה: |
| a perfumed compound Heb. רֹקַח מִרְקַחַת. רֹקַח is a noun, and the accent, which is on the first syllable, proves that. It is like רֶקַע רֶגַע, but it is not like “Who wrinkles (רֹגַע) the sea” (Isa. 51:15), or like “Who spread out (רֹקַע) the earth” (Isa. 42:5) [which are both verbs], because [in those instances] the accent is at the end of the word. Any substance mixed with another substance until one becomes impregnated from the other with either scent or taste is called מִרְקַחַת. |
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רֹקַח מִרְקַחַת
רֹקַח שֵׁם דָּבָר הוּא, וְהַטַּעַם מוֹכִיחַ, שֶׁהוּא לְמַעְלָה, וַהֲרֵי הוּא כְּמוֹ רֶקַח, רֶגַע; וְאֵינוֹ כְּמוֹ רֹגַע הַיָּם (ישעיהו נ"א), וּכְמוֹ רֹקַע הָאָרֶץ (שם מלכים ב), שֶׁהַטַּעַם לְמַטָּה; וְכָל דָּבָר הַמְעֹרָב בַּחֲבֵרוֹ עַד שֶׁזֶּה קוֹפֵחַ מִזֶּה אוֹ רֵיחַ אוֹ טַעַם קָרוּי מִרְקַחַת:
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| a perfumed compound Heb. רֹקַח מִרְקַחַת, a compound made through the skill of mixing. |
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רֹקַח מִרְקַחַת
רֹקַח הֶעָשׂוּי עַל יְדֵי אָמָּנוּת וְתַעֲרוֹבוֹת:
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| according to the art of a perfumer Heb. רֹקֵחַ, the name of the craftsman in this field. |
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מַֽעֲשֵׂה רֹקַח
שֵׁם הָאֻמָּן בַּדָּבָר:
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| 26And you shall anoint with it the Tent of Meeting and the Ark of Testimony, |
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כווּמָֽשַׁחְתָּ֥ ב֖וֹ אֶת־אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֑ד וְאֵ֖ת אֲר֥וֹן הָֽעֵדֻֽת: |
| And you shall anoint with it All anointments were in the shape of the Greek [letter] “chaff,” except those of the kings, which were like a sort of crown. -[from Ker. 5b] |
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וּמָֽשַׁחְתָּ בוֹ
כָּל הַמְּשִׁיחוֹת כְּמִין כִי (נ"א כ"ף), חוּץ מִשֶּׁל מְלָכִים שֶׁהֵן כְּמִין נֵזֶר (כריתות ה'):
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| 27the table and all its implements, the menorah and its implements, the altar of incense, |
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כזוְאֶת־הַשֻּׁלְחָן֙ וְאֶת־כָּל־כֵּלָ֔יו וְאֶת־הַמְּנֹרָ֖ה וְאֶת־כֵּלֶ֑יהָ וְאֵ֖ת מִזְבַּ֥ח הַקְּטֹֽרֶת: |
| 28the altar of the burnt offering and all its implements, the washstand and its base. |
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כחוְאֶת־מִזְבַּ֥ח הָֽעֹלָ֖ה וְאֶת־כָּל־כֵּלָ֑יו וְאֶת־הַכִּיֹּ֖ר וְאֶת־כַּנּֽוֹ: |
| 29And you shall sanctify them so that they become a holy of holies; whatever touches them shall become holy. |
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כטוְקִדַּשְׁתָּ֣ אֹתָ֔ם וְהָי֖וּ קֹ֣דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֑ים כָּל־הַנֹּגֵ֥עַ בָּהֶ֖ם יִקְדָּֽשׁ: |
| And you shall sanctify them This anointment sanctifies them to be a holy of holies. And what is their sanctity? Whatever touches them shall become holy. [I.e.,] whatever is fit for [placement in] a service vessel, when it enters them [the vessels], it becomes intrinsically holy so that it becomes unfit [to be an offering] if it goes out [of its designated boundaries], if it stays [out] overnight, or if [it comes in contact with] a person who has immersed himself [from uncleanness] on that day, and it may not be redeemed to become ordinary [unsanctified] food. Something unfit for them [i.e., for the service vessels], however, they [the vessels] do not sanctify (Zev. 87a). This was taught as an explicit Mishnah concerning the altar [i.e., a Baraitha, Zev. 83b]: Since it is stated: “Whatever touches the altar will be holy” (Exod. 29:37), I understand it to mean whether it is fit or unfit. Therefore, [to clarify this,] the Torah states [that] lambs [are to be sacrificed upon the altar]. Because just as lambs are fit, so is anything else that is fit [sanctified if it comes in contact with the altar]. Every anointment of the Mishkan, the kohanim, and the kings is translated [by Onkelos] as an expression of greatness because there is no need to anoint them except in order to proclaim their greatness. So did the King [God] decree, that this [the anointment] is their initiation into greatness. Other anointments, however, such as anointed wafers, “and with the first oils they anoint themselves” (Amos 6:6), their Aramaic [translation] is the same as the Hebrew. |
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וְקִדַּשְׁתָּ אֹתָם
