Idea of the Week
The Object

Common wisdom has it that the more abstract a thing is, the loftier and more worthy it is. Thus it is generally agreed that the ethereal is grander than the real, that idea is greater (more "ideal") than fact, that the spiritual is holier (i.e., closer to G-d) than the physical. Indeed, our sages refer to the physical world as the "lowliest" of G-d's creations.

Why is it that greater tangibility renders a thing lowlier and less divine? The Chassidic masters explain the un-G-dliness of the physical as due to its self-centeredness. "I am," proclaims the physical thing. "If you wish to search for a deeper meaning to my existence, be my guest. But as far as I'm concerned, I've no need to for significance or definition beyond the self-contained fact of my existence."

This is in direct conflict with the cardinal law of reality, which is that "There is none else besides Him"(Deuteronomy 4:35) -- that G-d is the only true existence, and that everything "else" is not "besides Him" but an extension and expression of His reality.

The first step to diffusing this contradiction is to impose function and purpose on a physical substance. When wood, wire and ivory are formed into a piano, the result is an "object" -- matter with a manifest objective. Rather than the simply saying "I am," a piano states: "There is more to me than the fact of physical matter of a certain quantity and shape: everything about me speaks of other, more transcendent realities. I convey the fact that there is music; that there are people who compose, play and listen to music; that there are craftsmen who assemble instruments to serve this end. My existence is a result of, and servant to, all these truths."

But this elevation from material to object is only a transcendence of a limited sort. True, a piano (or a book, or a hammer) bespeaks ideas and endeavors beyond its own brute substantiality; but are these ideas and endeavors more G-dly? Are they less in conflict with the truth that "There is none else besides Him"? Perhaps. Perhaps the music being played on the piano expresses a yearning for something beyond mere existence; perhaps it elevates its listener an increment above his animal self and its needs and wants and suggests to him a higher purpose to life. But not necessarily. Music can also be an expression of the ego and its most base aspirations, in which case its "spirituality" is nothing more than an idealization of the very fallacy we are striving to transcend.

Therein lies the specialty of the "mitzvah," the divine commandment. When a physical substance is formed and used as the object of a mitzvah -- when animal hide is made into tefillin, woolen threads are formed as tzitzit, branches become the roof-covering of a sukkah -- the act of mitzvah refines and sanctifies these physical substances, transforming them into "objects of holiness": things whose form and utility express their subservience to the divine will., it becomes vessel and instrument of the divine. The "I am" of the physical now becomes, "I am nothing on my own; I exist to serve my Creator."

In this way, the 613 mitzvot of the Torah transform the physical world into what the Midrash calls "a dwelling for G-d" -- an abode which houses and serves the divine truth. For every physical thing, force and phenomenon can be utilized to fulfill a divine command: brute matter (the animal hide of tefillin, the wool of tzitzit, the coin or banknote given as charity), the human body (the brain that studies Torah, the lips that pray, the feet that walk to the synagogue), physical energy (Shabbat and Chanukah lights), and the very essence of physicality -- time and space themselves. For every mitzvah is a physical action -- an action transpiring in time and space.

The First Mitzvah

In the 12th chapter chapter of Exodus we read how G-d commands the mitzvah of kiddush hachodesh -- the "sanctification of the new month" and the setting of the Jewish calendar. This mitzvah, as our sages point out, was "the first mitzvah commanded to the Jewish people" (see Rashi's commentary on Genesis 1:1).

Obviously, the setting of our calendar has a far-reaching influence on many other mitzvot -- it determines when we will sound the shofar, when we will fast and atone for our sins, when we will conduct the Passover seder, as well as a host of other time-specific observances. But it would seem that there are a number of other, no less fundamental mitzvot. In what sense is the mitzvah of setting the calendar more basic to our service of G-d than mitzvot such as Torah study, charity or prayer?

The Lubasvitcher Rebbe offers the following insight: kiddush hachodesh is the first mitzvah because its "object" -- the piece of physical creation that it elevates and sanctifies -- is time, which is the first and most basic "material" of the physical existence.

The First Creation

"In the beginning G-d created the heavens and the earth."

Perhaps half the earth's population would recognize this as the opening verse of the Bible. But in the view of a number of the biblical commentaries, these words, as written above, are a mistranslation of the original Hebrew.

The precise meaning of the Torah's first word, bereishit, is not "in the beginning" (that would be barishonah), but "in the beginning of." How, then, are we to read the Torah's first sentence? In the beginning of what?

The commentaries offer various interpretations. Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki, 1040-1105) says to read the Torah's first three verses as a single sentence: "In the beginning of G-d's creation of the heavens and the earth, when the earth was chaotic and void ... G-d said, Let there be light, and there was light." Another approach is that of Seforno (Rabbi Ovadiah ben Yaakov, circa 1470-1550), who interprets bereishit as "In the beginning of time." Bereishit is the very first moment of time, a moment without a past; nothing preceded this moment, since with this moment G-d created time itself.

