1Moses ascended from the plains of Moab to the peak of Mount Nebo, facing Jericho. God showed him all the Land of Israel, the Gilead to Dan, |
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אוַיַּ֨עַל משֶׁ֜ה מֵֽעַרְבֹ֤ת מוֹאָב֙ אֶל־הַ֣ר נְב֔וֹ רֹ֚אשׁ הַפִּסְגָּ֔ה אֲשֶׁ֖ר עַל־פְּנֵ֣י יְרֵח֑וֹ וַיַּרְאֵ֨הוּ יְהֹוָ֧ה אֶת־כָּל־הָאָ֛רֶץ אֶת־הַגִּלְעָ֖ד עַד־דָּֽן: |
מֵֽעַרְבֹת מוֹאָב אֶל־הַר נְבוֹ - From the plains of Moab to Mount Nebo. There were several steps, but Moses scaled them all in a single step. |
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מֵֽעַרְבֹת מוֹאָב אֶל־הַר נְבוֹ.
כַּמָּה מַעֲלוֹת הָיוּ וּפְסָעָן מֹשֶׁה בִּפְסִיעָה אַחַת (סוטה י"ג):
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אֶת־כָּל־הָאָרֶץ - All the land. He showed him all of the Land of Israel in its tranquil periods as well as the oppressors that would subjugate it. |
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אֶת־כָּל־הָאָרֶץ.
הֶרְאָהוּ אֶת כָּל אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּשַׁלְוָתָהּ, וְהַמְּצִּיקִין הָעֲתִידִים לִהְיוֹת מְצִיקִין לָהּ:
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עַד־דָּֽן - As far as Dan. He showed him the tribe of Dan practicing idolatry, as it says: “the tribe of Dan set up for themselves the sculpted image,” and He showed him Samson, who would descend from that tribe and become a savior for Israel from the Philistines. |
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עַד־דָּֽן.
הֶרְאָהוּ בְנֵי דָן עוֹבְדִים עֲבוֹדַה זָרָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שופטים י"ח) "וַיָּקִימוּ לָהֶם בְּנֵי דָן אֶת הַפֶּסֶל", וְהֶרְאָהוּ שִׁמְשׁוֹן שֶׁעָתִיד לָצֵאת מִמֶּנּוּ לְמוֹשִׁיעַ:
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2all of Naphtali, the land of Ephraim and Manasseh, all the land of Judah until the western sea, |
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בוְאֵת֙ כָּל־נַפְתָּלִ֔י וְאֶת־אֶ֥רֶץ אֶפְרַ֖יִם וּמְנַשֶּׁ֑ה וְאֵת֙ כָּל־אֶ֣רֶץ יְהוּדָ֔ה עַ֖ד הַיָּ֥ם הָאַֽחֲרֽוֹן: |
וְאֵת כָּל־נַפְתָּלִי - All of Naphtali. He showed him its land in its tranquility and its ruin, and He showed him Deborah and Barak from Kedesh-Naphtali battling Sisera and his armies. |
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וְאֵת כָּל־נַפְתָּלִי.
הֶרְאָהוּ אַרְצוֹ בְּשַׁלְוָתָהּ וְחֻרְבָּנָהּ, וְהֶרְאָהוּ דְּבוֹרָה וּבָרָק מִקֶּדֶשׁ נַפְתָּלִי נִלְחָמִים עִם סִיסְרָא וַחֲיָלוֹתָיו:
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וְאֵת אֶרֶץ אֶפְרַיִם וּמְנַשֶּׁה - The land of Ephraim and Manasseh. He showed him their lands in their tranquility and in their ruin, and He showed him Joshua, descended from Ephraim, battling the Canaanite kings; and Gideon, descended from Manasseh, battling Midian and Amalek. |
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וְאֵת אֶרֶץ אֶפְרַיִם וּמְנַשֶּׁה.