מְשִׁיחָה זוֹ מְקַדַּשְׁתָּם לִהְיוֹת קֹדֶשׁ קָדָשִׁים, וּמַה הִיא קְדֻשָּׁתָם? כל הנגע וְגוֹ': כָּל הָרָאוּי לִכְלִי שָׁרֵת, מִשֶּׁנִּכְנַס לְתוֹכוֹ, קָדוֹשׁ קְדֻשַּׁת הַגּוּף – לִפָּסֵל בְּיוֹצֵא וְלִינָה וּטְבוּל יוֹם וְאֵינוֹ נִפְדֶּה לָצֵאת לְחֻלִּין, אֲבָל דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לָהֶם אֵין מְקַדְּשִׁין; וּשְׁנוּיָה הִיא מִשְׁנָה שְׁלֵמָה אֵצֶל מִזְבֵּחַ: מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁנֶּ' כָּל הַנֹּגֵעַ בַּמִּזְבֵּחַ יִקְדָּשׁ (שמות כ"ט), שׁוֹמֵעַ אֲנִי בֵּין רָאוּי בֵּין שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמָר כְּבָשִׂים, מַה כְּבָשִׂים רְאוּיִים אַף כָּל רָאוּי; כָּל מְשִׁיחַת מִשְׁכָּן וְכֹהֲנִים וּמְלָכִים מְתֻרְגָּם לְשׁוֹן רִבּוּי, לְפִי שֶׁאֵין צֹרֶךְ מְשִׁיחָתָן אֶלָּא לִגְדֻלָּה, כִּי כֵן יִסַּד הַמֶּלֶךְ שֶׁזֶּה חִנּוּךְ גְּדֻלָּתָן, וּשְׁאָר מְשִׁיחוֹת – כְּמוֹ רְקִיקִין מְשׁוּחִין (שם), וְרֵאשִׁית שְׁמָנִים יִמְשָׁחוּ (עמוס ו') – לְשׁוֹן אֲרַמִּית בָּהֶן כִּלְשׁוֹן עִבְרִית:
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| 30And with it you shall anoint Aaron and his sons and sanctify them to serve Me [as kohanim]. |
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לוְאֶת־אַֽהֲרֹ֥ן וְאֶת־בָּנָ֖יו תִּמְשָׁ֑ח וְקִדַּשְׁתָּ֥ אֹתָ֖ם לְכַהֵ֥ן לִֽי: |
| 31And to the children of Israel you shall speak, saying: 'This shall be oil of holy anointment to Me for your generations. |
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לאוְאֶל־בְּנֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל תְּדַבֵּ֣ר לֵאמֹ֑ר שֶׁ֠מֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹ֨דֶשׁ יִֽהְיֶ֥ה זֶ֛ה לִ֖י לְדֹרֹֽתֵיכֶֽם: |
| for your generations From here our Rabbis deduced that it [the anointing oil made by Moses] will all remain in existence in the future. -[from Horioth 11b] |
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לְדֹרֹֽתֵיכֶֽם
מִכָּאן לָמְדוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ לוֹמַר שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ קַיָּם לֶעָתִיד לָבֹא:
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| This Heb. זֶה. In gematria, this equals twelve logs. [ ז, ה, totaling 12.] -[from Horioth 11b] |
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זֶה
בְּגִימַטְרִיָּא תְּרֵיסַר לֻגִּין הֲווּ (כריתות ה'):
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| 32It shall not be poured upon human flesh, and according to its formula you shall not make anything like it. It is holy; it shall be holy to you. |
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לבעַל־בְּשַׂ֤ר אָדָם֙ לֹ֣א יִיסָ֔ךְ וּבְמַ֨תְכֻּנְתּ֔וֹ לֹ֥א תַֽעֲשׂ֖וּ כָּמֹ֑הוּ קֹ֣דֶשׁ ה֔וּא קֹ֖דֶשׁ יִֽהְיֶ֥ה לָכֶֽם: |
| It shall not be poured Heb. לֹא יִיסָךְ. [This is spelled] with two “yud” s. It is an expression [in the form] of לֹא יִפְעַל, it shall not do, like, “and in order that it be good (יִיטַב) for you” (Deut. 5:16). |
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לֹא יִיסָךְ
בִּשְׁנֵי יוֹדִי"ן, לְשׁוֹן לֹא יִפְעַל, כְּמוֹ (דברים ה טו) לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ:
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| It shall not be poured upon human flesh from this very oil. |
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עַל־בְּשַׂר אָדָם לֹא יִיסָךְ
מִן הַשֶּׁמֶן הַזֶּה עַצְמוֹ:
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| and according to its formula you shall not make anything like it With the amount of its ingredients you shall not make another like it, but if one decreased or increased the ingredients according to the measure of a hin of oil, it is permitted. Also, the [oil] made according to the formula of this [oil]-the one who anoints himself [with it] is not liable, only the one who mixes it. -[from Ker. 5a] |
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וּבְמַתְכֻּנְתּוֹ לֹא תַֽעֲשׂוּ כָּמֹהוּ
בִּסְכוּם סַמָּנָיו לֹא תַּעֲשׂוּ אַחֵר כָּמוֹהוּ בְּמִשְׁקַל סַמָּנִין הַלָּלוּ לְפִי מִדַּת הִין שֶׁמֶן, אֲבָל אִם פָּחַת אוֹ רִבָּה סַמְמָנִין לְפִי מִדַּת הִין שֶׁמֶן מֻתָּר, וְאַף הֶעָשׂוּי בְּמַתְכֻּנְתּוֹ שֶׁל זֶה, אֵין הַסָּךְ מִמֶּנּוּ חַיָּב אֶלָּא הָרוֹקְחוֹ:
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| according to its formula Heb. וּבְמַתְכֻּנְתּוֹ, a word meaning a number, like “the number of (מַתְכֹּנֶת) bricks” (Exod. 5:8), and so, בְּמַתְכֻּנְתָּה, mentioned in reference to the incense (below, verse 37). |
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וּבְמַתְכֻּנְתּוֹ
לְשׁוֹן חֶשְׁבּוֹן, כְּמוֹ (שמות ה ח) מַתְכֹּנֶת הַלְּבֵנִים, וְכֵן בְּמַתְכֻּנְתָּהּ שֶׁל קְטֹרֶת:
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| 33Any person who compounds anything like it or puts any of it on an alien shall be cut off from his people.' " |
