ב"ה
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Thursday, April 17, 2025

Halachic Times (Zmanim)
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Passover (Chol Hamoed)
Omer: Day Four - Netzach sheb'Chessed
Tonight Count 5
Jewish History

On this day in 1796, the Jewish community of Fossano, Italy was miraculously saved from the hands of a murderous mob by a French bomb which landed just in time to scare away the attackers. This day was established as "Purim Fossano" in commemoration of the miraculous salvation.

For the complete story, see Purim Fossano.

Rabbi Menachem Ziemba was born in a suburb of Warsaw, Poland, in 1883. A follower of the Gerrer chassidic dynasty, he was a great genius and Torah scholar. He joined the Warsaw rabbinate in 1935, and was recognized as a leading rabbinic figure in pre-war Eastern Europe.

Rabbi Ziemba was a moral force in the Warsaw Ghetto, always striving to infuse the community with optimism and hope. He arranged clandestine locations in cellars and bomb shelters where girls and boys would study Torah. Although afforded opportunities to escape the ghetto, he refused to do so, insisting that his presence was needed by the Jews in the ghetto.

Rabbi Ziemba was a strong supporter of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, donating personal funds for ammunition and giving his whole-hearted blessing for the endeavor (see Jewish History for the 27th of Nissan). Five days after the fighting begun, on Shabbat, the 19th of Nissan, the house were Rabbi Ziemba was hiding was set afire by the SS. When attempting to escape, Rabbi Ziemba was shot dead by the Nazis. May G-d avenge his blood.

The rabbi was buried in the Ghetto, and in 1958 his body was flown to Israel where he was buried in Jerusalem amid a great funeral procession.

Rabbi Ziemba was a prolific writer. Unfortunately, most of his scholarly manuscripts were burnt in the Warsaw Ghetto. His few works which were authored before the war are still studied by Torah scholars worldwide.

R. Yehoshua Falk Katz authored two well-known commentaries in the area of Jewish law: Derishah and Perishah on R. Jacob ben Asher’s halachic code Arbaah Turim, and Sefer Me’iras Einayim (known by the acronym Sm”a) on R. Yosef Caro’s Shulchan Aruch (Code of Jewish Law). These commentaries are printed in all standard editions of these works.

R. Yehoshua’s wife Beila was known for her piety and erudition, and a number of original Torah explanations are attributed to her.

In his 36 years of life, Rabbi Aharon (“the Great”) of Karlin (1736-1772) did much to spread the teachings of Chassidism in Lita (Lithuania-Belarus). One of the foremost students of the Maggid of Mezritch and a prominent scholar and teacher in his own right, R. Aharon was known to pray with great fervor and encouraged others to do the same. He composed the beloved Shabbat hymn Kah Echsof, which is sung at Shabbat tables all over the world, and his mode of Divine service lives on in the Chassidic groups of Karlin (Stolin), Slonim, and others.

Stories:
Happy Are We
The Road to Karlin
The King and I

Laws and Customs

Click here for a summary of the Passover Torah readings.

Of the eight days of Passover, the first two and the last two are "yom tov" (festival days). The middle four days are called chol hamoed--"weekdays of the festival," also called "the intermediate days." (In Israel, where Passover is observed for seven days, the first and last days are yom tov, and the middle five days are chol hamoed).

The yom tov days are days of rest, during which all creative work is forbidden, as it is on the Shabbat, with the exception of certain types of work associated with food preparation (e.g., cooking and "carrying"). On chol hamoed the prohibition of work is less stringent--work whose avoidance would result in "significant loss" is permitted (except when chol hamoed is also Shabbat, when all work is forbidden).

The "Yaale V'yavo" prayer is included in all prayers and Grace After Meals. Hallel (partial) and Musaf are recited following the Shacharit (morning) prayers. It is the Chabad custom not to put on tefillin during the "intermediate days".

Click here for a more detailed treatment of the laws of Chol Hamoed.

Tomorrow is the fifth day of the Omer Count. Since, on the Jewish calendar, the day begins at nightfall of the previous evening, we count the omer for tomorrow's date tonight, after nightfall: "Today is five days to the Omer." (If you miss the count tonight, you can count the omer all day tomorrow, but without the preceding blessing).

The 49-day "Counting of the Omer" retraces our ancestors' seven-week spiritual journey from the Exodus to Sinai. Each evening we recite a special blessing and count the days and weeks that have passed since the Omer; the 50th day is Shavuot, the festival celebrating the Giving of the Torah at Sinai.

Tonight's Sefirah: Hod sheb'Chessed -- "Humility in Kindness"

The teachings of Kabbalah explain that there are seven "Divine Attributes" -- Sefirot -- that G-d assumes through which to relate to our existence: Chessed, Gevurah, Tifferet, Netzach, Hod, Yesod and Malchut ("Love", "Strength", "Beauty", "Victory", "Splendor", "Foundation" and "Sovereignty"). In the human being, created in the "image of G-d," the seven sefirot are mirrored in the seven "emotional attributes" of the human soul: Kindness, Restraint, Harmony, Ambition, Humility, Connection and Receptiveness. Each of the seven attributes contain elements of all seven--i.e., "Kindness in Kindness", "Restraint in Kindness", "Harmony in Kindness", etc.--making for a total of forty-nine traits. The 49-day Omer Count is thus a 49-step process of self-refinement, with each day devoted to the "rectification" and perfection of one the forty-nine "sefirot."

Links:
How to count the Omer
The deeper significance of the Omer Count

Daily Thought

You are Jacob. You are on a journey from Beersheva, the wellspring of all souls, to Haran, this formidable world.

Your souls makes a vow, Jacob’s vow:

“If G‑d will be with me and protect me on this journey and provide me bread to eat and clothing to wear, and if I return to my father's house in peace...

Meaning: G‑d will be always with you, shielding your soul.

Your bread will be the wisdom of Torah that you learn. Your clothing will be the mitzvahs. So that in both these ways, you willl bring His light to shine in places where it has never shone before.

And you will journey back home as just another human being, immersed within the inner turmoil, the desires, the cravings, the pressures, the burdens, the passions, the anxieties, the fears, the utter noise and cacophony of a fragmented, confused universe—

—and you will pull yourself back toward inner peace.

How? By finding the Infinite G-d in all these ways of humankind, not abstaining from them, not running from them, but injecting them with your soul’s sense of divine purpose, rendering them, too, a way of knowing G‑d.

...then G-d will be my G-d and this stone that I have set as a monument will be the House of G‑d.” (Genesis 28:20)

Your soul will find peace within her most inner self, in the ultimate bond with the Infinite.

And the world you entered will also be redeemed, until even the stones beneath your feet and the granite of the building in which you work will cry out, “We, too, are a place for the Infinite Light to dwell!”

You are Jacob, bearer of light, warrior of peace.

Maamar Padah B'Shalom 5738.