הֶרְאָהוּ אַרְצָם בְּשַׁלְוָתָהּ וּבְחֻרְבָּנָהּ, וְהֶרְאָהוּ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ נִלְחָם עִם מַלְכֵי כְנַעַן שֶׁבָּא מֵאֶפְרַיִם, וְגִדְעוֹן שֶׁבָּא מִמְּנַשֶּׁה נִלְחָם עִם מִדְיָן וַעֲמָלֵק:
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וְאֵת כָּל־אֶרֶץ יְהוּדָה - All the land of Judah - in its tranquility and in its ruin, and He showed him the royal dynasty of David and their victories. |
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וְאֵת כָּל־אֶרֶץ יְהוּדָה.
בְּשַׁלְוָתָהּ וּבְחֻרְבָּנָהּ, וְהֶרְאָהוּ מַלְכוּת בֵּית דָּוִד וְנִצְחוֹנָם:
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עַד הַיָּם הָאַֽחֲרֽוֹן - Until the western sea - i.e., the western territory in its tranquility and in its ruin. Another explanation: Do not read it as הַיָּם הָאַחֲרוֹן, but rather הַיּוֹם הָאַחֲרוֹן “the last day,” i.e., the Holy One, blessed be He, showed him all the events that would befall Israel in the future until the Resurrection of the Dead. |
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עַד הַיָּם הָאַֽחֲרֽוֹן.
אֶרֶץ הַמַּעֲרָב בְּשַׁלְוָתָהּ וּבְחֻרְבָּנָהּ; דָּבָר אַחֵר — אַל תִּקְרֵי הַיָּם הָאַחֲרוֹן אֶלָּא הַיּוֹם הָאַחֲרוֹן, הֶרְאָהוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא כָּל הַמְּאֹרָעוֹת שֶׁעֲתִידִין לֵאָרַע לְיִשְׂרָאֵל עַד שֶׁיִּחְיוּ הַמֵּתִים (ספרי):
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3the south, the plain of the valley of Jericho, the city of palm trees, until Tzo’ar. |
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גוְאֶת־הַנֶּ֗גֶב וְאֶת־הַכִּכָּ֞ר בִּקְעַ֧ת יְרֵח֛וֹ עִ֥יר הַתְּמָרִ֖ים עַד־צֹֽעַר: |
וְאֶת־הַנֶּגֶב - means: the southern territory. Another explanation: It refers to the Cave of Machpelah in Hebron, as it says: “they went up through the south, and he came to Hebron.” |
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וְאֶת־הַנֶּגֶב.
אֶרֶץ הַדָּרוֹם. דָּבָר אַחֵר — מְעָרַת הַמַּכְפֵּלָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "וַיַּעֲלוּ בַנֶּגֶב וַיָּבֹא עַד חֶבְרוֹן" (במדבר י"ג):
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וְאֶת־הַכִּכָּר - The plain. He showed him King Solomon fashioning the utensils for the Temple, as it says: “The king cast them in the thick clay in the plain (כִּכָּר) of the Jordan River.” |
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וְאֶת־הַכִּכָּר.
הֶרְאָהוּ שְׁלֹמֹה יוֹצֵק כְּלֵי בֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלכים א ז') "בְּכִכַּר הַיַּרְדֵּן יְצָקָם הַמֶּלֶךְ בְּמַעֲבֵה הָאֲדָמָה" (ספרי):
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4God said to him, “This is the land that I swore to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, saying, ‘I will give it to your descendants.’ I have let you see it with your eyes, but you must not cross over there.” |
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דוַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהֹוָ֜ה אֵלָ֗יו זֹ֤את הָאָ֨רֶץ֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר נִ֠שְׁבַּ֠עְתִּי לְאַבְרָהָ֨ם לְיִצְחָ֤ק וּלְיַֽעֲקֹב֙ לֵאמֹ֔ר לְזַרְעֲךָ֣ אֶתְּנֶ֑נָּה הֶרְאִיתִ֣יךָ בְעֵינֶ֔יךָ וְשָׁ֖מָּה לֹ֥א תַֽעֲבֹֽר: |
לֵאמֹר לְזַרְעֲךָ אֶתְּנֶנָּה הֶרְאִיתִיךָ - Saying, ‘I will give it to your descendants.’ I have let you see it. so that you go and tell Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob: ‘The Holy One, blessed be He, has fulfilled the oath that He made to you,’” and that is the meaning of לֵאמֹר (lit.) “to say,” i.e., for this reason I have let you see it. However, I have already decreed that “you must not cross over there,” for were it not for this, I would have kept you alive until you see them firmly planted and established there so that you could go and report this to them as well. |
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לֵאמֹר לְזַרְעֲךָ אֶתְּנֶנָּה הֶרְאִיתִיךָ.
