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Igeret HaTeshuvah: Chapter 3

Tammuz 10

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Lessons in Tanya - Chapter 3

Though fasting is not at all necessary for attaining atonement, it was explained above that nevertheless it has a salutary effect as a substitute for the olah offering. In Temple times this sacrifice was offered (even) for transgressing a positive command, in order to make the former offender once again acceptable and beloved of Gโ€‘d. Accordingly, the AriZal derived from the Kabbalah the number of fasts to be undertaken for numerous transgressions, even those that are not subject to the punishment of excision or death by Divine decree.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื—ื›ืžื™ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืžื™ ืฉื—ื˜ื ื—ื˜ื ืื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช

The latter Mussar sages โ€” those who lived after the Ari โ€” were divided in their opinions about one who repeated a sin many times.

ื“ื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืœืื•ืชื• ื—ื˜ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืฉืจ ื—ื˜ื

Some contend that he must fast the number of fasts appropriate to that sin according to the number of transgressions.

ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื–ืจืข ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืืจื™ื–ืดืœ ื”ืŸ ืคืดื“ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช

For example, the number of fasts prescribed in the penances of the AriZal for wasteful emission of semen is eighty-four.

ื•ืื ื—ื˜ื ื‘ื–ื” ืขืฉืจ ืื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื, ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืœ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ืขืฉืจ ืื• ืขืฉืจื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืคืดื“

If someone commits this sin ten or twenty times, say, he must fast ten or twenty times eighty-four, and so on in all instances.

ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื“ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื—ื˜ืืช, ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื•ืคืขื

This is comparable to the chatat offering (Note of the Rebbe: โ€œi.e., all the chatat offeringsโ€) required for every instance of violation.

ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื“ืžื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœืงืจื‘ืŸ ืขื•ืœื”, ื”ื‘ืื” ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื”

Others compare these fasts to the olah offering brought for neglect of a positive command.1

ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื”, ืžืชื›ืคืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื” ืื—ืช, ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ืคืจืง ืงืžื ื“ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื

The violation of a number of positive commands is atoned for and the individual finds favor in Gโ€‘dโ€™s eyes by one olah, as the Talmud explains in Tractate Zevachim, ch. 1.2

ื•ื”ื›ืจืขื” ื”ืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ื‘ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ื’ืณ ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื“ื—ื˜ื ื–ื”, ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื ืดื‘ ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืช ื–ืจืข ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืฉืืจ ื—ื˜ืื™ื ื•ืขื•ื ื•ืช

The accepted decision in this dispute is to undertake three times the number of fasts prescribed for that particular sin, i.e., 252 fasts (three times eighty-four) for wasteful emission, and similarly for other sins oft repeated.

ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ, ืกื•ืฃ ืคืจืฉืช ื ื—: ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื—ื‘ ื‘ืจ ื ืฉ ืงืžื™ื” ืงื•ื“ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื, ื–ืžื ื ื—ื“ื ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืจืฉื™ืžื• ื›ื•ืณ

This is based on a teaching in the Zohar, at the end of Parshat Noach:3 โ€œAs soon as mortal man sins once against the Holy One, blessed be He, he makes an impression [Above; should he sin a second time, the impact of his sin is even greater];

ื–ืžื ื ืชืœื™ืชืื”, ืืชืคืฉื˜ ื”ื”ื•ื ื›ืชืžื ืžืกื˜ืจื ื“ื ืœืกื˜ืจื ื“ื ื›ื•ืณ

the third time he commits the sin, the stain penetrates from one side through the other;...โ€œ

ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื’ื ื›ืŸ ื’ืณ ืคืขืžื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืณ

therefore the number of fasts ought also be three.

ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืื“ื ื—ื–ืง ื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื• ื›ืœืœ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื•, ื•ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื

However, all this4 applies to the strong and robust, whose physical health would not be harmed at all by repeated fasts, as in the generations of yore.