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לגאִ֚ישׁ אֲשֶׁ֣ר יִרְקַ֣ח כָּמֹ֔הוּ וַֽאֲשֶׁ֥ר יִתֵּ֛ן מִמֶּ֖נּוּ עַל־זָ֑ר וְנִכְרַ֖ת מֵֽעַמָּֽיו: |
| or puts any of it Of that [oil] of [i.e., made by] Moses. [However, anyone who anoints himself with oil that was made copying the original anointing oil is not liable.] -[from Ker. 5a] |
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וַֽאֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן מִמֶּנּוּ
מֵאוֹתוֹ שֶׁל מֹשֶׁה:
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| on an alien [I.e.,] which is not needed for the kehunah or the kingship. |
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עַל־זָר
שֶׁאֵינוֹ צֹרֶךְ כְּהֻנָּה וּמַלְכוּת:
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| 34And the Lord said to Moses: "Take for yourself aromatics, [namely] balsam sap, onycha and galbanum, aromatics and pure frankincense; they shall be of equal weight. |
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לדוַיֹּ֩אמֶר֩ יְהֹוָ֨ה אֶל־משֶׁ֜ה קַח־לְךָ֣ סַמִּ֗ים נָטָ֤ף | וּשְׁחֵ֨לֶת֙ וְחֶלְבְּנָ֔ה סַמִּ֖ים וּלְבֹנָ֣ה זַכָּ֑ה בַּ֥ד בְּבַ֖ד יִֽהְיֶֽה: |
| balsam sap Heb. נָטָף. This is balm (צֳרִי), but since it is only the sap that drips (נוֹטֵף) from the balsam trees, it is called נָטָף (Ker. 6a), and in French, gomme, gum resin. The balm itself, however, is called triaca [in Old Provencal], theriac. |
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נָטָף
הוּא צֳרִי, וְעַל שֶׁאֵינוֹ אֶלָּא שְׂרָף הַנּוֹטֵף מֵעֲצֵי הַקְּטָף קָרוּי נָטָף, וּבְלַעַז גומ"א, וְהַצֳּרִי קוֹרִין לוֹ טרי"אקה:
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| onycha Heb. וּשְׁחֵלֶת, a root of a spice, smooth and shiny as fingernails, and in the language of the Mishnah (Ker. 6a) it is called צִפֹּרֶן. This is what Onkelos renders as וְטוּפְרָא. [Both צִפֹּרֶן and טוּפְרָא mean “fingernail.”] |
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וּשְׁחֵלֶת
שֹׁרֶשׁ בֹּשֶׁם חָלָק וּמַצְהִיר כְּצִּפֹּרֶן, וּבִלְשׁוֹן הַמִּשְׁנָה קָרוּי צִפֹּרֶן, וְזֶהוּ שֶׁתִּרְגֵּם אֻנְקְלוֹס וְטוּפְרָא:
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| and galbanum A spice with a vile odor, called galbane [in Old French], galbanum. The Scripture counted it among the ingredients of the incense [in order] to teach us that we should not look askance at including Jewish transgressors with us when we assemble for fasting or prayer. [The Torah instructs us] that they should be counted with us. -[from Ker. 6b] |
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וְחֶלְבְּנָה
בֹּשֶׂם שֶׁרֵיחוֹ רַע, וְקוֹרִין לוֹ גַלְבְּנָא, וּמְנָאָהּ הַכָּתוּב בֵּין סַמָּנֵי הַקְּטֹרֶת לְלַמְּדֵנוּ שֶׁלֹּא יֵקַל בְּעֵינֵינוּ לְצָרֵף עִמָּנוּ בַּאֲגֻדַּת תַּעֲנִיּוֹתֵינוּ וּתְפִלּוֹתֵנוּ אֶת פּוֹשְׁעֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁיִּהְיוּ נִמְנִין עִמָּנוּ:
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| aromatics Heb. סַמִּים. Other [aromatics]. -[from Ker. 6b] |
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סַמִּים
אֲחֵרִים:
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| and pure frankincense From here our Rabbis learned that eleven ingredients were told to Moses [when he was] at Sinai: the minimum of aromatics-two [since סַמִּים is written in the plural form]; balsam sap, onycha, and galbanum-three, equaling five; aromatics [written a second time]-to include again the number of these, equaling ten; and frankincense, totaling eleven. They are as follows: (1) balsam sap, (2) onycha, (3) galbanum, (4) frankincense, (5) myrrh, (6) cassia, (7) spikenard נֵרְדְּ) (שִׁבֹּלֶת, and (8) saffron, totaling eight, because שִׁבֹּלֶת and נֵרְדְּ are one, for spikenard נֵרְדְּ is like an ear [of grain] שִׁבֹּלֶת. [To continue:] (9) costus, (10) aromatic bark, and (11) cinnamon, thus totaling eleven. Borith carshina [mentioned further in the Baraitha, is not counted because it] does not go up in smoke, but they rub the onycha with it to whiten it so that it should be beautiful. -[from Ker. 6a] |
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וּלְבֹנָה זַכָּה
מִכָּאן לָמְדוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ י"א סַמָּנִין נֶאֶמְרוּ לוֹ לְמֹשֶׁה בְּסִינַי – מִעוּט סַמִּים שְׁנַיִם, נָטָף וּשְׁחֵלֶת וְחֶלְבְּנָה ג', הֲרֵי חֲמִשָּׁה, סַמִּים לְרַבּוֹת עוֹד כְּמוֹ אֵלּוּ הֲרֵי עֲשָׂרָה, וּלְבוֹנָה הֲרֵי י"א; וְאֵלּוּ הֵן הַצֳּרִי וְהַצִּפֹּרֶן הַחֶלְבְּנָה וְהַלְּבוֹנָה מֹר וּקְצִיעָה שִׁבֹּלֶת נֵרְדְּ וְכַרְכֹּם הֲרֵי ח' – שֶׁהַשִּׁבֹּלֶת וְנֵרְדְּ אֶחָד, שֶׁהַנֵּרְדְּ דּוֹמֶה לְשִׁבֹּלֶת – הַקֹּשְׁטְ וְהַקִּלּוּפָה וְקִנָּמוֹן הֲרֵי י"א; בֹּרִית כַּרְשִׁינָה אֵינוֹ נִקְטָר אֶלָּא בּוֹ שָׁפִין אֶת הַצִּפֹּרֶן לְלַבְּנָהּ שֶׁתְּהֵא נָאָה (כריתות ו'):