כְּדֵי שֶׁתֵּלֵךְ וְתֹאמַר לְאַבְרָהָם לְיִצְחָק וּלְיַעֲקֹב, שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּע לָכֶם הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא קִיְּמָהּ. וְזֶהוּ לאמר, לְכָךְ הֶרְאִיתִיהָ לְךָ, אֲבָל גְּזֵרָה הִיא מִלְּפָנַי שֶׁשָּׁמָּה לא תעבר, שֶׁאִלּוּלֵי כָךְ הָיִיתִי מְקַיֶּמְךָ עַד שֶׁתִּרְאֶה אוֹתָם נְטוּעִים וּקְבוּעִים בָהּ וְתֵלֵךְ וְתַגִּיד לָהֶם:
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5Moses, the servant of God, died there, in Moab, by the mouth of God. |
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הוַיָּ֨מָת שָׁ֜ם משֶׁ֧ה עֶֽבֶד־יְהֹוָ֛ה בְּאֶ֥רֶץ מוֹאָ֖ב עַל־פִּ֥י יְהֹוָֽה: |
וַיָּמָת שָׁם משֶׁה - Moses died there. Is it possible that Moses died and then recorded, “Moses died there”?! Rather, Moses wrote the Torah up to this point, and from here on Joshua wrote. Rabbi Meir says: Is it possible that the Torah scroll was missing anything when Moses said: “Take this Torah scroll”?! Rather, the Holy One, blessed be He, dictated these final verses and Moses wrote them with tears. |
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וַיָּמָת שָׁם משֶׁה.
אֶפְשָׁר מֹשֶׁה מֵת וְכָתַב וימת שם משה? אֶלָּא עַד כָּאן כָּתַב מֹשֶׁה, מִכָּאן וָאֵילָךְ כָּתַב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר אֶפְשָׁר סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה חָסֵר כְּלוּם וְהוּא אוֹמֵר (לא, כו) "לָקֹחַ אֵת סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה הַזֶּה"? אֶלָּא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אוֹמֵר וּמֹשֶׁה כוֹתֵב בְּדֶמַע (ספרי; ב"ב ט"ו, מנחות ל'):
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עַל־פִּי ה' - By the mouth of God - i.e., by a Divine kiss. |
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עַל־פִּי ה'.
בִּנְשִׁיקָה:
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6God buried him in the valley, in Moab, opposite Beit Pe’or. No person knows the place of his burial site to this day. |
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ווַיִּקְבֹּ֨ר אֹת֤וֹ בַגַּי֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מוֹאָ֔ב מ֖וּל בֵּ֣ית פְּע֑וֹר וְלֹֽא־יָדַ֥ע אִישׁ֙ אֶת־קְבֻ֣רָת֔וֹ עַ֖ד הַיּ֥וֹם הַזֶּֽה: |
וַיִּקְבֹּר אֹתוֹ - He buried him - i.e., the Holy One, blessed be He, in His glory buried him. Rabbi Yishmael said: He buried himself. This is one of three instances of אֶת that Rabbi Yishmael expounded in this way. Similarly, בְּיוֹם מְלֹאת יְמֵי נִזְרוֹ יָבִיא אֹתוֹ “On the day his period of Naziritehood is completed, he must bring (lit.) him” means: “he must bring himself,” and the same applies to: וְהִשִּׂיאוּ אוֹתָם עֲוֹן אַשְׁמָה “The priests will cause (lit.) them to bear iniquity and guilt.” Is it others that make them bear it? Rather, it means that they cause themselves to bear it. |
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וַיִּקְבֹּר אֹתוֹ.
הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בִּכְבוֹדוֹ. רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר הוּא קָבַר אֶת עַצְמוֹ, וְזֶהוּ אֶחָד מִשְּׁלוֹשָׁה אֶתִין שֶׁהָיָה רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל דּוֹרֵשׁ כֵּן. כַּיּוֹצֵא בוֹ "בְּיוֹם מְלֹאת יְמֵי נִזְרוֹ יָבִיא אֹתוֹ" (במדבר ו') — הוּא מֵבִיא אֶת עַצְמוֹ. כַּיּוֹצֵא בוֹ "וְהִשִּׂיאוּ אוֹתָם עֲוֹן אַשְׁמָה" (ויקרא כ"ב) וְכִי אֲחֵרִים מַשִּׂיאִין אוֹתָם? אֶלָּא הֵם מַשִּׂיאִים אֶת עַצְמָם:
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מוּל בֵּית פְּעוֹר - Opposite Beit Pe’or. His gravesite was preordained there since the six days of Creation, in order to atone for the incident of Pe’or. This was one of the items created at twilight on the first Sabbath eve. |
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מוּל בֵּית פְּעוֹר.
קִבְרוֹ הָיָה מוּכָן שָׁם מִשֵּׁשֶׁת יְמֵי בְרֵאשִׁית לְכַפֵּר עַל מַעֲשֵׂה פְעוֹר, וְזֶה אֶחָד מִן הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁנִּבְרְאוּ בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת (אבות פ"ד; פסחים נ"ד):
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7Moses was 120 years old when he died. His facial color did not pale after he died, nor did his body lose its natural freshness. |
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זוּמשֶׁ֗ה בֶּן־מֵאָ֧ה וְעֶשְׂרִ֛ים שָׁנָ֖ה בְּמֹת֑וֹ לֹא־כָֽהֲתָ֥ה עֵינ֖וֹ וְלֹא־נָ֥ס לֵחֹֽה: |
לֹא־כָֽהֲתָה עֵינוֹ - His color did not pale - even after he died. |
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לֹא־כָֽהֲתָה עֵינוֹ.
אַף מִשֶּׁמֵּת:
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לֹא־נָס לֵחֹֽה - Nor did his body lose its freshness - i.e., its moisture: his body did not decompose, nor did his facial appearance become disfigured. |
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לֹא־נָס לֵחֹֽה.
לַחְלוּחִית שֶׁבּוֹ, לֹא שָׁלַט בּוֹ רִקָּבוֹן וְלֹא נֶהְפַּךְ תֹּאַר פָּנָיו:
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8The Israelites wept for Moses in the plains of Moab for 30 days. The days of weeping over the mourning for Moses came to an end, |
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חוַיִּבְכּוּ֩ בְנֵ֨י יִשְׂרָאֵ֧ל אֶת־משֶׁ֛ה בְּעַרְבֹ֥ת מוֹאָ֖ב שְׁלשִׁ֣ים י֑וֹם וַיִּתְּמ֔וּ יְמֵ֥י בְכִ֖י אֵ֥בֶל משֶֽׁה: |
בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל - (lit.) The sons of Israel - i.e., the males. But regarding Aaron, because he would pursue peace, instilling peace between man and his fellow and between wife and husband, it says: כֹּל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל “the entire house of Israel”both males and females. |
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בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל.
הַזְּכָרִים, אֲבָל בְּאַהֲרֹן מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁהָיָה רוֹדֵף שָׁלוֹם וְנוֹתֵן שָׁלוֹם בֵּין אִישׁ לְרֵעֵהוּ וּבֵין אִשָּׁה לְבַעְלָהּ נֶאֱמַר (במדבר כ, כט) "כֹּל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל" — זְכָרִים וּנְקֵבוֹת (פרדר"א פי"ז):
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9and Joshua son of Nun was filled with the spirit of wisdom, because Moses had laid his hands upon him. The Israelites obeyed him, and they did as God had commanded Moses. |
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טוִֽיהוֹשֻׁ֣עַ בִּן־נ֗וּן מָלֵא֙ ר֣וּחַ חָכְמָ֔ה כִּֽי־סָמַ֥ךְ משֶׁ֛ה אֶת־יָדָ֖יו עָלָ֑יו וַיִּשְׁמְע֨וּ אֵלָ֤יו בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ וַיַּֽעֲשׂ֔וּ כַּֽאֲשֶׁ֛ר צִוָּ֥ה יְהֹוָ֖ה אֶת־משֶֽׁה: |
10There never arose another prophet in Israel like Moses, whom God knew face to face, |
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יוְלֹא־קָ֨ם נָבִ֥יא ע֛וֹד בְּיִשְׂרָאֵ֖ל כְּמשֶׁ֑ה אֲשֶׁר֙ יְדָע֣וֹ יְהֹוָ֔ה פָּנִ֖ים אֶל־פָּנִֽים: |
אֲשֶׁר יְדָעוֹ ה' פָּנִים אֶל־פָּנִים - Whom God knew face to face - i.e., Moses was familiar enough with Him to speak with Him whenever he wished, as it says: “I will now ascend to God”; and: “Wait, and I will hear what God instructs me concerning you.” |
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אֲשֶׁר יְדָעוֹ ה' פָּנִים אֶל־פָּנִים.