In other words, while time is itself a creation (a most basic principle of the Jewish faith is that every reality was created by G-d), it is the first and most primary of creations. Indeed, "creation" (beriah, in the Hebrew), which means bringing something into being out of a prior state of non-existence, implies a "before" and "after"; so to say that G-d created anything is also to say that He first (or simultaneously) created time. To say, "In the beginning G-d created...," is also to say, "G-d created the beginning."

Chassidic master Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi applies this concept to resolve a philosophical problem regarding G-d's creation of the world. Since G-d is eternal and unchanging, we obviously cannot say that He "matured" to a certain state or had a certain idea "grow on Him." So why did He create the world only when He did? Why not one year, a hundred years or a billion years earlier, since whatever reasons He had for creation were certainly just as valid then? But this question, says Rabbi Schneur Zalman, is a non-sequitur. Time is itself part of G-d's creation. We cannot ask why the world was not created earlier, since there is no stretch of time that can be termed "before" creation.

The Time Element in Every Mitzvah

As we said, every mitzvah "uses" a certain area of both time and space as component parts of its "object," thereby sanctifying them as instruments of the divine will. It is for this reason that our sages have said that it is preferable to perform many "smaller" mitzvah-actions instead of one "big" mitzvah. A common application of this principle is the pushka, or "charity box," which is a prominent feature of the Jewish home: every day, one drops a few coins in the box; when the box fills, its contents are given to charity. In terms of the objective to aid the needy, nothing is gained by giving $1 a day over 100 days rather than giving $100 in a lump sum; but in terms of the mitzvah's effect on the person and the physical world, more acts of charity means more refining influences upon the person, and more utilizations of time in fulfillment of a divine command.

Rabbi Israel Baal Shem Tov takes this a step further, saying that it is preferable to perform two mitzvot on two different days than to do two such actions on a single day. As stated in the first chapter of Genesis (verses 5 and 14) and other places, the cycles and divisions by which we measure and categorize time -- the year, week, day, etc. -- are not artificial impositions, but were woven into the very fabric of time by its Creator. So when a person does two mitzvah actions on two different days, two different time-units are refined and elevated through their participation in an act of mitzvah.

But while every mitzvah sanctifies time and its component parts, the mitzvah of kiddush hachodesh does so on a more basic level than the others.

Man-Made Time

Torah law distinguishes between two levels in a thing's utilization by a mitzvah: as an "object of a mitzvah," or as "instruments of a mitzvah." A mitzvah's "object" is the thing or substance with which the mitzvah is actually performed, such as the leather boxes which the Jew binds on his head and arm as tefillin; a mitzvah's "instruments" are the resources which facilitate and enable the mitzvah's performance, such as the tools which fashion a piece of leather into tefillin or the food which provides person putting on the tefillin with the energy to bind them on himself.

Time fills an auxiliary, "instrumental" role in the performance of every mitzvah. There is one mitzvah, however, in which time is the primary "object" -- the resource which is actually shaped and formed in conformity with the divine will. This is the mitzvah of kiddush hachodesh, "sanctification of the new month."

The Jewish calendar is punctuated with what the Torah calls "callings of holiness" (Leviticus 23:4) -- festivals and special days possessing special spiritual qualities. These are more than "commemorations" of historical events: the very substance of the time occupied by Passover is imbued with the quality of freedom, that of Sukkot with joy, of Shavuot with the revelation at Sinai, of Rosh Hashanah with G-d's annual resumption of His sovereignty over the universe, of Yom Kippur with teshuvah -- the capacity to access the very quintessence of one's soul and its bond to G-d. And so it is with every festival and special day on the Jewish calendar -- each has its unique "holiness" and divine quality woven into the very fabric of its time for us to "call forth" and actualize by observing the mitzvot of the day.

One would think that the spiritual character of time is fixed and absolute, established by the Creator when time itself was formed. Indeed, such is the case with the weekly Shabbat, which G-d "blessed" and "sanctified" by resting from His work of creation, thereby establishing the seven-day work/rest cycle which defines our week. But with regard to the annual cycle of the festivals, G-d desired that these should be sanctified by human beings. The mitzvah of kiddush hachodesh is that we should fix the calendar based on monthly sightings of the new moon and our calculations of the lunar and solar cycles, and that these sightings and calculations should determine which day shall be a Yom Kippur, which days shall comprise the festival of Passover, and so on. The Torah goes so far as to state that even if those entrusted with the task of making these calculations err, it is their "mistaken" conclusions which create the holiness and specialty of the festivals.

This is the "first mitzvah commanded to the Jewish people." Mitzvot such as "To know and believe in the existence of G-d" (the first mitzvah in Maimonides enumeration of the mitzvot), to "Love your fellow as yourself" ("A great principle in Torah" according to Rabbi Akiva; according to Hillel, "This is the entire Torah--the rest is commentary), or to "study Torah day and night" ("the equivalent of all the mitzvot," according to Talmud, Peah 1:1) might be more fundamental in terms of the mitzvot's effect upon the person; but in terms of the mitzvots transformation and sanctification of the universe, the "sanctification of the month" is the mitzvah whose "object" is the most basic element of the physical creation.1