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| they shall be of equal weight Heb. יִהְיֶה בַּד בְּבַד. These four [ingredients] mentioned here [explicitly] shall be equal, a weight for a weight. Like the weight of one, so shall be the weight of the other. So we learned (Ker. 6a): The balsam, the onycha, the galbanum, and the frankincense the weight of each was seventy manehs. The word בַּד appears to me to mean a unit; each one [i. e., the weight] shall be this one like that one. |
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בַּד בְּבַד יִֽהְיֶֽה
אֵלּוּ הָאַרְבָּעָה הַנִּזְכָּרִים כָּאן יִהְיוּ שָׁוִין מִשְׁקָל בְּמִשְׁקָל – כְּמִשְׁקָלוֹ שֶׁל זֶה כָּךְ מִשְׁקָלוֹ שֶׁל זֶה – וְכֵן שָׁנִינוּ: הַצֳּרִי וְהַצִּפֹּרֶן הַחֶלְבְּנָה וְהַלְּבוֹנָה מִשְׁקַל שִׁבְעִים שִׁבְעִים מָנֶה (שם); וּלְשׁוֹן בַּד נִרְאֶה בְעֵינַי שֶׁהוּא לְשׁוֹן יָחִיד, אֶחָד בְּאֶחָד יִהְיוּ – זֶה כְּמוֹת זֶה:
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| 35And you shall make it into incense, a compound according to the art of the perfumer, well blended, pure, holy. |
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להוְעָשִׂ֤יתָ אֹתָהּ֙ קְטֹ֔רֶת רֹ֖קַח מַֽעֲשֵׂ֣ה רוֹקֵ֑חַ מְמֻלָּ֖ח טָה֥וֹר קֹֽדֶשׁ: |
| well blended Heb. מְמֻלָח, as the Targum [Onkelos] renders: מְעָרֵב, mixed. He should mix their [the spices’] powder thoroughly, one with the other. Accordingly, I say that [the following] are similar to this: “And the sailors (הַמַּלָּחִים) were frightened” (Jonah 1:5); “your sailors (מַלָּחַיִךְ) and your mariners” (Ezek. 27:27). [Sailors are given this appellation] because they turn over the water with oars when they propel the ship, like a person who turns over beaten eggs with a spoon to blend them with water. And anything that a person wishes to blend thoroughly, he turns over with his finger or with a spoon. |
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מְמֻלָּח
כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ מְעֹרָב, שֶׁיְּעָרֵב שְׁחִיקָתָן יָפֶה יָפֶה זֶה עִם זֶה; וְאוֹמֵר אֲנִי שֶׁדּוֹמֶה לוֹ וַיִּירְאוּ הַמַּלָּחִים (יונה א'), מַלָּחַיִךְ וְחֹבְלָיִךְ (יחזקאל כ"ז) – עַל שֵׁם שֶׁמְּהַפְּכִין אֶת הַמַּיִם בִּמְשׁוֹטוֹת כְּשֶׁמַּנְהִיגִים אֶת הַסְּפִינָה, כְּאָדָם הַמְהַפֵּךְ בְּכַף בֵּיצִים טְרוּפוֹת לְעָרְבָן עִם הַמַּיִם, וְכָל דָּבָר שֶׁאָדָם רוֹצֶה לְעָרֵב יָפֶה יָפֶה מְהַפְּכוֹ בְּאֶצְבַּע אוֹ בְּבָזֵךְ:
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| well blended, pure, holy It shall be well blended; it shall be pure, and it shall be holy. |
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מְמֻלָּח טָהוֹר קֹֽדֶשׁ
מְמֻלָּח יִהְיֶה, וְטָהוֹר יִהְיֶה וְקֹדֶשׁ יִהְיֶה:
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| 36And you shall crush some of it very finely, and you shall set some of it before the testimony in the Tent of Meeting, where I will arrange meetings with you; it shall be to you a holy of holies. |
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לווְשָֽׁחַקְתָּ֣ מִמֶּ֘נָּה֘ הָדֵק֒ וְנָֽתַתָּ֨ה מִמֶּ֜נָּה לִפְנֵ֤י הָֽעֵדֻת֙ בְּאֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֔ד אֲשֶׁ֛ר אִוָּעֵ֥ד לְךָ֖ שָׁ֑מָּה קֹ֥דֶשׁ קָֽדָשִׁ֖ים תִּֽהְיֶ֥ה לָכֶֽם: |
| and you shall set some of it This is the daily incense, which is on the inner altar, which is in the Tent of Meeting. |
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וְנָֽתַתָּה מִמֶּנָּה וגו'
הִיא קְטֹרֶת שֶׁבְּכָל יוֹם וָיוֹם שֶׁעַל מִזְבֵּחַ הַפְּנִימִי שֶׁהוּא בְאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד:
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| where I will arrange meetings with you All appointments to speak that I will set up for you, I will set up for that place. |
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אֲשֶׁר אִוָּעֵד לְךָ שָׁמָּה
כָּל מוֹעֲדֵי דִּבּוּר שֶׁאֶקְבַּע לְךָ, אֲנִי קוֹבְעָם לְאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם:
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| 37And the incense that you make, you shall not make for yourselves according to its formula; it shall be holy to you for the Lord. |
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לזוְהַקְּטֹ֨רֶת֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר תַּֽעֲשֶׂ֔ה בְּמַ֨תְכֻּנְתָּ֔הּ לֹ֥א תַֽעֲשׂ֖וּ לָכֶ֑ם קֹ֛דֶשׁ תִּֽהְיֶ֥ה לְךָ֖ לַֽיהֹוָֽה: |
| according to its formula According to the number of its ingredients. |
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בְּמַתְכֻּנְתָּהּ
