Shekalim - Chapter One
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Introduction to Hilchos Shekalim
It contains one positive commandment: [The obligation] that every man give a half-shekel [to the Temple treasury] every year. This mitzvah is explained in the [following] chapters.
הלכות שקלים - הקדמה
מצות עשה אחת והיא ליתן כל איש מחצית השקל בכל שנה: וביאור מצוה זו בפרקים אלו:
It is a positive commandment from the Torah1 that every adult Jewish male2 give a half3-shekel each and every year.4 Even a poor man who derives his livelihood from charity is obligated [to make this donation]. He should borrow from others or sell the clothes5 he is wearing so that he can give a half-shekel of silver, as [Exodus 30:15] states: "The rich shall not give more,6 nor should the poor give less."7
[The half-shekel] should not be given in several partial payments - today a portion, tomorrow a portion. Instead, it is to be given all at once.8
אמצות עשה מן התורה ליתן כל איש מישראל מחצית השקל בכל שנה ושנה. אפילו עני המתפרנס מן הצדקה חייב. ושואל מאחרים או מוכר כסות שעל כתיפו ונותן מחצית השקל כסף שנאמר העשיר לא ירבה והדל לא ימעיט וגו'. ואינו נותנו בפעמים רבות היום מעט ולמחר מעט אלא נותנו כולו כאחת בפעם אחת:
The sum of money mentioned in the Torah concerning [the fines paid by] a rapist,9 a seducer,10 a slanderer,11 or a slave killed [by an ox]12 is [calculated] in shekalim, a coin [of equal value] whenever mentioned in the Torah. Its weight is 320 barley corns [of pure silver].13
The Sages increased its value and made it equivalent to the coin called a sela, [which was prevalent] during the Second Temple period. How much did a sela weigh? 384 average size barley corns [of pure silver].14
במנין כסף האמור בתורה באונס ובמפתה ובמוציא שם רע והורג עבד הוא שקל הנאמר בכל מקום בתורה. ומשקלו שלש מאות ועשרים שעורה. וכבר הוסיפו חכמים עליו ועשו משקלו כמשקל המטבע הנקרא סלע בזמן בית שני. וכמה הוא משקל הסלע שלש מאות וארבע ושמונים שעורה בינונית:
A sela is four dinarim, a dinar is six ma'ah and a ma'ah was called a gerah in the time of Moses our teacher.15 A ma'ah equals two poondionin, and a poondion is equal to two isarin. A prutah16 is worth an eighth of an [Italian] isar.
Thus, the weight of a ma'ah - and a gerah - is sixteen barley corns [of silver]; the weight of an isar is four barley corns; and the weight of a prutah is half a barley corn.
גהסלע ארבעה דינרין והדינר שש מעין. ומעה היא הנקראת בימי משה רבינו גרה. ומעה היא שני פונדיונין ופונדיון שני איסרין. ופרוטה אחת משמנה באיסר. נמצא משקל המעה והיא הגרה שש עשרה שעורות. ומשקל האיסר ארבע שעורות. ומשקל הפרוטה חצי שעורה:
[At that time,] there was also another coin that was worth two selaim; it was called a darcon.17
These coins whose weights we have listed and explained are used universally as standard measures. We have described them so that we will not have to describe their weight at all times.
דועוד מטבע אחר היה שם שהיה משקלו שתי סלעים והוא היה נקרא דרכון. ואלו המטבעות כולן שאמרנו ובארנו משקל כל אחד מהן הן שמשערין בהן בכל מקום. וכבר בארנום כדי שלא אהיה צריך לפרש משקלם בכל מקום:
The mitzvah of giving the half-shekel entails giving half of the coin that is [common] currency at the time in question, even if that coin is larger than the shekel used for the sanctuary. [The converse, however, does not apply.] Never should one give less than the half-shekel18 that was given in the time of Moses our teacher, which weighed 160 barley corns [of silver].
המחצית השקל זו מצותה שיתן מחצית מטבע של אותו הזמן אפילו היה אותו מטבע גדול משקל הקדש. ולעולם אינו שוקל פחות מחצי השקל שהיה בימי משה רבינו שהוא משקלו מאה וששים שעורה:
At the time when the common currency was a darcon, everyone would give a sela as a half-shekel.19 At the time when the common currency was a sela, everyone would give half a sela, the equivalent of two dinarim, as a half-shekel. At the time when the common currency was half a sela, everyone would give that coin, half of a sela, as a half-shekel.20 At no time did the Jews ever give less than the half-shekel mentioned in the Torah for the half-shekel.