שֶׁהָיָה לִבּוֹ גַּס בּוֹ וּמְדַבֵּר אֵלָיו בְּכָל עֵת שֶׁרוֹצֶה, כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "וְעַתָּה אֶעֱלֶה אֶל ה'" (שמות ל"ב), "עִמְדוּ וְאֶשְׁמְעָה מַה יְּצַוֶּה לָכֶם" (במדבר ט'):
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11with regard to all the signs and marvels that God had sent him to perform in Egypt before Pharaoh, all his courtiers, and all his land, |
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יאלְכָל־הָֽ֨אֹתֹ֜ת וְהַמּֽוֹפְתִ֗ים אֲשֶׁ֤ר שְׁלָחוֹ֙ יְהֹוָ֔ה לַֽעֲשׂ֖וֹת בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם לְפַרְעֹ֥ה וּלְכָל־עֲבָדָ֖יו וּלְכָל־אַרְצֽוֹ: |
12nor with regard to the strong hand with which he carried the Tablets of the Covenant, nor with regard to the miracles that he performed in the great, awesome desert, which Moses did in view of all Israel. |
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יבוּלְכֹל֙ הַיָּ֣ד הַֽחֲזָקָ֔ה וּלְכֹ֖ל הַמּוֹרָ֣א הַגָּד֑וֹל אֲשֶׁר֙ עָשָׂ֣ה משֶׁ֔ה לְעֵינֵ֖י כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל: |
וּלְכֹל הַיָּד הַֽחֲזָקָה - Nor with regard to the strong hand - i.e., that he received the Torah encompassed in the two Tablets with his own hands. |
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וּלְכֹל הַיָּד הַֽחֲזָקָה.
שֶׁקִּבֵּל אֶת הַתּוֹרָה בַּלּוּחוֹת בְּיָדָיו:
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וּלְכֹל הַמּוֹרָא הַגָּדוֹל - Nor with regard to (lit.) all the great awe - i.e., the miracles and mighty acts that he performed in “the great and awesome desert.” |
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וּלְכֹל הַמּוֹרָא הַגָּדוֹל.
נִסִּים וּגְבוּרוֹת שֶׁבַּמִּדְבָּר הַגָּדוֹל וְהַנּוֹרָא (עי' ספרי):
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לְעֵינֵי כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל - In view of all Israel. This refers to the fact that his heart inspired him to shatter the Tablets before their eyes, as it says: וָאֲשַׁבְּרֵם לְעֵינֵיכֶם “I shattered them before your eyes.” The Holy One, blessed be He, approved his decision, as it says: אֲשֶׁר שָׁבַרְתָּ “that you shattered,” and is interpreted as: “Firm power to you (יִישַׁר כֹּחֲךָ) for shattering them!” |
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לְעֵינֵי כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵֽל.
שֶׁנְּשָׂאוֹ לִבּוֹ לִשְׁבֹּר הַלּוּחוֹת לְעֵינֵיהֶם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "וָאֲשַׁבְּרֵם לְעֵינֵיכֶם" (דברים ט') וְהִסְכִּימָה דַעַת הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְדַעְתּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "אֲשֶׁר שִׁבַּרְתָּ" (שמות ל"ד) — יִישַׁר כֹּחֲךָ שֶׁשִּׁבַּרְתָּ:
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