בְּמִנְיַן סַמְמָנֶיהָ:
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| it shall be holy to you for the Lord That you shall not make it except for My Name. |
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קֹדֶשׁ תִּֽהְיֶה לְךָ לה'
שֶׁלֹּא תַעֲשֶׂנָּה אֶלָּא לִשְׁמִי:
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| 38Any person who makes anything like it, to smell it[s fragrance], shall be cut off from his people. |
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לחאִ֛ישׁ אֲשֶׁר־יַֽעֲשֶׂ֥ה כָמ֖וֹהָ לְהָרִ֣יחַ בָּ֑הּ וְנִכְרַ֖ת מֵֽעַמָּֽיו: |
| to smell it[s fragrance] But you may make it according to its formula of your own [ingredients] in order to deliver it to the community. -[from Ker. 5a] |
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לְהָרִיחַ בָּהּ
אֲבָל עוֹשֶׂה אַתָּה בְּמַתְכֻּנְתָּהּ מִשֶּׁלְּךָ, כְּדֵי לְמָכְרָהּ לַצִּבּוּר (כריתות ה'):
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| 1The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: |
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אוַיְדַבֵּ֥ר יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶל־משֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר: |
| 2"See, I have called by name Bezalel the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, |
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ברְאֵ֖ה קָרָ֣אתִי בְשֵׁ֑ם בְּצַלְאֵ֛ל בֶּן־אוּרִ֥י בֶן־ח֖וּר לְמַטֵּ֥ה יְהוּדָֽה: |
| I have called by name to perform My work Bezalel. |
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קָרָאתִי בְשֵׁם –
לַעֲשׂוֹת מְלַאכְתִּי – אֶת בְּצַלְאֵל:
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| 3and I have imbued him with the spirit of God, with wisdom, with insight, with knowledge, and with [talent for] all manner of craftsmanship |
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גוָֽאֲמַלֵּ֥א אֹת֖וֹ ר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֑ים בְּחָכְמָ֛ה וּבִתְבוּנָ֥ה וּבְדַ֖עַת וּבְכָל־מְלָאכָֽה: |
| with wisdom [I.e.,] what a person hears from others and learns. -[from Sifrei Deut. 1:13] |
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חכמה
מַה שֶּׁאָדָם שׁוֹמֵעַ מֵאֲחֵרִים וְלָמֵד:
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| with insight With his intellect he understands other things based on what he learned. -[from Sifrei Deut. 1:13] |
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תבונה
מֵבִין דָּבָר מִלִּבּוֹ מִתּוֹךְ דְּבָרִים שֶׁלָּמַד:
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| with knowledge The holy spirit. |
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דעת
רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ:
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| 4to do master weaving, to work with gold, with silver, and with copper, |
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דלַחְשֹׁ֖ב מַֽחֲשָׁבֹ֑ת לַֽעֲשׂ֛וֹת בַּזָּהָ֥ב וּבַכֶּ֖סֶף וּבַנְּחֽשֶׁת: |
| to do master weaving Heb. לַחְשֹׁב מַחִשָׁבֹת, the weaving work of a master weaver. |
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לַחְשֹׁב מַֽחֲשָׁבֹת
אֲרִיגַת מַעֲשֵׂה חֹשֵׁב:
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| 5with the craft of stones for setting and with the craft of wood, to do every [manner of] work. |
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הוּבַֽחֲר֥שֶׁת אֶ֛בֶן לְמַלֹּ֖את וּבַֽחֲר֣שֶׁת עֵ֑ץ לַֽעֲשׂ֖וֹת בְּכָל־מְלָאכָֽה: |
| with the craft Heb. וּבַחִרשֶׁת, a term denoting a craft, like “a skilled craftsman (חָרָשׁ) ” (Isa. 40:20). Onkelos, however, explained [this term] but varied [the wording] in their explanation [i.e., in the explanation of the two mentions of חִרשֶׁ. וּבַחִרשֶׁת אֶבֶן he rendered וּבְאוּמָנוּת אִבַן טָבָא, and בַחִרשֶׁת עֵץ he rendered וּבְנַגָּרוּת אָעָא, because a craftsman of stones is called אוּמָן, craftsman, whereas a craftsman of wood is called נַגַָָּר, carpenter. |
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וּבַֽחֲרשֶׁת
לְשׁוֹן אָמָּנוּת, כְּמוֹ חָרָשׁ חָכָם (ישעיהו מ'), וְאֻנְקְלוֹס פֵּרֵשׁ, וְשִׁנָּה בְּפֵרוּשָׁן, שֶׁחָרַשׁ אֲבָנִים קָרוּי אָמָּן וְחָרַשׁ עֵץ קָרוּי נַגָּר:
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| for setting Heb. לְמַלֹאת, lit., to fill. To set it [each stone] into its setting in its fullness, [i.e.,] to make the setting equal to the measurement of the bottom of the stone and its thickness. [See commentary on Exod. 25:7.] |
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לְמַלֹּאת
לְהוֹשִׁיבָהּ בְּמִשְׁבֶּצֶת שֶׁלָּהּ בְּמִלּוּאָהּ – לַעֲשׂוֹת הַמִּשְׁבֶּצֶת לְמִדַּת מוֹשַׁב הָאֶבֶן וְעָבְיָהּ:
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| 6And, behold, with him I have placed Oholiab the son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, and all the wise hearted into whose hearts I have instilled wisdom, and they shall make everything I have commanded you: |
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ווַֽאֲנִ֞י הִנֵּ֧ה נָתַ֣תִּי אִתּ֗וֹ אֵ֣ת אָֽהֳלִיאָ֞ב בֶּן־אֲחִֽיסָמָךְ֙ לְמַטֵּה־דָ֔ן וּבְלֵ֥ב כָּל־חֲכַם־לֵ֖ב נָתַ֣תִּי חָכְמָ֑ה וְעָשׂ֕וּ אֵ֖ת כָּל־אֲשֶׁ֥ר צִוִּיתִֽךָ: |
| and all the wise-hearted into whose hearts I have instilled wisdom And additionally, other wise-hearted people among you [shall assist], as well as everyone into whom I have instilled wisdom, and [all of them] shall make everything I have commanded you. |
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וּבְלֵב כָּל־חֲכַם־לֵב וגו'
וְעוֹד שְׁאָר חַכְמֵי לֵב יֵשׁ בָּכֶם, וְכָל אֲשֶׁר נָתַתִּי בוֹ חָכְמָה וְעָשׂוּ אֵת כָּל אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִיךָ:
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| 7The Tent of Meeting and the ark for the testimony, as well as the cover that [shall be] upon it, all the implements of the tent, |
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זאֵ֣ת | אֹ֣הֶל מוֹעֵ֗ד וְאֶת־הָֽאָרֹן֙ לָֽעֵדֻ֔ת וְאֶת־הַכַּפֹּ֖רֶת אֲשֶׁ֣ר עָלָ֑יו וְאֵ֖ת כָּל־כְּלֵ֥י הָאֹֽהֶל: |
| and the ark for the testimony For the purpose of the tablets of the testimony. |
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וְאֶת־הָֽאָרֹן לָֽעֵדֻת
לְצֹרֶךְ לֻחוֹת הָעֵדוּת:
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| 8the table and its implements, the pure menorah and all its implements, the altar of incense, |
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חוְאֶת־הַשֻּׁלְחָן֙ וְאֶת־כֵּלָ֔יו וְאֶת־הַמְּנֹרָ֥ה הַטְּהֹרָ֖ה וְאֶת־כָּל־כֵּלֶ֑יהָ וְאֵ֖ת מִזְבַּ֥ח הַקְּטֹֽרֶת: |
| the pure Heb. הַטְּהֹרָה. [The menorah is described by this adjective] because [it was made] of pure gold. [based on Exod. 25:31] |
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הַטְּהֹרָה
עַל שֵׁם זָהָב טָהוֹר:
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| 9the altar for the burnt offering and all its implements, the washstand and its base, |
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טוְאֶת־מִזְבַּ֥ח הָֽעֹלָ֖ה וְאֶת־כָּל־כֵּלָ֑יו וְאֶת־הַכִּיּ֖וֹר וְאֶת־כַּנּֽוֹ: |
| 10the meshwork garments, the holy garments for Aaron the kohen, the garments of his sons [in which] to serve [as kohanim], |
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יוְאֵ֖ת בִּגְדֵ֣י הַשְּׂרָ֑ד וְאֶת־בִּגְדֵ֤י הַקֹּ֨דֶשׁ֙ לְאַֽהֲרֹ֣ן הַכֹּהֵ֔ן וְאֶת־בִּגְדֵ֥י בָנָ֖יו לְכַהֵֽן: |
| the meshwork garments Heb. בִּגְדֵי הַשְְׂרָד In my opinion, according to the simple meaning of the verse, it is impossible to say that the garments of the kehunah are referred to [here], because it says next to them [at the end of the verse], “the holy garments for Aaron the kohen, the garments of his sons [in which] to serve [as kohanim].” But these בִּגְדֵי הַשְׂרָד [referred to here] are the garments of blue, purple, and crimson wool mentioned in the section dealing with the travels (Num. 4:6-13): “and they shall place upon it a garment of blue wool,” “and they shall place upon it a garment of purple wool,” “and they shall place upon them a garment of crimson wool.” My assertion [that בִּגְדֵי הַשְׂרָד refers to the coverings of the vessels] appears correct, since it says: “And from the blue wool, the purple wool, and the crimson they made בִּגְדֵי הַשְׂרָד ” (Exod. 39:1), but linen was not mentioned with them. Now, if it [the text] is speaking of the garments of the kehunah, we do not find in any of them [reference to] purple or crimson wool without [the addition of] linen. |
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וְאֵת בִּגְדֵי הַשְּׂרָד
אוֹמֵר אֲנִי – לְפִי פְּשׁוּטוֹ שֶׁל מִקְרָא – שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹמַר שֶׁבְּבִגְדֵי כְהֻנָּה מְדַבֵּר, לְפִי שֶׁנֶּ' אֶצְלָם וְאֶת בִּגְדֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ לְאַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן וְאֶת בִּגְדֵי בָנָיו לְכַהֵן, אֶלָּא אֵלּוּ בִּגְדֵי הַשְּׂרָד הֵם בִּגְדֵי הַתְּכֵלֶת וְהָאַרְגָּמָן וְתוֹלַעַת שָׁנִי הָאֲמוּרִין בְּפָרָשַׁת מַסָּעוֹת, וְנָתְנוּ אֶל בֶּגֶד תְּכֵלֶת וּפָרְשׂוּ עָלָיו בֶּגֶד אַרְגָּמָן וּפָרְשׂוּ עֲלֵיהֶם בֶּגֶד תּוֹלַעַת שָׁנִי (במדבר ד'); וְנִרְאִין דְּבָרַי, שֶׁנֶּ' וּמִן הַתְּכֵלֶת וְהָאַרְגָּמָן וְתוֹלַעַת הַשָּׁנִי עָשׂוּ בִגְדֵי שְׂרָד לְשָׁרֵת בַּקֹּדֶשׁ (שמות ל"ט), וְלֹא הֻזְכַּר שֵׁשׁ עִמָּהֶם, וְאִם בְּבִגְדֵי כְהֻנָּה מְדַבֵּר, לֹא מָצִינוּ בְאֶחָד מֵהֶם אַרְגָּמָן אוֹ תוֹלַעַת שָׁנִי בְּלֹא שֵׁשׁ:
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| the meshwork garments בִּגְדֵי הַשְׂרָד Some [commentators] explain בִּגְדֵי הַשְׂרָד as an expression of work and service, like its [Aramaic] translation, לְבוּשֵׁי שִׁמוּשָׁא, and it has no similarity in the Scriptures. But I believe that it is Aramaic, like the [Aramaic] translation of קְלָעִים [hangings, translated סְרָדִין] (Exod. 27:9) and the [Aramaic] translation of מִכְבָּר [grating, translated סְרָדָא] (Exod. 27:4), for they were woven with a needle [and] made of many holes, lazediz in Old French, mesh-work, crochet-work, [or] lace. |
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בִּגְדֵי הַשְּׂרָד
יֵשׁ מְפָרְשִׁים לְשׁוֹן עֲבוֹדָה וְשֵׁרוּת, כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ לְבוּשֵׁי שִׁמּוּשָׁא, וְאֵין לוֹ דִּמְיוֹן בַּמִּקְרָא; וַאֲנִי אוֹמֵר שֶׁהוּא לְשׁוֹן אֲרַמִּי, כְּתַרְגּוּם שֶׁל קְלָעִים וְתַרְגּוּם שֶׁל מִכְבָּר, שֶׁהָיוּ אֲרוּגִים בְּמַחַט עֲשׂוּיִים נְקָבִים נְקָבִים לצי"דץ בְּלַעַז:
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| 11the anointing oil and the incense for the Holy; in complete accordance with everything I have commanded you they shall do." |
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יאוְאֵ֨ת שֶׁ֧מֶן הַמִּשְׁחָ֛ה וְאֶת־קְטֹ֥רֶת הַסַּמִּ֖ים לַקֹּ֑דֶשׁ כְּכֹ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־צִוִּיתִ֖ךָ יַֽעֲשֽׂוּ: |
| and the incense for the Holy For the purpose of bringing [incense] up in smoke in the Heichal, which is holy. |
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וְאֵת קְטֹרֶת הַסַּמִּים לַקֹּדֶשׁ
לְצֹרֶךְ הַקְטָרַת הַהֵיכָל שֶׁהוּא קֹדֶשׁ:
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| 12The Lord spoke to Moses, saying: |
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יבוַיֹּ֥אמֶר יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶל־משֶׁ֥ה לֵּאמֹֽר: |
| 13"And you, speak to the children of Israel and say: 'Only keep My Sabbaths! For it is a sign between Me and you for your generations, to know that I, the Lord, make you holy. |
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יגוְאַתָּ֞ה דַּבֵּ֨ר אֶל־בְּנֵ֤י יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר אַ֥ךְ אֶת־שַׁבְּתֹתַ֖י תִּשְׁמֹ֑רוּ כִּי֩ א֨וֹת הִ֜וא בֵּינִ֤י וּבֵֽינֵיכֶם֙ לְדֹרֹ֣תֵיכֶ֔ם לָדַ֕עַת כִּ֛י אֲנִ֥י יְהֹוָ֖ה מְקַדִּשְׁכֶֽם: |
| And you, speak to the children of Israel But [as for] you, although I have mandated you to command them [the Israelites] concerning the work of the Mishkan, do not let it seem to you that you may easily set aside the Sabbath because of that work. |
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וְאַתָּה דַּבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל
וְאַתָּה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִפְקַדְתִּיךָ לְצַוּוֹתָם עַל מְלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן, אַל יֵקַל בְּעֵינֶיךָ לִדְחוֹת אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת מִפְּנֵי אוֹתָהּ מְלָאכָה:
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| Only keep My Sabbaths! Although you will be rushed to perform the work [of the Mishkan] quickly, the Sabbath shall not be set aside because of it. All instances of אַךְ and רַק [imply limitations, i.e.,] are exclusive, to exclude the Sabbath from the work of the Mishkan. |
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אַךְ אֶת־שַׁבְּתֹתַי תִּשְׁמֹרוּ
אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁתִּהְיוּ רְדוּפִין וּזְרִיזִין בִּזְרִיזוּת הַמְּלָאכָה, שַׁבָּת אַל תִּדָּחֶה מִפָּנֶיהָ, כָּל אַכִין וְרַקִּין מִעוּטִין – לְמַעֵט שַׁבָּת מִמְּלֶאכֶת הַמִּשְׁכָּן:
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| For it is a sign between Me and you It is a sign of distinction between us that I have chosen you, by granting you as an inheritance My day of rest for [your] rest. |
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כִּי אוֹת הִוא בֵּינִי וּבֵֽינֵיכֶם
אוֹת גְּדֻלָּה הִיא בֵינֵינוּ, שֶׁבָּחַרְתִּי בָכֶם בְּהַנְחִילִי לָכֶם אֶת יוֹם מְנוּחָתִי לִמְנוּחָה:
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| to know [So that] the nations [should know] that I, the Lord, sanctify you. |
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לָדַעַת
הָאֻמּוֹת בָּהּ כי אני ה' מקדשכם:
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| 14Therefore, keep the Sabbath, for it is a sacred thing for you. Those who desecrate it shall be put to death, for whoever performs work on it, that soul will be cut off from the midst of its people. |