ובזמן שהיה מטבע של אותו זמן דרכונות היה כל אחד ואחד נותן במחצית השקל שלו סלע. ובזמן שהיה המטבע סלעים היה נותן כל אחד במחצית השקל שלו חצי סלע שהוא שני דינרין. ובזמן שהיה המטבע חצי סלע היה כל אחד ואחד נותן במחצית השקל אותו חצי הסלע. ומעולם לא שקלו ישראל במחצית השקל פחות מחצי שקל של תורה:
Everyone is obligated to give a half-shekel: priests,21 Levites, Israelites, converts, and freed slaves. Women,22 slaves, and children23 are not obligated. Nevertheless, if they give [a half-shekel], it may be accepted.24 By contrast, if a Samaritan25 gives a half-shekel, it should not be accepted.
A father who began giving a half-shekel on behalf of a child should not stop. Instead, he should [continue to] give a half-shekel on the child's behalf every year until he comes of age and gives [the half-shekel] by himself.26
זהכל חייבין ליתן מחצית השקל כהנים לויים וישראלים וגרים ועבדים משוחררים. אבל לא נשים ולא עבדים ולא קטנים. ואם נתנו מקבלין מהם. אבל הכותים שנתנו מחצית השקל אין מקבלין מהם. קטן שהתחיל אביו ליתן עליו מחצית השקל שוב אינו פוסק אלא נותן עליו בכל שנה ושנה עד שיגדיל ויתן על עצמו:
[The mitzvah of giving a half-]shekel is observed only during the era that the Temple is standing.27 During the era that the Temple is standing, the [half-]shekel should be given both in Eretz Yisrael and in the diaspora.28 When, however, it is destroyed, even in Eretz Yisrael it is not necessary to give.
חהשקלים אינן נוהגין אלא בפני הבית. ובזמן שבית המקדש קיים נותנין את השקלים בין בארץ ישראל בין בחוצה לארץ. ובזמן שהוא חרב אפילו בארץ ישראל אין נוהגין:
On the first of Adar, the court would announce [the collection of] the [half-]shekalim, so that every single individual would prepare his half-shekel and be ready to give.
On the fifteenth [of Adar],29 the money-changers would sit in every city30 and would gently prod [the people to give]. If people gave them, they would accept it. If someone did not give, they would not compel him to give.
On the twenty-fifth [of Adar], they would sit in the Temple to collect [the half-shekalim]. From this time onward, everyone who had not given [a half-shekel] as yet would be compelled to give.31 When a person did not give [voluntarily], his property would be taken by force as a pledge. Even his clothing was taken from him.
טבאחד באדר משמיעין על השקלים כדי שיכין כל אחד ואחד מחצית השקל שלו. ויהיה עתיד ליתן. בחמשה עשר בו ישבו השולחנים בכל מדינה ומדינה ותובעין בנחת כל מי שיתן להם יקבלו ממנו ומי שלא נתן אין כופין אותו ליתן. בחמשה ועשרים בו ישבו במקדש לגבות. ומכאן ואילך כופין את מי שלא נתן עד שיתן. וכל מי שלא יתן ממשכנין אותו ולוקחין עבוטו בעל כרחו ואפילו כסותו:
We do not take property as a pledge by force from those individuals who are not obligated to give a [half-]shekel, even though they are accustomed to giving,32 or they will give in the future.33 Nor do we take the property of priests as a pledge by force, as a reflection of the ways of peace.34 Instead, when they give, we accept their donations. We do, however, [continue to] demand from them until they give.
יכל מי שאינו חייב בשקלים אע"פ שדרכו ליתן או הוא עתיד ליתן אין ממשכנין אותו. ואין ממשכנין את הכהנים לעולם מפני דרכי שלום אלא כשיתנו מקבלין מהן ותובעין אותן עד שיתנו
Sefer HaMitzvot (Positive Commandment 171) and Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 105) count this as one of the Torah's 613 mitzvot.
Both concepts are implied by the Hebrew word ish. (See Halachah 7.)
One might ask: why were the Jews not commanded to give a full shekel? There is normally an emphasis that one's offerings be complete and unblemished. Why in this instance were we obligated to give only a half-shekel?
