For forty years, as our ancestors traversed the Sinai Desert prior to their entry into the Holy Land, miraculous "clouds of glory" surrounded and hovered over them, shielding them from the dangers and discomforts of the desert. Ever since, we remember G‑d's kindness and reaffirm our trust in His providence by "dwelling" in a sukkah for the duration of the Sukkot festival, from the 15th to the 22nd of the Hebrew month of Tishrei (in Israel, through the 21st only).
A sukkah is essentially an outdoor hut that is covered with vegetation, known as sechach. But there are many guidelines and requirements that must be followed in its construction, and regarding the location where it is erected, in order for a sukkah to be deemed "kosher"--fit for use.
There are excellent prefabricated sukkahs available, in a variety of sizes, from many Judaica vendors. If you choose this less adventurous (and less time-consuming) route, make sure that the sukkah comes with proper rabbinical certification that it meets the sukkah requirements.
Where do I Build My Sukkah?
Construct your sukkah outdoors, ideally in a spot that's most accessible to your residence. Popular sukkah locations include: porches, backyards, courtyards, lawns, balconies and rooftops. Basically, any location under the open sky.
An important requirement is that there should be nothing between your sukkah and the open sky. So make sure that there are no trees, canopies or roofs of any sort overhanging your sukkah.
What Materials do I Need?
If you're building your own sukkah, here are the basic materials you will need:
The Walls: The walls of a sukkah can be made of any material, provided that they are sturdy enough that they do not move in a normal wind. You can use wood or fiberglass panels, waterproof fabrics attached to a metal frame, etc. You can also use pre-existing walls (i.e, the exterior walls of your home, patio or garage) as one or more of the your sukkah walls. An existing structure that is roofless or has a removable roof can also be made into a sukkah by covering it with proper sechach.
The Roof Covering: The sukkah needs to be covered with sechach--raw, unfinished vegetable matter. Common sukkah roof-coverings are: bamboo poles, evergreen branches, reeds, corn stalks, narrow strips (1x1 or 1x2) of unfinished lumber, or special sechach mats.
Mats made of bamboo, straw or other vegetable matter can be used only if they were made for the purpose of serving as a roof covering.
The sechach must be detached from its source of growth--thus a live trellis, or branches still attached to the tree, cannot be used.
You may also need some plain, unfinished wood beams to construct a framework on which to lay the sechach.
Lighting: If you'd like to set up a lighting system and your sukkah is built close to an outlet, purchase a light-bulb with a rain protection cover and electrical cord.
Chairs and Tables: Remember, you will be taking all your meals in the sukkah for the duration of the festival. Plus, it is a special mitzvah to invite guests to share your sukkah.
Decorations: Many communities decorate the sukkah with colorful posters depicting holiday themes and/or by hanging fresh fruits or other decorations from the sechach beams. (The Chabad custom is not to decorate the sukkah, as the sukkah -- the mitzvah -- itself is considered to be an object of the greatest beauty.)
The Dimensions and other Requirements
The Walls:
A sukkah must have at least two full walls plus part of a third wall (the "part" needs to be a minimum of 3.2 inches wide). It is preferable, however, that the
sukkah have four complete walls.
The walls must be at least 32 inches high, and the entire structure may not be higher than 30 feet. In length and breadth, a
sukkah cannot be smaller than 22.4 inches by 22.4 inches. There is no size limit in how large
-- in length and width -- a sukkah may be.
The Sechach:
There must be sufficient sechach to provide enough shade so that on a bright midday there is more shade than sun seen on the floor of the
sukkah. The sechach has to be spread out evenly over the entire sukkah so that there should not be any gap larger than 9.6 inches.
Anything that is directly supporting the sechach should not be made out of materials that are not fit to be used as sechach. Thus, if the sechach is resting directly on the sukkah walls and the walls are not made out of wood, strips of wood should be placed between the
sukkah walls and the sechach. In larger sukkahs where a framework of beams is needed to hold up the sechach, wood or bamboo poles should be used, not metal. Nor may the sechach be tied on with wire or fastened with any metal object.
Some More Details:
- A sukkah must be built anew every year for the purpose of the mitzvah. This requirement, however, applies only to the sechach (the roof covering of branches or bamboo), since it is the sechach that makes the
sukkah a sukkah. Thus, one can leave the walls standing all year, and place the roof covering before the festival. If the sukkah and the sechach have been up all year, one can simply lift up and replace the
sechach, which allows the sukkah to be considered as new.
- One must first erect the walls and only then place the sechach covering. If the sechach is put up before there are walls in place, the sechach should belifted up and reapplied.
- It is best that a sukkah have four solid walls (aside from the doorways and windows). However, under certain conditions, incomplete walls will qualify, as follows:
1) If there is a gap between the bottom of the walls and the ground, the bottom of the walls must be less than 9.6 inches from the ground.
2) If the walls are 32 inches high, the roof may be higher (up to the maximum height of 30 feet off the ground), as long as the walls are beneath the roof.
3) There may be gaps of empty space in the walls, as long as these are less than 9.6 inches wide. (Thus a fence made of upright or horizontal slats can be used, as long as the spaces between the slats are less than 9.6 inches.)
4) The sechach should be placed on the sukkah by a Jewish person--one who is obligated to sit in the sukkah.
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