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ידוּשְׁמַרְתֶּם֙ אֶת־הַשַּׁבָּ֔ת כִּ֛י קֹ֥דֶשׁ הִ֖וא לָכֶ֑ם מְחַֽלֲלֶ֨יהָ֙ מ֣וֹת יוּמָ֔ת כִּ֗י כָּל־הָֽעֹשֶׂ֥ה בָהּ֙ מְלָאכָ֔ה וְנִכְרְתָ֛ה הַנֶּ֥פֶשׁ הַהִ֖וא מִקֶּ֥רֶב עַמֶּֽיהָ: |
| shall be put to death If there are witnesses and a warning. |
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מוֹת יוּמָת
אִם יֵשׁ עֵדִים וְהַתְרָאָה:
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| will be cut off without warning. -[from Mechilta] |
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וְנִכְרְתָה
בְּלֹא הַתְרָאָה (מכילתא):
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| Those who desecrate it Heb. מְחַלְלֶיהָ, [those] who treat its sanctity as profane. |
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מְחַֽלֲלֶיהָ
הַנּוֹהֵג בָּהּ חֹל בִּקְדֻשָּׁתָהּ:
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| 15Six days work may be done, but on the seventh day is a Sabbath of complete rest, holy to the Lord; whoever performs work on the Sabbath day shall be put to death.' |
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טושֵׁ֣שֶׁת יָמִים֘ יֵֽעָשֶׂ֣ה מְלָאכָה֒ וּבַיּ֣וֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִ֗י שַׁבַּ֧ת שַׁבָּת֛וֹן קֹ֖דֶשׁ לַֽיהֹוָ֑ה כָּל־הָֽעֹשֶׂ֧ה מְלָאכָ֛ה בְּי֥וֹם הַשַּׁבָּ֖ת מ֥וֹת יוּמָֽת: |
| a Sabbath of complete rest Heb. שַׁבָּתשַׁבָּתוֹן, a reposeful rest, not a casual rest. |
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שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן
מְנוּחַת מַרְגּוֹעַ וְלֹא מְנוּחַת עֲרָאִי:
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| (a Sabbath of complete rest For this reason, Scripture repeated it [the word, שַׁבָּת], to inform [us] that on it all work is prohibited, even what is needed for food. Similarly regarding Yom Kippur, in whose context it says: “It is a Sabbath of complete rest for you” (Lev. 23:32), all work is prohibited. However, concerning festivals it says only: “on the first day is a rest, and on the eighth day is a rest” (Lev. 23:39), [meaning that] on them [i.e., on holidays] only servile work is prohibited, but work needed for food [preparation] is permitted.) |
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שבת שבתון
לכך כפלו הכתוב לומר שאסור בכל מלאכה, אפילו אוכל נפש, וכן יום הכפורים שנאמר בו (ויקרא כג לב) שבת שבתון הוא לכם, אסור בכל מלאכה, אבל יום טוב לא נאמר בו כי אם ביום הראשון שבתון וביום השמיני שבתון (שם) אסורים בכל מלאכת עבודה, ומותרים במלאכת אוכל נפש:
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| holy to the Lord The observance of its sanctity shall be for My name and by My commandment. |
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קֹדֶשׁ לה'
שְׁמִירַת קְדֻשָּׁתָהּ לִשְׁמִי וּבְמִצְוָתִי:
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| 16Thus shall the children of Israel observe the Sabbath, to make the Sabbath throughout their generations as an everlasting covenant. |
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טזוְשָֽׁמְר֥וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל אֶת־הַשַּׁבָּ֑ת לַֽעֲשׂ֧וֹת אֶת־הַשַּׁבָּ֛ת לְדֹֽרֹתָ֖ם בְּרִ֥ית עוֹלָֽם: |
| 17Between Me and the children of Israel, it is forever a sign that [in] six days The Lord created the heaven and the earth, and on the seventh day He ceased and rested." |
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יזבֵּינִ֗י וּבֵין֙ בְּנֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל א֥וֹת הִ֖וא לְעֹלָ֑ם כִּי־שֵׁ֣שֶׁת יָמִ֗ים עָשָׂ֤ה יְהֹוָה֙ אֶת־הַשָּׁמַ֣יִם וְאֶת־הָאָ֔רֶץ וּבַיּוֹם֙ הַשְּׁבִיעִ֔י שָׁבַ֖ת וַיִּנָּפַֽשׁ: |
| and rested Heb. וַיִּנָפַשׁ. As the Targum [Onkelos] renders: וְנָח, and rested. Now every expression of נוֹפֶשׁ, rest, is an expression of נֶפֶשׁ, soul, for one regains one’s soul and one’s breath when one rests from the toil of work. He about Whom it is written: “He neither tires nor wearies” (Isa. 40:28), and Whose every act is performed by speech [alone, without physical effort], dictated rest in reference to Himself [only] in order to make it understood to the [human] ear with words that it can understand. |
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וַיִּנָּפַֽשׁ
כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ וְנָח, וְכָל לְשׁוֹן נֹפֶשׁ הוּא לְשׁוֹן נֶפֶשׁ, שֶׁמֵּשִׁיב נַפְשׁוֹ וּנְשִׁימָתוֹ בְּהַרְגִּיעוֹ מִטֹּרַח הַמְּלָאכָה; וּמִי שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ לֹא יִיעַף וְלֹא יִיגָע (ישעיה מ'), וְכָל פָּעֳלוֹ בְמַאֲמָר, הִכְתִּיב מְנוּחָה בְּעַצְמוֹ? לְשַׂבֵּר הָאֹזֶן מַה שֶּׁהִיא יְכוֹלָה לִשְׁמֹעַ:
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