To offer a homiletic resolution to this question: Giving a half-shekel emphasizes that a person is only a half and can never reach fulfillment until he joins together with another individual. Alternatively, it is God who contributes the second half, which enables an individual to reach fulfillment (Likkutei Sichot, Vol. III, Parashat Ki Tissa).
Sefer HaKovetz states that this teaches that one may not give several shekalim in one year to fulfill the mitzvah for many future years.
See Halachah 9. (See also Hilchot Chanukah 4:12, which also mentions that one should sell one's clothes to perform the mitzvah mentioned there.)
The Ramban (in his commentary on the Torah, Exodus 30:15) and others raise the question: why is this not considered one of the 365 negative commandments of the Torah?
In resolution, the commentaries point to the Rambam's introduction to Sefer HaMitzvot (General Principle 8), where the Rambam explains that the use of negative terminology by the Torah - e.g., לא, "Do not..." - does not always imply that the subject should be considered a separate negative commandment. For example, concerning a Hebrew maidservant, Exodus 21:7 states, "She shall not go out [to freedom] as the slaves go out."
The Rambam explains that this is not a negative commandment, but a narrative verse introducing the concept. Similarly, the commentaries explain that the verse under discussion is not a negative commandment, but rather a description of how the half-shekel is given (Nimukei Mahari).
There is also a homiletic dimension to this requirement: The half-shekel relates to a level of soul shared equally by all.
Rav Kapach emphasizes that there are two dimensions implied by this law: a) that the half-shekel should be given on a single day, not in several payments;
b) that a single coin should be given, not several coins equal in value to a half-shekel.
One who rapes a maiden, whom Deuteronomy 22:29 obligates to pay 50 silver pieces.
One who seduces a maiden, whom Exodus 22:16 obligates to pay 50 silver pieces.
One who slanders his wife, claiming that she was not a virgin at the time of marriage. Deuteronomy 22:19 requires such a person to pay 100 silver pieces.
Thirty silver pieces (Exodus 21:32).
See the Rambam's Commentary on the Mishnah (Bechorot 8:8), where the Rambam describes the traditional measures for this figure in detail. According to the figures he gives, in modern measure, a shekel of the Torah is 16 grams of pure silver.
Today, it is common custom to give 96 grams of silver for the five shekalim required for the pidyon habeyn ceremony. Thus a shekel is 19.2 grams. According to the Piskei Siddur of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi a shekel is 20.4 grams.
Exodus 30:13 describes a shekel as being twenty ma'ah. Thus, in Talmudic times, the Sages increased the shekel's worth by one fifth, making the old value five sixths of the new total.
The coin of minimum value. Less than a prutah's worth is not considered as a significant financial amount.
This is the Talmudic term for the god Neptune. In his Commentary on the Mishnah, Shekalim 2:1, the Rambam mentions darconim of gold, which, though smaller, were equal in value to the silver coins mentioned here.
The Mishnah (Shekalim 2:4) relates that, at one time, the dinar was the common currency in Eretz Yisrael, and the people proposed giving half a dinar instead of a half-shekel. The Sages, however, did not accept this proposal, since it entailed giving less than the half-shekel given at the time of Moses.
This halachah provides examples of the principles mentioned in the previous halachah, quoting from Shekalim, loc. cit. The Mishnah refers to the initial years of the Second Temple period.
The Ra'avad differs with the Rambam's interpretation of that Mishnah and offers another explanation why the people gave a larger coin at that time: Only a small portion of the Jewish people returned to Zion with Ezra. Had the people been required to give only the minimum amount, there would not have been enough funds to purchase communal sacrifices. In his Commentary on the Torah, the Ramban (Exodus 30:12) also follows the Ra'avad's interpretation.
Because it was the equivalent of the half-shekel given in the time of Moses.
The Mishnah (Shekalim 1:4) mentions an opinion that maintains that priests are not obligated to give a half-shekel because they are entitled to partake of certain communal offerings.
The Jerusalem Talmud (Shekalim 1:3) mentions another rationale why some maintain that priests are not obligated: The Torah (Exodus 30:13) states that the half-shekel should be given by: כל העובר על הפקודים, "all those included in the census." Since the priests were not included in the census, they are not obligated to fulfill this mitzvah.