ืื‘ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื•, ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ ืื• ืžื™ื—ื•ืฉ, ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ืืœื”

But whoever would be affected by many fasts, and might thereby suffer illness or pain, Gโ€‘d forbid, as in contemporary generations,

ืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื•ืžื™ืชื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื•ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœื ืชืขืฉื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื›ืจืช

is forbidden to undertake numerous fasts, even for sins punishable by excision or execution, and certainly not for [violation of] the positive and prohibitive commands that do not involve excision.

ืืœื ื›ืคื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืขืจ ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืฉื‘ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ื–ื™ืง ืœื• ื›ืœืœ

Instead [the measure of fasting is] the personal estimate of what will not harm him at all.

ื›ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืชื ืื™ื ื•ืืžื•ืจืื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืชืขื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ื”ืื™ ื’ื•ื•ื ื ืืœื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื, ื“ืžืฆื• ืœืฆืขื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉื™ื™ื”ื•

For even in those early generations, in the times of the Tannaim and Amoraim, only the robust who could mortify themselves fasted so frequently.

ื•ื“ืœื ืžืฆื™ ืœืฆืขื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉื™ื” ื•ืžืชืขื ื”, ื ืงืจื ื—ื•ื˜ื ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ืคืจืง ืงืžื ื“ืชืขื ื™ืช

But whoever cannot fast yet does so, is called a โ€œsinnerโ€ in Tractate Taanit, ch. 1.5

ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืชืขื ื” ืขืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื›ื“ืคื™ืจืฉ ืจืฉืดื™ ืฉื

This applies even to one who fasts for specifically known sins, as Rashi explains there,

The very same author of the opinion that he who fasts frequently is considered โ€œholyโ€, because (as Rashi explains) his sins are thereby expunged, goes on to state that he is considered a sinner if he cannot fast yet does so.

ื•ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื, ืคืจืง ืงืžื ื“ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื, ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืื“ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืขืฉื” ื•ื›ื•ืณ

and it is written in Tractate Zevachim, ch. 1,6 that โ€œthere is no one of Israel who is not guilty of [transgressing] a positive commandmentโ€ฆ,โ€

Thus, though there are always sins for which one should fast, one should do so only if this will in no way impair his health; otherwise, he is considered a sinner,

ื•ืžื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชื•ืจื”, ืฉื—ื•ื˜ื ื•ื ืขื ืฉ ื‘ื›ืคืœื™ื™ื

especially if he is a student of Torah, in which case he is doubly punished,

ื›ื™ ืžื—ืžืช ื—ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืชืขื ื™ืช, ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื” ื›ืจืื•ื™

for the weakness resulting from his fast prevents him from studying Torah properly.

ืืœื ืžื” ืชืงื ืชื™ื”

What, then, is his remedy?

I.e., what is such a person to do in order to be beloved by his Creator as he was before his sin?

ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘: ื•ื—ื˜ืืš ื‘ืฆื“ืงื” ืคืจื•ืง

He should comply with the verse that says,7 โ€œRedeem your sin with charity.โ€

ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ื• ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื, ืœื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื“ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืขื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขืจืš ื—ืดื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ืฉ

And, indeed, the codifiers of Torah law specified that one should donate the equivalent of eighteen [large Polish] coins called โ€œgedolim Polishโ€ for each day of repentance.

ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœืคื™ ืขืฉืจื• ื•ื›ื•ืณ

The wealthy should add to this amount for the redemption of each fast-day according to his means,

ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื”ืžื’ืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืชืขื ื™ืช

as stated in Magen Avraham in the Laws of Fasts.8

* * *

ื•ืžื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื, ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืงืจื‘ืช ื”ืณ, ืœืชืงืŸ ื ืคืฉื•, ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืœ ื”ืณ ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืขื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจ, ื™ื—ืžื™ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•

Nevertheless, though it has just been stated that in contemporary generations when excessive fasting causes illness and pain, the fasts of penance should be substituted by charity, every man of spirit who desires to be close to Gโ€‘d, to amend his nefesh9 (his soul), to restore it to Gโ€‘d with the finest and most preferred repentance, should be stringent with himself.

ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืขื•ืŸ ื•ืขื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืคื ื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“

He should complete, at least once during his lifetime, the number of fasts for every grave sin incurring death at least, if only death by divine agency.

ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื–ืจืข ืœื‘ื˜ืœื”, ืคืดื“ ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื•

For example, for wasteful emission [he should undergo the series of] eight-four fasts once in his life.

ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื—ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ืžื™ื ื”ืงืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ื•ื™ืชืขื ื” ื›ืขืฉืจ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช

He may postpone the fasts until the short winter days and fast some ten days or less, for example, in one winter,

ื•ื™ื’ืžื•ืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืดื“ ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืณ ืฉื ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืคื™ ื›ื—ื•

and complete the series of eighty-four in nine or more years, according to his stamina.

ื•ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžืขื˜ ื›ื’ืณ ืฉืขื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื ืฅ ื”ื—ืžื”, ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืชืขื ื™ืช ืื ื”ืชื ื” ื›ืŸ

(10Besides, he may also eat a little about three hours before sunrise, and this would still be considered a fast, if he so stipulated.)

ื•ืœืชืฉืœื•ื ืจื ืดื‘ ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื›ื ืดืœ, ื™ืชืขื ื” ืขื•ื“ ื“ืณ ืคืขืžื™ื ืคืดื“ ืขื“ ืื—ืจ ื—ืฆื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“

For the completion of the above-mentioned 252 fasts โ€” three times eighty-four, this being the accepted arbitration in the above difference of opinion, so that one undertakes three times the number of fasts prescribed for this specific sin, even if it was committed many times โ€” he may fast another four times eighty-four only until past noon;

ื“ืžื™ื—ืฉื‘ ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืชืขื ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™, ื•ื‘ืณ ื—ืฆืื™ ื™ื•ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœื• ืœื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื”

this, too, the Talmud Yerushalmi11 considers a fast. In this context, moreover, two half-days are reckoned as one full day.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืืจ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื”ืŸ

This approach applies to other, similar sins as well,

Until now the Alter Rebbe addressed himself to those sins which at least incur death by divine agency. The Alter Rebbe now goes on to say that this approach also applies to sins which do not incur such a harsh penalty but are similarly grave โ€” โ€œsimilar sinsโ€ โ€” such as those which are actually comparable to idolatry, murder, and so on, as mentioned in ch. 7 below. Concerning these sins as well, the Alter Rebbe is saying here, one should be stringent and undertake the required number of fasts at least once in his lifetime.

ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืœื‘ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืจืช ื ืคืฉื• ื•ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ื”ืฆื“ืงื”

for each heart knows its own anguish and desires its vindication.

And this vindication is enhanced by fasting.

* * *

ืื›ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ืขืœ ืจื ืดื‘ ื•ื›ื”ืื™ ื’ื•ื•ื ื

However, there still remain the fasts in excess of (for example) the 252, i.e., whatever number exceeds three times the prescribed number of fasts for any particular sin,

ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช, ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื˜ื ื•ื—ื˜ื ื›ืคื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉื—ื˜ื ื›ื ืดืœ

that one ought to fast in deference to the more stringent opinion insisting on the appropriate number of fasts for every violation committed, as noted above.

ื™ืคื“ื” ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ืฆื“ืงื”, ืขืจืš ื—ืดื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื“ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื

He may redeem them all by charity to the value of eighteen โ€œgedolim Polishโ€ for each fast-day.

ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืืจ ื›ืœ ืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื™ืชื”

So, too, [charity may redeem] all other fasts that he should have undergone for sins not entailing death,

ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ื“ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื•ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ

and even for neglecting a positive command, whether explicit in the Torah or Rabbinically ordained,

ื•ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื›ื•ืœื

and for [neglect of the positive command of]12 โ€œTorah study, which is equivalent to them all,โ€

ื›ืคื™ ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืืจืดื™ ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ืช ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื›ืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”

according to the number of fasts prescribed by the penances of the AriZal. (13Most of these are noted in Mishnat Chassidim, Tractate Teshuvah.)

ื”ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืคื“ื” ื‘ืฆื“ืงื” ื›ื ืดืœ, ืื™ ืœื ืžืฆื™ ืœืฆืขื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉื™ื”

All of these fasts, then, he may redeem as explained above, if he cannot mortify himself.

ื•ืืฃ ืฉื™ืขืœื” ืœืกืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื: ืืœ ื™ื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ

Though this might amount to a very considerable sum, he need not fear violating the injunction that14 โ€œone should not extravagantly distribute more than one fifth [of oneโ€™s property to charity],โ€

ื“ืœื ืžืงืจื™ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื‘ื›ื”ืื™ ื’ื•ื•ื ื, ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืœืคื“ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื• ืžืชืขื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื’ื•ืคื™ื

for this kind of giving cannot be termed โ€œextravagant distribution,โ€ since he does it to redeem himself from fasting and affliction.

ื•ืœื ื’ืจืขื ืžืจืคื•ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ืฉืืจ ืฆืจื›ื™ื•

This is no less necessary than healing his body or his other needs, in which one does not restrict oneโ€™s spending to a fifth of his means.

ื•ืœืคื™ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืงื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ืดืœ ืจื‘ื• ื‘ืžืื“ ืžืื“

Since the number of fasts enumerated in the above-mentioned penances of the AriZal is exceedingly great,

ืœื›ืŸ ื ื”ื’ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืจื“ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ื‘ืฆื“ืงื”

all who revere the word of Gโ€‘d are now accustomed to being unstintingly generous with charity, which is given in place of fasting,

ืžื—ืžืช ื—ืœื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืจ, ื“ืœื ืžืฆื™ ืœืฆืขื•ืจื™ ื ืคืฉื ื›ื•ืœื™ ื”ืื™

for the prevalent lack of stamina prevents them from mortifying themselves to this extent.

ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ืคืกื•ืง: ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”ืณ ื›ื™ ืœื ืชืžื ื•

(15A comment is made elsewhere on this subject on the words,16 โ€œThe kindnesses of Gโ€‘d, for they are not concluded.โ€)

The last three Hebrew words, here translated โ€œfor they are not concluded,โ€ may also be interpreted to mean โ€œfor we are not perfect.โ€ Accordingly, in Epistle 10 of Iggeret HaKodesh, the Alter Rebbe explains the verse thus: Since โ€œwe are not perfect,โ€ burdened as we are by sins that plead for rectification, we are in need of Gโ€‘dโ€™s infinite kindness and charity. And in order to elicit kindness and pardon of an infinite order, man for his part must exceed the conventional, finite bounds of charity.

Translated from Yiddish by Rabbi Levy Wineberg and Rabbi Sholom B. Wineberg. Edited by Uri Kaploun.
Published and copyright by Kehot Publication Society, all rights reserved.
FOOTNOTES
1. Note of the Rebbe: โ€œAs distinct from other olah offerings; see the various types of offerings in Maimonidesโ€˜ preface to his Commentary on the Mishnayot of Tractate Kodashim.โ€
2. 5b, 6a, 7b.
3. 73b.
4. Note of the Rebbe: โ€œConcerning all the laws about to be stated, see Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 571 and its commentaries; Shulchan Aruch Admur HaZaken, Hilchot Nizkei Guf veNefesh, Sub-section 4.โ€
5. Note of the Rebbe: โ€œEnd of p. 11a; see also Rambam, Hilchot Deot, beg. of ch. 3, and commentators ad loc.โ€
6. 7a, and see Rashi there.
7. Daniel 4:24.
8. Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 568:12, and commentaries.
9. Note of the Rebbe: โ€œIn this and all similar contexts, the term specifically used is nefesh [as distinct from the other four terms for the various levels of the soul] โ€” possibly in view of the statement in the Zohar III (24b) and Sefer HaGilgulim, et al., that โ€™it is specifically the level of nefesh that sins.โ€˜โ€
10. Parentheses are in the original text.
11. Nedarim 8:1.
12. Peah 1:1.
13. Parentheses are in the original text.
14. Ketubbot 50a.
15. Parentheses are in the original text.
16. Eichah 3:22.

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Rabbi Ronnie Fine is director of Chabad Queen Mary in Montreal, Canada.

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