Significantly, in his Commentary on the Mishnah (Shekalim, loc. cit. Avot 4:7), the Rambam appears to accept the view that the priests are not required to give a half-shekel. Similarly, in his Sefer HaMitzvot, the Rambam cites the above verse as a proof-text explaining why women are not obligated in this mitzvah. Thus, his ruling in this halachah appears to reflect a change of position.
Although giving a half-shekel is a positive mitzvah that is not limited to a specific time, in Sefer HaMitzvot (loc. cit.) the Rambam states that women are explicitly excluded from the obligation to perform this mitzvah, as implied by the verse cited above, "all those included in the census." As mentioned in the previous note, although the Rambam appears to have changed his mind in relation to this phrase, it nevertheless appears that there is a specific exclusion concerning women, for the previous verse states, "A man shall give...." (See the glosses of Rabbenu Asher and Rabbenu Ovadiah of Bertinoro, Shekalim 1:3.)
Although the Torah obligates only those included in the census - and that meant men of the age of twenty and above - for posterity, the mitzvah must be fulfilled by any child who reaches the age of thirteen.
This ruling is not accepted by many authorities. The Sefer HaChinuch (loc. cit.) and Rabbenu Ovadiah of Bertinoro (Shekalim 1:3) maintain that the requirements of the original census were observed for posterity.
Several commentaries have offered explanations why the Temple treasury was allowed to accept the gift of a child, when (as reflected in Hilchot Lulav 8:10) according to Torah law, a child is not able to transfer ownership of his property to others.
[K'tzot HaShulchan (Section 235) uses this law as the basis for a thesis of a larger scope: That once a transaction sanctioned only by Rabbinic law is completed, it is acceptable according to the Torah. For if the child's gift of the half-shekel (a transaction sanctioned by Rabbinic law only) were not acceptable according to the Torah, the money could not be used to purchase sacrifices. Netivot HaMishpat and others do not accept this thesis and offer other explanations why a child's gift is acceptable.]
This restriction would appear to refer to all gentiles. Indeed, Rav Kapach's Yemenite manuscripts of the Mishneh Torah state גוי, "a gentile," rather than כותי, "a Samaritan."
Without discounting the possibility of a change having been made because of censorship, it would appear that the reference to Samaritans is historical in nature. The reason why donations were not accepted from gentiles is that, as stated in Chapter 4, Halachah 8, funds from these donations were also used to maintain the city of Jerusalem. No monies from gentiles may be used for that purpose, as reflected by Nechemiah 2:20: "You have no portion, or right, or memorial in Jerusalem." And that narrative (ibid. 3:34) relates that the Samaritans were among the foes of Israel at that time. (See also Hilchot Matnot Ani'im 8:8.)
In his Commentary on the Mishnah (Shekalim 1:3), the Rambam mentions that by giving a half-shekel once, a father "obligates his son in this mitzvah." Hence, it is inappropriate for him to cease giving on his son's behalf.
It is customary to give a half-shekel to charity on the Fast of Esther in the present age. Nevertheless, this practice is merely a custom and is not considered as fulfillment of the mitzvah of giving a half-shekel.
In explanation, the B'nei Binyamin cites the Mishnah at the conclusion of the first chapter of Kiddushin, which states that the half-shekel is an obligation incumbent on a person's body, like tefillin. Therefore, it must be performed in all places. The Kessef Mishneh draws attention to Shekalim 3:4, which states that the third time during the year that funds were taken from the Temple treasury, they were taken on behalf of the Jews living in the diaspora.
The Mishnah (Shekalim 1:1) and the Rambam (Hilchot Arachin 8:1) mention other communal responsibilities that were also discharged on that day.
Our translation of the Hebrew מדינה is based on the Rambam's Commentary on the Mishnah (Shekalim 1:3). Rav Ovadiah of Bertinoro and others differ in the interpretation of the Mishnah and maintain that the money-changers would sit only in Jerusalem.
For the court is obliged to compel the people to perform all the positive commandments.
I.e., women or slaves.
I.e., a minor.
The Tosefot Yom Tov explains that the priests have a reputation for being short-tempered. (See Hoshea 4:4; Shabbat 149b.) If they were compelled to give, strife might arise. The Jerusalem Talmud (Shekalim 1:3) offers a different explanation. The priests were not compelled to give as a token of respect for their office.
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